An Analysis of Speech Act Based on the Recorded ...

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An Analysis of Speech Act Based on the Recorded Conversation

Transcription of the Black Box before the Air Plane Crashes

Pardede, Ayu.

[email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this research is to analyze and find out the categories and the dominant category of

speech act on recorded conversation transcription of the black box before the air plane

crashed.Speech act is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication.

According to Searle, there are five categories of speech acts, they are; representatives, directives,

commisives, expressives and declarations. In this research, the writer analyzed speech acts on the

recorded conversation transcription of Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, Alaska Airlines Flight 261,

American Airlines 587 and Air France 447. In analyzing the data, the writer usedmixed method

which represents both quantitative and qualitative information. After doing the analysis, the writer

found that there are 94 representatives, 88 directives, 10 commisives, 35 expressives and 2

declarations speect acts with the percentage of the data is 41.05 % representatives, 38.43 %

directives, 4.37 % directives, 15.28 % expressives and 0.87 % declarations. She also found that

representatives is the dominant category of speech act found in recorded conversation transcription

of the black boxes before the air plane crashed. By finishing this research, the writer suggests all

the people who work in ACT, captains, pilots, copilots, flight attendants, all the readers and the

next researchers to be more motivated in learning speech act because it is very useful for people to

be more understandable in doing communication.

Keywords : speech act, representatives, directives, commisives, expressives

1.The Background of The Study

Linguistics is the study of language. Language is fundamentally an instrument in human

communication. People use it for many purposes. They tell others what they know or they

think they know, they express their feelings, ask questions, make requests, protest,

criticize, insult, apologize, promise, thank, say hello and goodbye. It is the medium

through which the manners, morals, and mythology of a society are passed on to the next

generation. Indeed, it is a basic ingredient in virtually every social function. As the main

vehicle of human communication, language is indispensible. Recently, there are many

people who are interested in studying linguistics and it produced many branches of

linguistics, such as: sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, semantics, semiotics, socio-

pragmatics and so on. Those branches of linguistics are studied language from different

point of views.

Pragmatics is another branch of linguistics. It is concerned with the study of

meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader).

It necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and

how the context influences what is said. In pragmatics, context is very important to be

considered and understood. Different pieces of language can have different meanings in

different situations or contexts. So, when someone says an utterance, it would be better to

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see and understand the context first before say or do something to him. Shortly, pragmatics

studies the utterances meaning and how people can understand one another based on the

context or situation.

Speech act is a topic that can be discussed in pragmatics. It is the basic or

minimal unit of linguistics communication. It is an utterance that has performative function

in language and communication. It can be performed when we offer an apology, request,

complaint, invitation, compliment or refusal. In speech act, while speaking, the speakers do

not only say something but also do something. Then they expect the listeners to recognize

the functions of the sentences they speak and to act accordingly. In this case, the listeners

figure out what a sentence was meant to express and carry forward the purposes of the

speaker. Whenever the speakers ask a question, for example, they expect their listeners to

realize that it is a request for information. If the listeners fail to appreciate this intention,

they are judged as having ‘misunderstood’.

In recent years, people are surprised by the news about air crashes. Air crash on

an aircraft may happen due to several factors. But, whatever occurs and however the

situation is, the person who works in ATC (Air Traffic Control) should be able to

communicate well with the crew of the plane. They should be able to build a good

conversation and understand the utterances they said so that they can overcome all the

problems. But sometimes mistakes happen. They may misunderstand and the

misunderstanding can result undesirable thing namely, air crash. Seeing and hearing the

news about the air crash, the writer become interested to know the recorded conversation

transcription of the black boxes before the air crash occurred. She wants to analyze the

types of speech act which may arise in the recorded conversation transcription due to find

out if there is a misunderstanding in the conversation. According to Searle (in Mey,

2001:120), there are five categories of speech act:

1. Representatives (or assertives)

2. Directives

3. Commisives

4. Expressives

5. Declarations

Based on the explanation above, the writer will conduct a research titled “An

Analysis of Speech Act Based on the Recorded Conversation Transcription ofthe

Black Box before the Air Plane Crashes.”

The objective of the study are to find out the categories of speech act on recorded

conversation transcription of the black box before the air plane crashed and to find out the

dominant category of speech act on recorded conversation transcription of the black box

before the air plane crashed

After accomplishing this research, the writer expects that this research will bring benefits

practically and theoretically.

Practically : to enlarge the writer’s knowledge about linguistics especially about

pragmatics and improve her ability in understanding speech act, to improve the

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knowledge of those who work in ATC or air plane and give them more information about

pragmatics especially about speech act.

Theoretically : the result of this research can be used by the lecturers as the additional

materials that they can give to the students when they discuss the same material., the

result of this research can be used by the next researchers as the additional reference or

information tof data to conduct the further study.

Linguistics

People use language in their daily life in order t o be able to communicate with

others. It is used to express their inner thoughts and emotions, ask for favor and

make promises. Besides, it is also used to fulfill their wants and needs, as well as

to establish rules and maintain their cultures.

In the opinion of Chomsky (Wardhaugh, 2006:2-3), linguistic theory is

concerned primarily with an ideal speaker–listener, in a completely homogeneous

speech-community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such

grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of

attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his

knowledge of the language in actual performance.

According to Holmes (2001:3), languages provide a variety of ways of

saying the same thing – addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying

compliments. It can convey objective information of a referential kind; and it can

also express how someone is feeling.

Based on the opinions explained by the experts above, the writer

concludes that linguistics is the study of human language that can be used by

someone to interact to other people in order to build a good communication.

Pragmatics

Communication in society happens by means of language. However, the users of

language, as social beings, communicate and use language on society’s premises;

society controls their access to the linguistic and communicative means.

Pragmatics, as the study of the way humans use their language in communication,

bases itself on a study of premises and determines how they affect and effectualize

human language use.

Mey (2001:6) stated that pragmatics studies the use of language in human

communication as determined by the conditions of society. Therefore, a pragmatic

perspective will focus on the societal factors that make a certain language use and

make the language to be more or less acceptable.

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Yule (1996:3) argued that there are four areas that pragmatics is concerned

with. First, Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. In this case, pragmatics

tends to analyze what people mean by their utterances. Second, pragmatics is the

study of contextual meaning. In this case, pragmatics involves the interpretations

of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what

is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say

in accordance with who they’re talking to, where, when and under what

circumstances. Third, pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated

than is said. We might say that this type of study is the investigation of invisible

meaning. It explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order

to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. Fourth,

pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.

Kreidler (1998:19) also stated his explanation about pragmatics.

According to him, the chief focus of pragmatics is a person’s ability to derive

meanings from specific kinds os speech situations – to recognize what the speaker

is referring to, to relate new information to what has gone before, to interpret what

is said from background knowledge about the speaker and the topic of discourse,

and to infer or ‘fill in’ information that the speaker takes for granted and doesn’t

bother to say.

After seeing and understanding the explanation of linguists about

pragmatics, the writer argues that whenever someone (speaker) says or utters

something, it means that his utterance means something that must be understood

and interpreted by another (hearer).

The Definitions of Speech Act

People do not just produce utterances with no purpose. They form an utterance

with some kind of function in mind. They expect that the hearer will be able to

understand them and act something for them, so that the communication between

them can be successful.

Searle in Mey (2001:93) stated that speech act is the basic or minimal units

of linguistic communication. As the unit of linguistic communication, it is not as

has generally been supposed, the symbol, word or sentence, but rather the

production of the symbol or word or sentence in the performance of thespeech act.

According to Yule (1996:47), speech act is actions that can be performed

via utterances and commonly given more specific labels, such as apology,

complaint, compliment, invitation, promise, or request. In this case, in attempting

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to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing

grammatical structures and words, but they also perform actions via those

utterances.

Mey (2001:95) explained that speech acts are verbal actions happening in

the world. In uttering a speech act, speaker do something with their words. They

perform an activity that brings about a change in existing state of affairs (hence

the label, ‘performative utterances’, that originally was attached to speech act).

Mey also stated that the language people use, and in particular the speech acts

they utter, are entirely dependent on the context of the situation which such acts

are produced.

Based on the experts’ opinion above, the writer concludes that a speech act

is not only talking about the utterance but also talking about the action. It is an

utterance uttered by the speaker that can cause the hearer doing an action.

.Searle’s Classification of Speech Act

In speech act, there are definite differences between telling something to someone,

asking someone to do something, expressing something or committing. In order to

be able to understand the differences, it is needed to distinguish speech act into

some categories. According to Searle in Mey (2001:120), there are five categories

of speech Act.

a. Representatives

In uttering a representative, a speaker conveys his belief that some

proposition is true.

For instance, when someone assertsJohn owns a car, he conveys his belief that

John owns a car.

The other examples:

1. Chomsky is a linguist.

The speaker conveys his belief that Chomsky is a linguist and he

expects the listeners accept his belief.

2. Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts.

The speaker conveys his belief that Chomsky didn’t write about

peanuts and he expects the listeners accept his belief.

3. It was a warm sunny day.

The speaker conveys his belief that it was a warm sunny day and he

expects the listeners to accept his belief.

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b. Directives

By uttering a directive, a speaker attempts to get the speaker to do

something. By ordering, commanding, requesting, begging, or pleading,

the speaker is trying to get the listener to carry out some action.

Example: When a speaker ask “Does John own a car?”, it means that he is

trying to get the listener to give or provide information.

The other examples:

1. Could you lend me some money, please?

The speaker asks the listener to lend him some money.

2. Give me a cup of tea!

The speaker directly asks the listener to give him a cup of tea.

3. Don’t touch my hand!

The speaker directly asks the listener to not touch his hand.

c. Commissives

By uttering a commissive, the speaker is committing himself to some

future course of action. He express the speaker intends. They are promises,

threats, refusals, and pledges. This kind of speech act can be performed by

the speaker alone or by the speaker as the member of group.

Examples:

1. I’ll be back.

The speaker commits himself that he will be back.

2. I’m going to get it right next time.

The speaker commits himself that he’s going to get something in the

next time.

3. We will not do that.

The speaker commits himself that he will not do something.

d. Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech act that state what the speaker feels.

If the speaker wishes to express his “psychological state” about something,

he utters an expressive. When he apologizes, thanks, congratulates,

welcomes, or deplores, he is expressing how good or bad he feels about

some events and is therefore uttering an expressive.

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Examples:

1. I’m really sorry!

The speaker expresses an apology.

2. Great!

The speaker expresses a compliment.

3. Congratulations!

The speaker congratulates.

4. Thank you!

The speaker expresses thanking.

5. Good luck!

The speaker expresses his expectation.

6. Well done!

The speaker expresses a compliment.

7. Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh!

e. Declarations

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their

utterance. When the speaker utters a declaration, his words bring about a

new state of affairs. In this case,the speaker has a special institutional role

in a specific context, in order to perform a declaration appropriately.

Examples:

1. Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife.

In this case, the priest changes the status of a man and a woman to be

a husband and a wife.

2. Referee: You’re out!

In this case, the referee decides the player to go out of the game.

Each of these categories requires something different of the listeners.

Representatives require them to take note of the speaker’s belief. Directives

require them to determine some course of action and carry it out. Commissives,

expressive and declarations require them to take note of new information: namely,

the speaker’s intended course of action, his feeling about some fact, or the change

in formal status of some object.

The table below will give the brief explanation about the relationship

between speech act types and language functions.

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Table 2.1. Searle’s five general function of speech acts (Yule, 1996:55)

Austin’s Classification of Speech Act

Speech acts differ in their purposes. Whenever one person speaks to another, the

speaker has some purposes or intention in producing an utterance and the hearer

interprets the utterance. The speaker wants to be understood and the hearer wants

to understand. In this case, the hearer must be able to get and analyze the

speaker’s intention, so that the communication between them runs well. Austin in

Peccei (1999:44) pointed out that in analyzing s speech act, human need to make a

distinction between locution, illocution and perlocution act.

1. Locution

The locution is the actual form of words used by the speaker and their

semantic meaning.

Example: Mike uttered the words ‘Give me some cash’ to Annie.

‘Give me some cash’ can be semantically paraphrased as ‘Hand some

money over to me’, with me referring to Mike.

2. Illocution

The illocution is what the speaker doing by uttering those words:

commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc.

Example: When Mike uttered the words ‘Give me some cash’ to Annie, it

means that Mike performed the act of requesting Annie to give him some

cash.

3. Perlocution

Speech act type Direction of fit S = Speaker, X = Situation

Representatives Make words fit the world S believes X

Directives Make the world fit words S wants X

Commisisives Make the world fit words S intends X

Expressives Make words fit the world S feels X

Declarations Words change the world S causes X

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The perlocution is the result of the locution. It may or may not be the what

the speaker wants to happen but it is nevertheless caused by the locution

and defined by the hearer’s reaction.

Example: When Mike uttered the words ‘Give me some cash’ to Annie,

the results can be:

1. Annie refused to give him some money.

2. Annie was offended.

3. Annie gave him some money, etc.

Austin made an interesting observation. Some utterances not only perform

a speech act over and above simple assertion, they also simultaneously describe

the speech act itself. He called these performative utterances. They contrast with

other utterances which may be performing the same act but do not contain a

performative verb that explicitly describes the intended speech act. Rather, the

hearer is left to infer the speaker’s intention. Austin called these constative

utterances (Peccei, 1999:45).

Examples:

Table. 2.2. Performative and Constative utterances.

Performative Constative

I promise I’ll be there I’ll be there

I admit I was foolish I was foolish

I apologize I’m sorry

I thank you I’m very grateful

I order you to sit down You must sit down

Direct and Indirect Speech Act

Although in English the standard way to command someone to dosomething is to

use imperative form, that isn’t the only way. It can only be done indirectly with

declarative constructions, interrogative constructions and other special devices.

According to Peccei (1999:56), speech acts can be also classified as direct and

indirect.

1. Direct speech act

In a direct speech act there is a direct relationship between its linguistic

structure and the work it is doing.

Example:

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a. Open the door.

b. Give me a cup of coffee

2. Indirect speech act

In indirect speech act, the speech act is performed indirectly through the

performance of another speech act.

Example:

a. Can you open the door?

b. Would you mind opening the door?

c. Why not open the door?

d. I would like to have a cup of coffee

e. It would be nice if I can drink a cup of coffee

One of the most common types of indirect speech act in English is the

form of an interrogative, but is not typically used to ask a question (we don’t

expect only an answer, we expect an action).

Of the various types of speech act given by the linguistics above, the

writer decides to analyze the types of speech act given by Searle in her research.

The Black Box

When the air crash occurs, in addition to looking for the crash site, rescue and

evacuate victims, people are also busy looking for the black box. The basic idea of

creating black box is to get the information that describes all the activities on the

plane during the flight. The information can be used to know everything like the

cause of an air crash.

Initially, the recording device on the aircraft was created by Wright

Brothers in 1900s. Furthermore, 50 years later, Dr. David Warren, an Australian,

created the first black box. In its development, black box consists of two main

parts, namely FDR (Flight Data Recorder) and CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder).

Each can record up to 700 parameters such as the flying time, air pressures,

altitude, wind speed, horizontal balance, and compass direction. It can also record

up to 25 hours last conversation of pilot. This tool is equipped with ULB

(Underwater Locator Beacon), which can emit signal like ultrasonic sound and

will work for 30 days after the air crash occurs. Originally, black box is orange,

not black.

Garuda Indonesia Flight 152

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Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 was a scheduled domestic Indonesian passenger

flight from Soekarno-Hatta International Airport in Jakarta to Polonia

International in Medan, North Sumatera, flown using Airbus A300B4 registered

PK-GAI and operated by state-owned flag carrier Garuda Indonesia. The air plane

was piloted by HanceRahmowiyogowhich crashed a mountain on September 26,

1997. All 234 passengers and crew were killed in the disaster.

Table 2.3. Accident Summary of Garuda Indonesia Flight 152

Accident Summary

Date September 26, 1997

Summary Controlled flight into terrain

Site Near PancurBatu, Deli Serdang, North Sumatera, Indonesia.

Passenger 222

Crew 12

Fatalities 234 (all)

Survivors 0

Aircraft type Airbus A300B4-220

Operator Garuda Indonesia

Registration PK-GAI

Flight origin Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia

Destination Polonia International Airport, Medan, North Sumatera.

Indonesia

Alaska Airlines Flight 261

Alaska Airlines Flight 261 was a scheduled international passenger flight on

January 31, 2000 from Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport in Puerto

Vallarta, Mexico, to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport in Seattle, Washington,

with an intermediate stop at San Francisco International Airport in San Francisco,

California. The aircraft, a McDonnell Douglas MD-83, crashed into the Pacific

Ocean about 2.7 miles (4.3 km) north of Anacapa Island, California after suffering

a catastrophic loss of pitch control. The two pilots, three cabin crewmembers, and

83 passengers on board were killed.

