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American Swing From last Session Importance of black genres jazz forms especially Movie industry and its impact Broadway stage Country Music Big bands Solo Performers
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American swing era 2013

Sep 03, 2014

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Page 1: American swing era 2013

American  Swing    From  last  Session  

•  Importance  of  black  genres  -­‐  jazz  forms  especially  

•  Movie  industry  and  its  impact    •  Broadway  stage  •  Country  Music  •  Big  bands    •  Solo  Performers  

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Depression  

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Records  •  By  1909  12  million  dollars  of  records  and  cylinders  sold  in  USA,  by  1921  thus  had  increase  4  fold.    

•  Jazz  arrives  as  a  recorded  product  in  the  early  1920  and  is  our  main  source  of  knowledge  of  the  genre  from  then  on.    

•  Record  industry  collapses  aNer  1929.    Does  not  recover  from  the  challenge  of  radio  unOl  aNer  the  war.    

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Radio  

•  Early  records  -­‐  78  had  to  be  3  and  half  minutes.      •  No  electric  microphones  before  1925  so  sound  quality  was  poor  and  the  recording  process  crude.    

•  Radio  preferred  to  a  have  a  live  band  -­‐  oNen  a  house  ensemble  to  produce  music  on  tap.    

•  Quality  of  sound  on  radio  was  beXer  than  on  record  in  general  -­‐  early  shellac  records  deteriorated  quickly  and  were  easily  broken.    

•  1930/40s  the  great  decades  fro  radio  and  Swing  Jazz.    

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Swing  

•  The  style  of  30s  music  with  polished  arrangements  and  hard  driving  rhythms  set  off  a  new  dance  craze.    

•  Also  implies  a  parOcular  rhythmic  delivery  in  which  the  rhythm  is  never  played  straight  -­‐  though  it  is  noted  that  way.    Notes  are  divided  unequally  with  a  slight  triplet  feel.    

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Vocalist  

•  Bands  increasingly  employed  a  vocalists  as  part  of  the  band.    

•  Many  popular  songs  in  repertoire  -­‐  band  accompanied  singer  then  extended  the  song  with  instrumental  breaks  and  complex  orchestraOons.    

•  Singers  gradually  became  stars  on  their  own  and  had  huge  solo  careers  -­‐  Sinatra,  ?  

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Dance    

•  Bigger  dance  halls,  and  importance  and  popularity  of  dancing  led  to  increase  in  the  size  and  power  of  bands.    The  bands  would  draw  the  public  to  the  dance  halls  which  they  paid  to  enter.    

•  Dance  craze  of  1920s  led  to  greater  diversity  of  dance  styles,  jazz,  European,  LaOn,  and  new  styles  of  1930s.    

•  Traversed  all  society  -­‐  but  liXle  social  mixing.  Bands  reflected  this.      

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Composers/Arrangers  

•  The  pieces  were  wriXen  down  by  an  arranger  -­‐  someOmes  the  band  leader,  but  more  oNen  a  skilled  arranger.    E.g.  Don  Redman  

•  ImprovisaOon  restricted  to  solos.    •  Complicated  arrangements  allowed  complex  harmonies,  dialogue  between  secOons,  delicate  sonoriOes.  

•  Borrowed  from  classical  music.  Especially  in  four  note  harmonies  -­‐  sevenths  and  added  sixths.    

•  Fletcher  Henderson  Dixie  Stompers  

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Move  to  New  York  

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 Big  Band  DisposiOon  

•  Three  secOons  -­‐  brass,  reeds,  and  rhythm.    •  Brass  -­‐  3  trumpets,  2  trombones.  •  Reed  -­‐  clarinets,  saxophones.    •  Rhythm  -­‐  piano,  drums,  guitar  and  double  bass.    

•  Units  alternated  with  soloists.    

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Move  towards  Big  Bands  and  Soloists/Leaders  

•  Armstrong  was  clearly  a  more  virtuosic  player  than  Oliver  -­‐  who  saw  Jazz  as  collecOve  and  inter-­‐dependent.    Armstrong  was  constrained  within  the  band.    

•  Individualism  of  Armstrong  calls  aXenOon  to  itself.      •  Death  knell  of  New  Orleans  style  -­‐  and  arrival  of  big  band  format.    In  place  by  1925  and  in  full  flow  by  1930.    

•  By  1935  Jazz  orientated  band  sound  the  mainstream  of  populat  music  unOl  the  late  40s  and  early  50s.  

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1930s  The  Popular  Singer  

•   The  microphone  meant  that  a  singer  could  dominate  a  big  band.    

•  Popular  singers  became  stars  in  the  their  own  right  –  Frankie  Vallee,  Bing  Crosby,  Frank  Sinatra,  Nat  King  Cole.  

•  Females  -­‐  Bessie  Smith,  Billie  Holliday,  Ella  Fitzgerald,  PaXy  Paige,  Ward  

•   Huge  record  sales  for  some  singers  from  the  1930s  onwards.    