Table 2.4. Accident Summary of Alaska Airlines Flight 261

Accident summary

Date January 31, 2000

Summary Jackscrew failure, improper maintenance

Site Pacific Oceannear Anacapa Island, California

Passenger 83

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Crew 5

Fatalities 88 (all)

Survivors 0

Aircraft type McDonnell Douglas MD-83

Operator Alaska Airlines

Registration N963AS

Flight origin Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Int'l Airport

Destination Seattle-Tacoma Int'l Airport

American Airlines 587

American Airlines Flight 587 was aregularly scheduled passenger flight from

John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Santo Domingo’s Las

Americas International Airport in the Dominican Republic on November 12,

2001. All 260 people on board the flight were killed.

Table 2.5. Accident Summary of American Airlines 587

Accident summary

Date November, 12, 2001

Summary Tail structure failure due to co-pilot error while

encountering wake turbulence, incorrect pilot training

Site Queens, New York City, New York, United States

Passengers 251

Crew 9

Injuries(non-fatal) 1 (on the ground)

Fatalities 265 (including 5 on the ground)

Survivors 0

Aircraft type Airbus A300B4-605R

Operator American airlines

Registration N14053

Flight origin John F. Kennedy International airport, New York City,

United States

Destination Las Americas International Airport, Santo Domingo,

Dominican Republic

Air France 447

Air France 447 (AF447/AFR447) was a scheduled passenger flight from Rio De

Janeiro, Brazil to Paris, France, which crashed on 1 June 2009. All 228

passengers, crew and cabin crew were killed.

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Table 2.6. Accident Summary of Air France 447

Accident summary

Date 1 June 2009

Summary Entered high altitude stall, impacted ocean

Site Atlantic Ocean, near Waypoint TASIL

Passengers 216

Crew 12

Fatalities 228 (all)

Survivors 0

Aircraft type Airbus A330-203

Operator Air France

Registration F-GZCP

Flight origin Rio de Janeiro-Galeao Airport

Destination Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

Previous Studies

In the previous study, many researchers arranged their graduating paper on speech

act analysis.

The first research is “Analysis of Speech Acts in “Princess Protection

Program” Movie”. It is conducted bythe student of Salatiga University, Reni

Indriyani in 2012. After analyzing speech act types and Searle’s categories of

illocutionary act in “Princess Protection Program “movie, she found that there are

411 direct speech acts, 31 indirect speech acts, 284 literal speech acts, 26 non

literal speech acts, 41 direct- literal speech acts, 10 direct- non literal speech acts,

14 indirect- literal speech acts and 4 indirect- non literal speech acts.

The second research is “Speech Act Analysis on Opera Van Java (OVJ)

Dialogue in Episode “ BIMA KAWIN. It is conducted by the student of

SalatigaUniversity,EkaAnisawati in 2012. After analyzing the conversation,

researcher found all types of speech act introduced by Austin consisting of

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. in episode “BIMA

KAWIN”, there are 22 forms of locutionary and perlocutionary act, whereas the

illocutionary act is 21 varieties. By Searle consisting of representative speech act,

directive speech act, expressive speech act, commissive speech act, declarative

speech act. the researcher found 13 representative act. In expressive and directive

are 16 varieties, finding twelve forms of comissive, the smallest sum is ten forms

in declarative. By parker consisting of direct speech act, indirect speech act, literal

speech act, non-literal speech act, direct literal speech act, direct non-literal

speech act, indirect literal speech act, and indirect non-literal speech act.

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The third research is “Analysis of Javanese Speech Acts on ‟Peronika‟‟

Movie (A Socio-Pragmatics Approach). It is conducted bythe student of Salatiga

University, Mei Susiana in 2012. After analyzing speech act types and Searle‟s

categories of illocutionary act in “Peronika“movie, she found that there are 90

direct speech acts, 9 indirect speech acts because in conversation movie is always

used direct speech act, so that on “Peronika” movie most the utterance in form

direct speech acts more than indirect speech act. And 76 literal speech acts in

conversation most the utterance in form literal speech act more than non literal

speech acts just 23 because in conversation used informal language included

direct speech acts and literal speech acts. On the other hand, 70 direct-literal

speech acts, 20 direct- non literal speech acts and 2 indirect- non literal speech

acts.

This study will be different from the studies above. In this study the writer

will focus on Searle’s categories of speech act. They are; representatives (or

assertives), directives, commisives, expressives and declarations. The data will be

taken from recorded conversation transcription of the black box before the air

plane crashes.

Conceptual Framework

Pragmatics

Deixis Maxim/

Politeness

Presupposition Speech Act

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Pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be

predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about

the physical and social world. The focus of its analysis is on the meaning of

speakers’ utterances rather than on the meaning of words or sentences. As a study

of meaning, it has six domains of study, namely: Deixis, Maxim, Presupposition,

Speech Act, Implicature and Entailment.

In this study, the writer focuses to discuss speech act and the categories of

speech act according to Searle. According to Searle, the categories of speech act

are Representatives, Directives, Commisives, Expressives and Declarations. The

writer chooses to discuss speech act because she is interested to know the intended

Entailment Implicature

Categories of Speech Act by Searle

(Mey, 2001:120)

- Representatives (or assertives)

- Directives

- Commisives

- Expressives

- Declarations

Recorded Conversation Transcription

- Garuda Indonesia Flight 152

- Alaska Airlines Flight 261

- American Airlines 587 - Air France 447 -

Result

Expressives

Commisives

Directives

Representatives

(Assertives)

Declarations

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meaning of the utterances uttered by people in their conversation in order to build

a good communication with their hearers.

3. Research Method

This is a Descriptive qualitatative research . The data of this research taken from the

recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed. The

total data is taken from four conversations. They are recorded conversation transcription

of Air France 447, Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, American Airlines 587 andAlaska

Airlines Flight 261. The writer got 32 data from recorded conversation transcription of

Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, 111 data from recorded conversation transcription of

Alaska Airlines Flight 261, 38 data from recorded conversation transcription of American

Airlines 587 and 48 data from recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447. The

total data is 229 data. They can be seen on table 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 below.

Table 1 The data from recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447 (Plane A)

No Data

A.1 The inter-tropical convergence... look, we're in it, between 'Salpu' and 'Tasil.' And

then, look, we're right in it...

A.2 Yes

A.3 Let's call them in the back, to let them know...

A.4 Yes

A.5 Listen, in 2 minutes, we're going to be getting into an area where things are going

to be moving around a little bit more than now. You'll want to take care.

A.6 Okay, we should sit down then?

A.7 Well, I think that's not a bad idea.

A.8 Give your friends a heads-up.

A.9 Yeah

A.10 Okay, I’ll tell the others in the back.

A.11 Thanks a lot.

A.12 I’ll call you back as soon as we’re out of it.

A.13 Let's go for the anti-icing system. It's better than nothing.

A.14 We seem to be at the end of the cloud layer, it might be okay.

A.15 You can possibly pull it a little to the left.

A.16 I have the controls.

A.17 What’sthis?

A.18 There's no good... there's no good speed indication.

A.19 We've lost the, the, the speeds, then?

A.20 Pay attention to your speed. Pay attention to your speed.

A.21 Okay, okay, I'm descending.

A.22 Stabilize.

A.23 Yeah

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A.24 Descend... It says we're going up... It says we're going up, so descend.

A.25 Descend!

A.26 Here we go, we're descending.

A.27 Gently!

A.28 We're... yeah, we're in a climb.

A.29 Damn it

A.30 Where is he?

A.31 Damn it!

A.32 I'm in TOGA, huh?

A.33 Damn it.

A.34 Is he coming or not?

A.35 We still have the engines! What the hell is happening? I don't understand what's

happening.

A.36 Damn it

A.37 I don't have control of the plane, I don't have control of the plane at all!

A.38 What the hell are you doing?

A.39 We've lost control of the plane!

A.40 We've totally lost control of the plane. We don't understand at all... We've tried

everything.

A.41 What do you think? What do you think? What should we do?

A.42 Climb... climb... climb... climb...

A.43 But I've had the stick back the whole time!

A.44 No, no, no... Don't climb... no, no.

A.45 Descend, then... Give me the controls... Give me the controls!

A.46 Damn it.

A.47 We're going to crash... This can't be happening!

A.48 But what’s happening?

Table 2 The data from recorded conversation transcription of Garuda Indonesia 152

(Plane B)

No Data

B.1 Medan Approach, GIA152 passing 150.

B.2 GIA 152 radar contact 43 miles. Descent to 3000ft for Runway 05, reduce speed

to 220.

B.3 Descend 3000 for Runway 05. Reduce speed to 220 kts., GIA 152.

B.4 Approach, GIA 152, request reason to reduce speed above 10000 to 220kts.

B.5 OK Sir, your traffic departure sir, now start engine, release traffic departure at or

before 27.

B.6 152 like to maintain 210 kts... 250kts, and below 10000.

18

B.7 OK, it's approved.

B.8 MNA 241 passing 10000.

B.9 MNA 241, your position now 11 miles on W-11. Contact 1212.

B.10 Happy landing!

B.11 Thank you

B.12 GIA 152, maintain 3000ft for a while. Maintain heading Medan VOR. Traffic now

still taxi Runway 23.

B.13 Maintain 3000

B.14 Merpati 152, you turn left heading 240 vectoring for intercept ILS Runway 05

from right side. Traffic now rolling.

B.15 GIA 152, do you read?

B.16 GIA 152, say again?

B.17 Turn left heading a ...... 240, 235. Now vectoring for intercept ILS Runway 05.

B.18 Roger, heading 235. GIA 152.

B.19 GIA 152 heading 235. Confirm we cleared from a .....mountainous area?

B.20 Affirm sir! Continue turn left on heading 215.

B.21 On heading 215, GIA.

B.22 Good afternoon, approach. BOU 683 departed left turn

B.23 BOU 683 continue turn left on heading 120 initial 2000ft.

B.24 GIA 152, turn right heading 046, report established on localizer.

B.25 Turn right heading 040, GIA 152, check established.

B.26 Turning right sir.

B.27 152, confirm you're making turning left now?

B.28 We are turning right now.

B.29 152 OK, you continue turning left now.

B.30 A ...... confirm turning left? We are starting turning right now.

B.31 GIA 152 continue turn right heading 015.

B.32 Aaaaaa.

Table 3 The data from recorded conversation transcription of American Airlines 587

(Plane C)

No Data

C.1 American five eight seven heavy, wind three zero zero at niner, runway three one

left, cleared for takeoff.

C.2 Cleared for takeoff, American ah, five eight seven heavy.

C.3 You happy with that distance?

C.4 Aah

C.5 We'll be all right once we get rollin'

C.6 He's supposed to be five miles by the time we're airborne, that's the idea.

C.7 So you’re happy.

C.8 Lights?

19

C.9 Yeah

C.10 Lights are on.

C.11 Takeoff check's complete, I'm on the roll.

C.12 Thank you, Sir.

C.13 Positive rate, gear up please.

C.14 American five eight seven heavy, turn left. Fly the Bridge Climb. Contact New

York departure.

C.15 American five eighty seven heavy, so long.

C.16 Gear's up.

C.17 Check speed, level change.

C.18 Flaps up.

C.19 Climb power.

C.20 Ah New York, American five eighty seven heavy, thirteen hundred feet, we're

climbing to five thousand.

C.21 American five eight seven heavy, New York departure. Radar contact. Climb

maintain one three thousand.

C.22 One three thousand feet, American five eighty seven heavy.

C.23 One three I see, slats retract.

C.24 Slats

C.25 Clean machine

C.26 American five eighty seven heavy, turn left, proceed direct WAVEY.

C.27 Uh

C.28 We'll turn direct WAVEY, American five eighty seven heavy.

C.29 Left turn direct WAVEY….

C.30 Little wake turbulence, huh?

C.31 ….yeah.

C.32 Thank you

C.33 You all right?

C.34 Yea, I'm fine.

C.35 Hang onto it. hang onto it.

C.36 Let's go for power please.

C.37 What the hell are we into *. We're stuck in it.

C.38 Get out of it, get out of it.

Table 4 The data from recorded conversation transcription of Alaska Airlines 261 (Plane

D)

No Data

D.1 Yea

D.2 We tried everything together.

D.3 We've run just about everything if you've got any hidden circuit breakers we'd

love to know about 'em.

20

D.4 It appears to be jammed, the whole thing, it spikes out when we use the primary,

we get AC load that tells me the motor's tryin' to run but the brake won't move it,

when we use the alternate, nothing happens.

D.5 You say you get a spike on the meter up there in the cockpit when you uh try to

move it with the primary right?

D.6 I'm gonna click it off

D.7 You got it?

D.8 When we do the primary trim, but there's no appreciable uh change in the uh

electrical uh when we do the alternate.

D.9 Let's do that.

D.10 This'll click it off.

D.11 You got it?

D.12 It got worse.

D.13 You're stalled.

D.14 No no you gotta release it yagotta release it.

D.15 Help me back help me back.

D.16 Center Alaska two sixty one we are uh in a dive here.

D.17 and I've lost control, vertical pitch.

D.18 Alaska two sixty one uh say again sir.

D.19 Yea

D.20 We're out of twenty six thousand feet, we are in a vertical dive...not a dive yet...

but uh we've lost vertical control of our airplane.

D.21 Just help me.

D.22 We're at twenty three seven, request uh...

D.23 Yea

D.24 We got it back under control here.

D.25 No we don't!

D.26 Alaska two sixty one uh say the altitude you'd like to uh remain at

D.27 Let's take the speed brakes off.

D.28 Alaska two sixty one say your condition

D.29 Two sixty on, we're at twenty four thousand feet, kinda stabilized.

D.30 Ok it really wants to pitch down.

D.31 We're slowin' here and uh, we're gonna uh do a little troubleshooting

D.32 Can you gimme a block between un, twenty and twenty five?

D.33 Alaska two sixty one maintain block altitude flight level two zero zero through

flight level two five zero

D.34 Alaska two sixty one we'll take that block we'll be monitoring the frequency.

D.35 Whatever we did is no good, don't do that again.

D.36 No it went down it went to full nose down.

D.37 Un it’s a lot worse that it was?

D.38 Yea yea

D.39 We're in much worse shape now.

21

D.40 I think it's at the stop, full stop...and I'm thinking...can it go any worse...but it

probably can...but when we slowed down

D.41 let's slow it let's get down to two hundred knots and see what happens.

D.42 We did both the pickle switch and the suitcase handles and it ran away full nose

trim down.

D.43 And now we're in a pinch so we're holding uh we're worse than we were.

D.44 I went tab down... right, and it should have come back instead it went the other

way.

D.45 You wanna try it or not?

D.46 Uhh no

D.47 I don't know.

D.48 Alaska two sixty one uh let me know if you need anything.

D.49 We're still working at it.

D.50 Alaska two sixty one contact LA center one two six point five two they're aware

of your uh situation.

D.51 Alaska two sixty one say again the frequency one two zero five two.

D.52 Uh

D.53 Thank you

D.54 LA Alaska two sixty one uh we're with you at twenty two five we have a jammed

stabilizer and ah we're maintaining altitude with difficulty uh but uh we can

maintain altitude we think and our intention is to land at Los Angeles.

D.55 Alaska two sixty one Alaska Center roger uh you're cleared to Los Angeles

Airport via present position uh direct Santa Monica direct Los Angeles and uh

you want lower now

D.56 What do you wanna do sir?

D.57 Center Alaska two sixty one I need to uh get down about ten change my

configuration make sure I can control the jet and I'd like to do that out there over

the bay if I may.

D.58 Ok Alaska two sixty one roger that stand by there.

D.59 That’s fine

D.60 go ahead green light

D.61 Hey Alaska two sixty one wants to go into LA.

D.62 He wants to get down to around ten thousand feet but he wants to do it out there

over the bay.

D.63 I'm gonna send him out on like a two eighty heading right now and then uh.

D.64 Ok put him on a...

D.65 He's at two two five right now.

D.66 Uhhh Ok that's fine.

D.67 Altitude altitude.

D.68 Put him on a two eighty heading take him down to one seven thousand radar

contact.

D.69 He're we go

D.70 Alaska two sixty one uh fly heading of two eight zero and descend and maintain

22

one seven thousand.

D.71 Two eight zero and one seven seventeen thousand Alaska two sixty one and we

generally need a block altitude.

D.72 Ok uh just um

D.73 I'll tell you what uh do that for now sir

D.74 Contact LA Center on three five point five they'll have further uh instructions for

you sir.

D.75 OK thirty five five say the altimeter setting.

D.76 The LA altimeter is three zero one eight.

D.77 Thank you

D.78 Thank you

D.79 I need everything picked up... everything strapped down.

D.80 I'm gonna unload the airplane and see if we can ....we can regain control of it that

way.

D.81 Ok we had like a big bank back there.

D.82 Yea

D.83 I heard it

D.84 Make sure the passengers are strapped in now.

D.85 Cause I'm gonna I'm going to release the back pressure and see if I can get it...

back.

D.86 Gimme slats extend.

D.87 I'm test flying now.

D.88 Flaps 11 degrees.

D.89 It's pretty stable right now...see but we got to get down to a hundred an eighty.

D.90 Ok... bring the flaps and slats back up for me.

D.91 What I wanna do...is get the nose up...and then let the nose fall through and see if

we can stab it when it's unloaded.

D.92 You mean use this again?

D.93 It's on the stop now, its on the stop.

D.94 The trim might be, and then it might be uh, if something's popped back there...it

might be mechanical damage too.

D.95 I think if it's controllable, we oughta just try to land it.

D.96 You think so?

D.97 Ok lets head for LA.

D.98 You feel that?

D.99 Yea

D.100 Ok gimme sl....

D.101 Push and roll, push and roll.

D.102 Ok, we are inverted...and now we gotta get it.

D.103 Push push push...push the blue side up.

D.104 Ok now lets kick rudder...left rudder left rudder.

D.105 I can't reach it.

23

D.106 Ok right rudder...right rudder.

D.107 Gotta get it over again...at least upside down we're flying.

D.108 Speedbrakes.

D.109 Got it

D.110 Ah

D.111 Here we go.

4. Data Analysis

In this research, the writer analyzes Searle’s classification of speech act, they are:

representatives (or assertives), directives, commisives, expressives and declarations.