•  Big  link  up  with  movie  world.    

M

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Big  Band  Swing  

•  Throughout  the  1940s  and  much  of  the  50s  the  big  band  sound  of  swing  dominated  popular.    

•  Centred  on  New  York  but  through  out  America.    Recordings,  live  sessions  and  radio.  

•  Band  Leaders  became  huge  –  stars  of  the  day-­‐whites  -­‐  Tommy  Dorsey,  (Dorsey  brothers),  Benny  Goodman,  ArOe  Shaw,  Charlie  Barnet,  Glen  Miller.  

•  All  relied  hugely  on  their  arrangers.  

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Fletcher  Henderson  

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Benny  Goodman  

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Duke  Ellington  

•  Middle-­‐class  had  him  taught  classical  piano.  •  New  York  –  Washingtonians.    •  Wanted  Jazz  to  be  taken  as  art  music  and  use  elements  of  classical  style  –  fully  arranged  style.    

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Duke  Ellington  and  His  Famous  Orchestra  

•  15  piece  band.    CoXon  Club  residency  1927-­‐31  for  a  white  audience.    Weekly  broadcasts  live  on  the  radio.  Toured  Europe  1931.    Then  on  tour  around  the  States.    

•  CollecOve  improvisaOons  impracOcal  with  a  big  band.      

•  Notated  parts  allowed  variety  of  texture–  chords  for  secOons  –  one  player  per  note;  unison  for  a  secOon;  anOphonal  between  secOons.    Solos  with  accompaniment  from  a  secOon.    

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Koko  –  Recorded  march  1940  

•  Form  –  Into  *  bars  –  7  choruses  of  12  bars  –  12  bar  coda,    

•  Chorus  1  Valve  trombone  (Juan  Tizol)  •  Chorus  2    Trombone  solo  (Joe  Tricky  Sam  Nanton)  •  Chorus  3    more  Trombone  •  Chorus  4  Piano  (Ellington)  •  Chorus  5  3  trumpets  in  unison  •  Chorus  6  Bass  (Jimmy  Blanton=  ensemble)  •  Chorus  7  –  full  ensemble  

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Koko  

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Sounds  and  Textures  •  Jungle  sound  –  African  –  minor  –  pedal  E  flat,  Tom-­‐tom;  ‘x’  moOf.  Parallel  descending  chords  on  3  trombones  set  mood.    

•  Chorus  1  –  trombone  answered  by  4  saxs  in  harmony.  Bass  walking.  

•  Chorus  2  and  3  -­‐    ya-­‐ya  growl  sound  with  plunger  mute;  pixie  mute.  ImitaOon  of  words.  

•  Chorus  4  –  one-­‐bar  phrases  aeolian  mode.  •  Chorus  5  riff  moves  to  trumpets  •  Chorus  6  –  band  takes  up  ‘x’moOve.  •  Chrorus  7  –  shout  chorus  –  melody  in  unison  saxes    

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Glen  Miller  Pennsylvanian  65000  

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ChaXanooga  Cho  Cho  

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Glen  Miller  

•  Trombonist.  •  First  hit  1936  ,solo  hip’.    New  band  1938  •  Theme  tune  Midnight  Serenade,  film  songs  (somewhere  over  the  Rainbow).  

•  A  ‘sweet  band’  that  was  also  a  swing  band.  •  In  the  mood,  Chatanooga  Choo  Choo,  Kalamazoo,  Don’t  sit  under  the  apple  tree.  

•  With  vocals,  about  travel  and  parOng,    •  To  cheer  a  naOon  on  the  move.    

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The  Story  

•  Became  a  major  in  the  army  •  Moved  to  Britain  with  American  Basses.  •  Used  to  entertain  troops.  •  1954  film.  •  Lost  on  the  way  to  France  in  the  channel  1943.  •  His  band  conOnued  with  his  legacy.    

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Jazz  in  the  War  Years  

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Minton’s  Club  Harlem  1940  

•  ANer  hours  club  that  aXracted  improvisers.  

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Dizzy  Gillespie  

•  Theorist  and  teacher  to  new  of  1940s  generaOon    

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Parker  -­‐  Bird  

•  Tragic  life  story  and  early  death.    

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Charlie  Parker  

•  Individualist  who  was  able  to  create  a  new  approach  based  not  on  melody  but  on  the  underlying  chords.  

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Readings    

•  Burkholder,  Grout  and  Palisca,  pp.  844-­‐864  •  Ted  Gioia,  The  History  of  Jazz,  pp.  3-­‐54  •  Ed.  Mervyn  Cooke  and  David  Horn,  The  Cambridge  Companion  to  Jazz,  CUP,  2002,  pp.  9-­‐32  

•  Gunter  Schuller,  Early  Jazz,  1968,  pp.  63-­‐133