Representatives

Representatives is the assertion about a state of affairs in the world. It carries the values

‘true’ or ‘false’. In uttering this type of speech act, the speaker conveys his or her belief

about something. In this research, this category of speech act is generally used to inform

the position and the condition of the plane and the weather, to tell that something happens

in the plane and to confirm that the people in the plane have done something. In more

detail, there are some examples of representative in recorded conversations transcription

of the black boxes.

1. Copilot Robert : What's this?

Copilot Bonin : There's no good... there's no good speed indication.

(A.18)

The bold utterance above is a representative because it is an assertion which contains the

statement from Copilot Bonin to Copilot Robert that there was no good speed indication.

By saying that utterance, Copilot Bonin told Copilot Robert about the condition of the

plane.

2. Captain Dubois : What the hell are you doing?

Copilot Bonin : We've lost control of the plane! (A.39)

Copilot Robert :We've totally lost control of the plane. We don't

understand at all... We've tried everything. (A.40)

Copilot Robert :What do you think? What do you think? What should

we do?

In the conversation between Copilot Bonin and Captain Dubois above, Copilot Bonin said

an assertion which contains some statements that they have lost control of the plane. He

said that they have tried to do everything but they have totally lost control of the plane.

He also said that he did not understand anything. So, the bold utterance in the

conversation above is a representative. That statement shows that something happened in

the plane.

24

3. Medan Approach Control : MNA 241, your position now 11

miles on W-11. Contact 1212.(B.9) Happy

landing.

MNA 241 : Selamatsiang. Terimakasih. (Good

afternoon. Thank you)

In the conversation between Medan Approach Control and Merpati 241 above, the person

who worked in Medan Approach Control uttered a statement to Merpati 241 about its

position. It is a representative because the person who worked in Medan Approach

Control believed in himself about the position MNA 241.

4. Medan Approach Control : 152, confirm you're making turning

left now?

GIA 152 : We are turning right now.(B.28)

The bold utterance said by GIA 152 above is a representative category because it is a

statement given to the person who worked in Medan Approach Control to let him know

that GIA 152 were turning right.

5. TWR : American five eight seven heavy, wind three zero

zero at niner, runway three one left, cleared for take off. (C.1)

RDO-1 : Cleared for takeoff, American ah, five eight seven

heavy.

In the conversation above, TWR told RDO-1 about the weather. It is a representative

because TWR believed that the weather is good enough for plane to takeoff.

6. HOT-2 : Climb power.

RDO-1 : Ah New York, American five eighty seven heavy, thirteen

hundred feet, we'reclimbing to five thousand.(C.20)

In the conversation above, HOT-2 asked RDO-1 to give information about the position of

the plane. Then, RDO-1 gave a statement to RDO-1. That statement is a representative.

7. RT CAPT : Center Alaska two sixty one we are uh in a dive here.

(D.16)

RT CAPT : ... and I've lost control, vertical pitch. (D.17)

LA30 : Alaska two sixty one uh say again sir.

RT CAPT : Yea we're out of twenty six thousand feet, we are in a vertical

dive...not a dive yet... but uh we've lost vertical control of our

airplane. (D.20)

All the bold utterances in the conversation above are the representatives, because those

utterances are the statements said by RT CAPT about the position of the plane and the

problems he faced.

25

8. CAPT : OK thirty five five say the altimeter setting.

LA25 : The LA altimeter is three zero one eight.(D.76)

RT F/O : Thank you.

The utterance said by LA25 above is a representative because it is an assertion which

contains a statement from LA25 to RT F/O about the LA altimeter.

Directives

As the name says, this speech act embody an effort on the part of the speaker to get the

hearer to do something, to direct him or her towards the goal. This category of speech act

is generally used when the people in the ACT give the directions and ask something to

the captain or copilot. It is also used when the captain give commands to the copilot and

flight attendant. Here are some examples of directives found in recorded conversation

transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashes.

1. Flight Attendant : Okay, we should sit down then?

Copilot Bonin : Well, I think that's not a bad idea. Give your

friends a heads-up. (A.8)

Flight Attendant : Yeah, okay,I'll tell the others in the back. Thanks a lot.

In the conversation above, Copilot Bonin asks Flight Attendant to tell something to her

friends. Therefore, the bold utterance above is a directive because it is a form of asking.

2. Copilot Robert : We've lost the, the, the speeds, then?

Copilot Robert : Pay attention to your speed. Pay attention to your

speed. (A.20)

Copilot Bonin : Okay, okay, I'm descending.

The bold utterances said by Copilot Robert above is a directive category of speech act,

because in the conversation he commanded Copilot Bonin to pay his attention to his

speed.

3. GIA 152 : Approach, GIA 152, request reason

to reduce speed above 10000 to 220kts.

Medan Approach Control : OK Sir, your traffic departure sir, now start

engine, release traffic departure at or before

27. (B.5)

GIA 152 : 152 like to maintain 210 kts... 250kts, and

below 10000.

In the conversation above, the person who works in Medan Approach Control commands

GIA 152 to do something. So, it is called as a directive because the person who talks to

GIA 152 gives a command.

4. BOU 683 : Good afternoon, approach.

26

BOU 683 departed left turn.

Medan Approach Control : BOU 683 continue turn left on heading 120

initial 2000ft. (B.23)

When BOU 683 departed, the person who worked in Medan Approach Control gave the

direction. He asked BOU 683 to continue turn left. Therefore, the utterance given by the

person who worked in Medan Approach Control to BOU 683 is a directive.

5. HOT-2 : Positive rate, gear up please. (C.13)

HOT-1 : Gear up.

In the conversation above, HOT-2 asked HOT-1 to do something by saying ‘gear up

please.’ It a directive because it is aform of asking someone to do something.

6. TWR : American five eight seven heavy, turn left. Fly the

Bridge Climb. Contact New York departure. (C.14) Good

morning.

RDO-1 : American five eighty seven heavy, so long.

HOT-1 : Gear's up.

The utterance said by TWR above is a representative, because he commanded RDO-1 to

do some things, like to turn the plane left, fly the bridge climb and contact New York

Departure.

7. CAPT : Help me back help me back. (D.15)

F/O : Ok.

In the conversation above, CAPT asks F/O to help him. It is a directive because he

directly asks F/O to help him.

8. LA30 : Alaska two sixty one say your condition (D.28)

RT CAPT : Two sixty on, we're at twenty four thousand

feet, kinda stabilized.

The bold utterance said by LA30 in the conversation above is a directive, because he

talked to RT CAPT by requesting RT CAPT to say their condition.

Commisives

By uttering a commissive, the speaker is committing himself to some future course of

action. In this research, this category of speech act is generally used when the captain,

copilot and flight attendant tell others that they want to do something. In more detail, here

are some examples of commisives found in recorded conversation transcription of black

box before the air plane crashes.

1. Flight Attendant : Okay, we should sit down then?

27

Copilot Bonin : Well, I think that's not a bad idea. Give your friends a

heads-up.

Flight Attendant : Yeah, okay, I'll tell the others in the back. (A.10)

Thanks a lot.

In the conversation above, Copilot Bonin asked Flight Attendant to tell something to her

friends. Then, the Flight Attendant said that she would tell them. She committed herself

to do what Copilot Bonin said. Therefore, the bold utterance above is commisive.

2. Copilot Bonin :I'll call you back as soon as we're out of it. (A.12)

Flight Attendant : Okay.

In the conversation between Copilot Bonin and Flight attendant above, Copilot Bonin

committed himself that he will call Flight Attendant as soon as they’re out of the plane.

So, it is called as a commisives.

3. HOT-2 : You happy with that distance?

HOT-1 : Aah, he's.... we'll be all right once we get rollin'. (C.5) He's

supposed to be five miles by the time we're airborne, that's the

idea.

The bold utterance above shows that HOT-1 commits that they will be all right once they

get rolling. So, the bold utterance above is a commisives.

4. DEP : American five eighty seven heavy, turn left, proceed

direct WAVEY.

RDO-1 : Uh, we'll turn direct WAVEY, American five eighty seven

heavy. (C.28)

In the conversation above, the DEP commanded RDO-1 to turn left, proceed direct

WAVEY. Then, RDO-1 said that he would do as the DEP asked. So, the utterance said by

RDO-1 above is a commisive

5. CAPT : I'm gonna click it off you got it? (D.6)

F/O : Ok.

The bold utterance above is a commisive because the CAPT committed himself that he

would click something off.

6. LA30 : Alaska two sixty one maintain block altitude flight

level two zero zero through flight level two five zero

RT CAPT : Alaska two sixty one we'll take that block we'll be

monitoring the frequency. (D.34)

The CAPT tells F/O about something that he will do. So, the bold utterance said by the

CAPT above is a form of commisives.

.

28

Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech act that state what the speaker feels. When he

apologizes, thanks, congratulates, welcomes, or deplores, he is expressing how good or

bad he feels about some events and is therefore uttering an expressive. There are some

examples of expressive in recorded conversation transcription of the black box before the

air plane crashes.

1. Copilot Bonin : Well, I think that's not a bad idea. Give your

friends a heads-up.

Flight Attendant : Yeah, okay, I'll tell the others in the back. Thanks a lot.

(a.11)

The bold utterance said by Flight Attendant above is an expressive, because it is a

statement in a form of thanking.

2. Copilot Robert : Pay attention to your speed. Pay attention to

your speed.

Copilot Bonin : Okay, okay, I'm descending.

opilot Robert : Stabilize.

Copilot Bonin : Yeah.(A.23)

When Copilot Robert said ‘stabilize,’ Copilot Bonin said ‘yeah.’ It is an expressive. It

means that he would stabilize the speed of the plane.

3. Medan Approach Control : MNA 241, your position now 11

miles on W-11. Contact 1212.Happy landing.

MNA 241 : Selamatsiang. Terimakasih.

(Good afternoon. Thank you) (B.11)

The bold utterance above is an utterance in a form of thanking. So, it is an expressive.

4. Medan Approach Control : 152, confirm you're making turning

left now?

GIA 152 : We are turning right now.

Medan Approach Control : 152 OK, you continue turning

left now.

GIA 152 : A ...... confirm turning left? We are

starting turning right now.

Medan Approach Control : OK ...... OK.

Medan Approach Control : GIA 152 continue turn right heading 015.

GIA 152 : Aaaaaa.Allahu-Akbar.(B.32)

In the conversation above, we can see that the person who worked in Medan Approach

Control asked GIA 152 to continue turning left. But GIA 152 continue turning right.

29

Therefore, something must be happened and made GIA 152 shouted ‘Aaaaaaa.’ The

shout of the GIA 152 in that conversation is a form of an expressive.

5. HOT-1 : Little wake turbulence, huh?

HOT-2 : …yeah. (C.31)

The bold utterance in the conversation between HOT-1 and HOT-2 above is an

expressive category of speech act. It shows that there is a little wake turbulence.

6. HOT-1 : You all right?

HOT-2 : Yea, I'm fine. (C.34)

In the conversation between HOT-1 and HOT-2 above, HOT-2 tells HOT-1 that he is

fine. Therefore, the bold utterance above is an expressives.

7. LA25 : He's at two two five right now.

LA14 : Uhhh Ok that's fine.(D.66)

The bold utterance in the conversation above is an expressive because LA14 shows LA25

that something is fine.

8. LA25 : The LA altimeter is three zero one eight.

RT F/O : Thank you.(D.77)

After getting the LA altimeter from LA25, RT F/O said ‘thank you.’ The word ‘thank

you’ is a form of thanking. So it is an expressive.

Declarations

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their utterance. Here

are some example of speech act found in recorded conversation transcription before the

air plane crashes.

Declaration in recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447

1. Copilot Robert : Descend! (A.25)

Copilot Bonin : Here we go, we're descending.

In the conversation between Copilot Robert and Copilot Bonin above, it can be seen that

Copilot Robert said “Descend!” and Copilot Bonin did as Copilot Robert said. When it

happened, something is changed. Therefore, the bold utterance above is a declaration.

2. Copilot Bonin : Here we go, we're descending.

Copilot Robert : Gently!(A.27)

30

In the conversation above, it can be seen that when the plane was descending, Copilot

Robert suddenly asked Copilot Bonin to descend the plane gently. The utterance said by

Copilot Robert above must be done by Copilot Bonin quickly. If not, something must be

happened. So, the bold utterance above is a declarations.

Table 5 The categorization of the data of plane A (Air France 447) into Searle’s category

of speech act

No Data Category

A.1 The inter-tropical convergence... look, we're in it, between

'Salpu' and 'Tasil.' And then, look, we're right in it...

Directives

A.2 Yes Expressives

A.3 Let's call them in the back, to let them know... Directives

A.4 Yes Expressives

A.5 Listen, in 2 minutes, we're going to be getting into an area

where things are going to be moving around a little bit

more than now. You'll want to take care.

Directives

A.6 Okay, we should sit down then? Directives

A.7 Well, I think that's not a bad idea. Representatives

A.8 Give your friends a heads-up. Directives

A.9 Yeah Expressives

A.10 Okay, I’ll tell the others in the back. Commisives

A.11 Thanks a lot. Expressives

A.12 I’ll call you back as soon as we’re out of it. Commisives

A.13 Let's go for the anti-icing system. It's better than nothing. Directives

A.14 We seem to be at the end of the cloud layer, it might be

okay.

Representatives

A.15 You can possibly pull it a little to the left. Representatives

A.16 I have the controls. Representatives

A.17 What’sthis? Directives

A.18 There's no good... there's no good speed indication. Representatives

A.19 We've lost the, the, the speeds, then? Directives

A.20 Pay attention to your speed. Pay attention to your speed. Directives

A.21 Okay, okay, I'm descending. Representatives

A.22 Stabilize. Directives

A.23 Yeah Expressives

A.24 Descend... It says we're going up... It says we're going up,

so descend.

Directives

A.25 Descend! Declarations

A.26 Here we go, we're descending. Representatives

A.27 Gently! Declarations

31

A.28 We're... yeah, we're in a climb. Representatives

A.29 Damn it Expressives

A.30 Where is he? Directives

A.31 Damn it! Expressives

A.32 I'm in TOGA, huh? Representatives

A.33 Damn it. Expressives

A.34 Is he coming or not? Directives

A.35 We still have the engines! What the hell is happening? I

don't understand what's happening.

Representatives

A.36 Damn it Expressives

A.37 I don't have control of the plane, I don't have control of the

plane at all!

Representatives

A.38 What the hell are you doing? Directives

A.39 We've lost control of the plane! Representatives

A.40 We've totally lost control of the plane. We don't

understand at all... We've tried everything.

Representatives

A.41 What do you think? What do you think? What should we

do?

Directives

A.42 Climb... climb... climb... climb... Directives

A.43 But I've had the stick back the whole time! Representatives

A.44 No, no, no... Don't climb... no, no. Directives

A.45 Descend, then... Give me the controls... Give me the

controls!

Directives

A.46 Damn it. Expressives

A.47 We're going to crash... This can't be happening! Representatives

A.48 But what’s happening? Directives

Table 6 The categorization of the data of plane B (Garuda Indonesia 152) into Searle’s

category of speech act

No Data Category

B.1 Medan Approach, GIA152 passing 150. Representatives

B.2 GIA 152 radar contact 43 miles. Descent to 3000ft for

Runway 05, reduce speed to 220.

Directives

B.3 Descend 3000 for Runway 05. Reduce speed to 220 kts.,

GIA 152.

Representatives

B.4 Approach, GIA 152, request reason to reduce speed above

10000 to 220kts.

Representatives

B.5 OK Sir, your traffic departure sir, now start engine, release

traffic departure at or before 27.

Directives

B.6 152 like to maintain 210 kts... 250kts, and below 10000. Representatives

B.7 OK, it's approved. Representatives

32

B.8 MNA 241 passing 10000. Representatives

B.9 MNA 241, your position now 11 miles on W-11. Contact

1212.

Representatives

B.10 Happy landing! Expressives

B.11 Thank you Expressives

B.12 GIA 152, maintain 3000ft for a while. Maintain heading

Medan VOR. Traffic now still taxi Runway 23.

Directives

B.13 Maintain 3000 Representatives

B.14 Merpati 152, you turn left heading 240 vectoring for

intercept ILS Runway 05 from right side. Traffic now

rolling.

Directives

B.15 GIA 152, do you read? Directives

B.16 GIA 152, say again? Directives

B.17 Turn left heading a ...... 240, 235. Now vectoring for

intercept ILS Runway 05.

Directives

B.18 Roger, heading 235. GIA 152. Representatives

B.19 GIA 152 heading 235. Confirm we cleared from a

.....mountainous area?

Representatives

B.20 Affirm sir! Continue turn left on heading 215. Directives

B.21 On heading 215, GIA. Representatives

B.22 Good afternoon, approach. BOU 683 departed left turn Representatives

B.23 BOU 683 continue turn left on heading 120 initial 2000ft. Directives

B.24 GIA 152, turn right heading 046, report established on

localizer.

Directives

B.25 Turn right heading 040, GIA 152, check established. Representatives

B.26 Turning right sir. Directives

B.27 152, confirm you're making turning left now? Directives

B.28 We are turning right now. Representatives

B.29 152 OK, you continue turning left now. Directives

B.30 A ...... confirm turning left? We are starting turning right

now.

Representatives

B.31 GIA 152 continue turn right heading 015. Directives

B.32 Aaaaaa. Expressives

Table 7 The categorization of the data of plane C (American Airlines 587) into Searle’s

category of speech act

No Data Category

C.1 American five eight seven heavy, wind three zero zero at

niner, runway three one left, cleared for takeoff.

Representatives

33

C.2 Cleared for takeoff, American ah, five eight seven heavy. Representatives

C.3 You happy with that distance? Directives

C.4 Aah Expressives

C.5 We'll be all right once we get rollin' Commisives

C.6 He's supposed to be five miles by the time we're airborne,

that's the idea.

Representatives

C.7 So you’re happy. Representatives

C.8 Lights? Directives

C.9 Yeah Expressives

C.10 Lights are on. Representatives

C.11 Takeoff check's complete, I'm on the roll. Representatives

C.12 Thank you, Sir. Expressives

C.13 Positive rate, gear up please. Directives

C.14 American five eight seven heavy, turn left. Fly the Bridge

Climb. Contact New York departure.

Directives

C.15 American five eighty seven heavy, so long. Representatives

C.16 Gear's up. Representatives

C.17 Check speed, level change. Directives

C.18 Flaps up. Representatives

C.19 Climb power. Representatives

C.20 Ah New York, American five eighty seven heavy, thirteen

hundred feet, we're climbing to five thousand.

Representatives

C.21 American five eight seven heavy, New York departure.

Radar contact. Climb maintain one three thousand.

Representatives

C.22 One three thousand feet, American five eighty seven

heavy.

Representatives

C.23 One three I see, slats retract. Representatives

C.24 Slats Representatives

C.25 Clean machine Directives

C.26 American five eighty seven heavy, turn left, proceed direct

WAVEY.

Directives

C.27 Uh Expressives

C.28 We'll turn direct WAVEY, American five eighty seven

heavy.

Commisives

C.29 Left turn direct WAVEY…. Directives

C.30 Little wake turbulence, huh? Representatives

C.31 ….yeah. Expressives

C.32 Thank you Expressives

C.33 You all right? Directives

C.34 Yea, I'm fine. Expressives

C.35 Hang onto it. hang onto it. Directives

C.36 Let's go for power please. Directives

34

C.37 What the hell are we into *. We're stuck in it. Representatives

C.38 Get out of it, get out of it. Directives

Table 8 The categorization of the data of plane D (Alaska Airlines 261) into Searle’s

category of speech act

No Data Category

D.1 Yea Expressives

D.2 We tried everything together. Representatives

D.3 We've run just about everything if you've got any hidden

circuit breakers we'd love to know about 'em.

Representatives

D.4 It appears to be jammed, the whole thing, it spikes out

when we use the primary, we get AC load that tells me

the motor's tryin' to run but the brake won't move it, when

we use the alternate, nothing happens.

Representatives

D.5 You say you get a spike on the meter up there in the

cockpit when you uh try to move it with the primary

right?

Directives

D.6 I'm gonna click it off Commisives

D.7 You got it? Directives

D.8 When we do the primary trim, but there's no appreciable

uh change in the uh electrical uh when we do the

alternate.

Representatives

D.9 Let's do that. Directives

D.10 This'll click it off. Representatives

D.11 You got it? Directives

D.12 It got worse. Representatives

D.13 You're stalled. Representatives

D.14 No no you gotta release it yagotta release it. Directives

D.15 Help me back help me back. Directives

D.16 Center Alaska two sixty one we are uh in a dive here. Representatives

D.17 and I've lost control, vertical pitch. Representatives

D.18 Alaska two sixty one uh say again sir. Directives

D.19 Yea Expressives

D.20 We're out of twenty six thousand feet, we are in a vertical

dive...not a dive yet... but uh we've lost vertical control of

our airplane.

Representatives

D.21 Just help me. Directives

D.22 We're at twenty three seven, request uh... Representatives

D.23 Yea Expressives

D.24 We got it back under control here. Representatives

D.25 No we don't! Representatives

35

D.26 Alaska two sixty one uh say the altitude you'd like to uh

remain at

Directives

D.27 Let's take the speed brakes off. Directives

D.28 Alaska two sixty one say your condition Directives

D.29 Two sixty on, we're at twenty four thousand feet, kinda

stabilized.

Representatives

D.30 Ok it really wants to pitch down. Representatives

D.31 We're slowin' here and uh, we're gonna uh do a little

troubleshooting

Representatives

D.32 Can you gimme a block between un, twenty and twenty

five?

Directives

D.33 Alaska two sixty one maintain block altitude flight level

two zero zero through flight level two five zero

Directives

D.34 Alaska two sixty one we'll take that block we'll be

monitoring the frequency.

Commisives

D.35 Whatever we did is no good, don't do that again. Directives

D.36 No it went down it went to full nose down. Representatives

D.37 Un it’s a lot worse that it was? Directives

D.38 Yea yea Expressives

D.39 We're in much worse shape now. Representatives

D.40 I think it's at the stop, full stop...and I'm thinking...can it

go any worse...but it probably can...but when we slowed

down

Representatives

D.41 let's slow it let's get down to two hundred knots and see

what happens.

Directives

D.42 We did both the pickle switch and the suitcase handles

and it ran away full nose trim down.

Representatives

D.43 And now we're in a pinch so we're holding uh we're

worse than we were.

Representatives

D.44 I went tab down... right, and it should have come back

instead it went the other way.

Representatives

D.45 You wanna try it or not? Directives

D.46 Uhh no Expressives

D.47 I don't know. Representatives

D.48 Alaska two sixty one uh let me know if you need

anything.

Directives

D.49 We're still working at it. Representatives

D.50 Alaska two sixty one contact LA center one two six point

five two they're aware of your uh situation.

Directives

D.51 Alaska two sixty one say again the frequency one two

zero five two.

Directives

D.52 Uh Expressives

D.53 Thank you Expressives

36

D.54 LA Alaska two sixty one uh we're with you at twenty two

five we have a jammed stabilizer and ah we're

maintaining altitude with difficulty uh but uh we can

maintain altitude we think and our intention is to land at

Los Angeles.

Representatives

D.55 Alaska two sixty one Alaska Center roger uh you're

cleared to Los Angeles Airport via present position uh

direct Santa Monica direct Los Angeles and uh you want

lower now

Representatives

D.56 What do you wanna do sir? Directives

D.57 Center Alaska two sixty one I need to uh get down about

ten change my configuration make sure I can control the

jet and I'd like to do that out there over the bay if I may.

Directives

D.58 Ok Alaska two sixty one roger that stand by there. Representatives

D.59 That’s fine Expressives

D.60 go ahead green light Directives

D.61 Hey Alaska two sixty one wants to go into LA. Representatives

D.62 He wants to get down to around ten thousand feet but he

wants to do it out there over the bay.

Representatives

D.63 I'm gonna send him out on like a two eighty heading right

now and then uh.

Commisives

D.64 Ok put him on a... Directives

D.65 He's at two two five right now. Representatives

D.66 Uhhh Ok that's fine. Expressives

D.67 Altitude altitude. Directives

D.68 Put him on a two eighty heading take him down to one

seven thousand radar contact.

Directives

D.69 He're we go Representatives

D.70 Alaska two sixty one uh fly heading of two eight zero and

descend and maintain one seven thousand.

Directives

D.71 Two eight zero and one seven seventeen thousand Alaska

two sixty one and we generally need a block altitude.

Directives

D.72 Ok uh just um Expressives

D.73 I'll tell you what uh do that for now sir Commisives

D.74 Contact LA Center on three five point five they'll have

further uh instructions for you sir.

Directives

D.75 OK thirty five five say the altimeter setting. Directives

D.76 The LA altimeter is three zero one eight. Representatives

D.77 Thank you Expressives

D.78 Thank you Expressives

D.79 I need everything picked up... everything strapped down. Representatives

D.80 I'm gonna unload the airplane and see if we can ....we can

regain control of it that way.

Commisives

37

D.81 Ok we had like a big bank back there. Representatives

D.82 Yea Expressives

D.83 I heard it Representatives

D.84 Make sure the passengers are strapped in now. Directives

D.85 Cause I'm gonna I'm going to release the back pressure

and see if I can get it... back.

Commisives

D.86 Gimme slats extend. Directives

D.87 I'm test flying now. Representatives

D.88 Flaps 11 degrees. Representatives

D.89 It's pretty stable right now...see but we got to get down to

a hundred an eighty.

Representatives

D.90 Ok... bring the flaps and slats back up for me. Directives

D.91 What I wanna do...is get the nose up...and then let the

nose fall through and see if we can stab it when it's

unloaded.

Representatives

D.92 You mean use this again? Directives

D.93 It's on the stop now, its on the stop. Representatives

D.94 The trim might be, and then it might be uh, if something's

popped back there...it might be mechanical damage too.

Representatives

D.95 I think if it's controllable, we oughta just try to land it. Representatives

D.96 You think so? Directives

D.97 Ok lets head for LA. Directives

D.98 You feel that? Directives

D.99 Yea Expressives

D.100 Ok gimme sl.... Directives

D.101 Push and roll, push and roll. Directives

D.102 Ok, we are inverted...and now we gotta get it. Representatives

D.103 Push push push...push the blue side up. Directives

D.104 Ok now lets kick rudder...left rudder left rudder. Directives

D.105 I can't reach it. Representatives

D.106 Ok right rudder...right rudder. Directives

D.107 Gotta get it over again...at least upside down we're flying. Representatives

D.108 Speedbrakes. Directives

D.109 Got it Representatives

D.110 Ah Expressives

D.111 Here we go. Representatives

Table 9 The total data

No Plane Category of Speech Act Total

Representatives Directives Commisives Expressives Declarations

38

1 A 15 19 2 10 2 48

2 B 15 14 - 3 - 32

3 C 17 12 2 7 - 38

4 D 47 43 6 15 - 111

Total 94 88 10 35 2 229

Table 10The percentage of the data

No Plane Category of Speech Act Tota

l Representatives Directives Commisives Expressives Declarations

1 A 31.25 % 39.58 % 4.17 % 20.83 % 4.17 % 100

%

2 B 46.87 % 43.75 % - 9.38 % - 100

%

3 C 44.74 % 31.58 % 5.26 % 18.42 % - 100

%

4 D 42.34 % 38.74 % 5.41 % 13.51 % - 100

%

Table 11The percentage of the total data

No Category of Speech Act Total Percentage

1 Representatives 94 41.05 %

2 Directives 88 38.43 %

3 Commisives 10 4.37 %

4 Expressives 35 15.28 %

5 Declarations 2 0.87 %

Total 229 100 %

Chart 1 The total data on each recorded conversation transcription

39

Chart 2 The total and percentage of the data

After analyzing and categorizing the data into Searle’s category of speech act, the

writer found 15 representatives speech acts on recorded conversation transcription of Air

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Plane A Plane B Plane C Plane D

Representatives

Directives

Commisives

Expressives

Declarations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Total

Percentage (%)

40

France 447, 15 representatives speech acts on recorded conversation transcription of

Garuda Indonesia 152, 17 representatives speech acts on recorded conversation

transcription of American Airline 587 and 47 representatives speech acts on recorded

conversation transcription of Alaska Airlines 261. She also found 19 directives speech

acts on recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447, 14 directives speech acts

on recorded conversation transcription of Garuda Indonesia 152, 12 directives speech acts

on recorded conversation transcription of American airlines 587 and 43 directives speech

acts on recorded conversation transcription of Alaska Airlines 261. Then, she found 2

commisives speech acts on recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447, 2

commisives speech acts on recorded conversation transcription of American Airlines 587

and 6 commisives speech act on recorded conversation transcription of Alaska Airlines

261. Meanwhile, she did not find commisives speech act on recorded conversation

transcription of Garuda Indonesia 152. She found 10 expressives speech acts on recorded

conversation transcription of Air France 447, 3 expressives speech acts on recorded

conversation transcription of Garuda Indonesia 152, 7 expressives speech acts on

recorded conversation transcription of American Airline 587 and 15 expressives speech

acts on recorded conversation transcription of Alaska Airlines 261. At last, she only

found 2 declarations speech act on recorded conversation transcription of Air France 447

and did not find any declaration speech act on another recorded conversation

transcriptions. So, the writer found 94 representatives, 88 directives, 10 commisives, 35

expressives and 2 declarations speech acts. She also found that representatives is the

dominant category os speech act found in recorded conversation transcription of the black

boxes before the air plane crashed. it can be seen on table 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9.

After doing calculation, the writer got the percentage of the speech acts found on

recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed. Based

on the calculation, she got 31.25 % representatives, 39.58 % directives, 4.17 %

commisives, 20.83 %expressives and 4.17 % declarations speech acts on recorded

conversation transcription of Air France 447. She got 46.87 % representatives, 43.75 %

directives and 9.38 % expressives speech acts on recorded conversation transcription of

Garuda Indonesia 152. She got 44.74 % representatives,31.58 % directives, 5.26

%commisives and 18.42 % expressives speech acts on recorded conversation

transcription of American Airline 587. She got 42.34 % representatives, 38.74 %

directives, 5.41 %commisives and 13.51 expressives speech acts on recorded

conversation transcription of Alaska airlines 261. For the total data, she found that

representatives speech act is 41.05 %, directives speech act is 38.43 %, commisives

speech act is 4.37 %, expressives speech act is 15.28 % and declarations speech act is

0.87 %. It can be seen on table 4.10 and 4.11. To be more easily to be understood, it can

be seen on chart 4.1 and 4.2.

5. Research Findings

41

After analyzing the data, the writer found some findings. First, there are 94

representatives speech acts found in recorded conversation transcription of the black

boxes before the air plane crashed. This category of speech act is generally used to inform

the position and the condition of the plane. Besides, it is also used to confirm that the

people who are in the plane have done something. Second, there are 88 directives speech

acts found in recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane

crashed. This speech act is generally used when the people who work in Air Control

Tower give the directions to the captain or copilot. It is also used when the captain give

commands to copilot and flight attendant. Third, there are 10 commisives speech acts

found in recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane

crashed. This category of speech act is generally used when the captain, copilot or flight

attendant tell that they want to do something. Fourth, there are 35expressives speech acts

found in recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane

crashed. This category of speech is generally used by the people who work in ACT or

plane to express their feeling by laughing and thanking and so on. Fifth, there are only 2

declarations speech acts found in recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes

before the air plane crashed. This category of speech act is used by the copilot to tell

another copilot about something that must be done.

After making calculation, the writer also found that representatives is the most

dominant category of speech act found in recorded conversation transcription of the black

boxes before the air plane crashed.

After analyzing Searle’s category of speech act based on the recorded conversation

transcription of the black box before the air plane crashed, the writer would like to draw

the conclusions as follow:

1. Speech act is not only talking about the utterance but also talking about the

action. It is an utterance uttered by the speaker that can cause the hearer doing an

action.

2. There are five categories of speech act found in recorded conversation

transcription of the black box before the air plane crashed, they are;

representatives, directives, commisives, expressives and declarations.

3. There are 94 representatives speech acts that is 41.05 % found in recorded

conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed, which

is generally used to inform the position and the condition of the plane and to

confirm that the people who are in the plane have done something. There are 88

directives speech acts that is 38.43 % found in recorded conversation

transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed, which is generally

used when the people who work in Air Control Tower give the directions to the

captain or copilot and when the captain give commands to copilot and flight

attendant. There are 10 commisives speech acts that is 4.37 % found in recorded

conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed, which

is generally used when the captain, copilot or flight attendant tell that they want

to do something. There are 35expressives speech acts that is 15.28 % found in

42

recorded conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane

crashed, which is s generally used by the people who work in ACT or plane to

express their feeling by laughing and thanking and so on. There are only

2declarations speech acts that is 0.87 % found in recorded conversation

transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed, which is used by the

copilot to tell another copilot about something that must be done.

4. Representatives is the dominant category of speech act found in recorded

conversation transcription of the black boxes before the air plane crashed.

References

Creswell, John W. 2003. Research Design.

Holmes, Janet. 2001. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. England: Pearson

Education Limited

Kreidler, C.W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge

Leech, Geofrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Longman

Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction. UK: Blackwell Publishing

Peccei, Jean Stilwell. 1999. Pragmatics. China

Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Wardaugh, Ronald. 2006. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil

Blackwell

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Iindonesia_Flight_152

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_447

http://blog.arieflatu.net/2010/10/apa-itu-kotak-hitam-black-box-pada-pesawat-

terbang-html/

http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=plane+crash

http://www.planecrashinfo.com/lastwords.htm

43

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL IDENTITY

• Full name : AyuPardede

• Place/ Date of Birth : LumbanLobu, December 12th 1992

• Gender : Female

• Nationality : Indonesian

• Status : University Student

• Religion : Christian

• Address :Jalan Air Bersih, Gang Tapian Nauli No. 10

Medan

• Phone Number/Email : 081362606065/[email protected]

EDUCATION BACKGROUND

• 1999-2005 : SD Negeri 173176 LumbanLobu

• 2005-2006 : SLTP N 2 OnanRunggu

• 2006-2008 : SMP Negeri1 Pakkat

• 2008-2011 : SMA Nommensen Jambi

• 2011-2015 : S-1 Sastra InggrisUniversitas HKBP Nommensen Medan

ACHIEVEMENT

• Juara II pada Lomba DebatBerbahasaInggris di Universitas HKBP Nommensen

Medan tahun 2015

• JuaraHarapan II pada PemilihanMahasiswaBerprestasiTingkatKopertis Wilayah I

Medan-Aceh tahun 2014

44

• Sebagai peserta dalamkegiatan “Student English Club (SEC) Angkatan III” di

Growth Centre Kopertis Wilayah I Medan tahun 2014

• Sebagaimahasiswipenerimabeasiswaberprestasi di Universitas HKBP

Nommensen Medan tahun 2013