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American History One Unit Four Antebellum America
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Page 1: American History One Unit Four Antebellum America.

American History One Unit Four

Antebellum America

Page 2: American History One Unit Four Antebellum America.

• How did the forces of nationalism, sectionalism and expansionism impact the United States (1801-1850)?

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Nationalism is……..

• The desire for political independence.• Patriotism: proud loyalty and devotion to a

nation• Excessive or fanatical devotion to a nation and

its interests, often associated with the belief that one country is superior to all other nations.

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EQ: How did the forces of nationalism impact the United States (1812-1850)?

• James Monroe’s “Era of Good Feelings”• Supported the American System

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• post War of 1812• widespread nationalism, victory against

British• no political division, only one party,

Democratic-Republican party• Democratic-Republican leaders see need for

stronger federal government

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• Henry Clay’s American System

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• National Bank• Protective Tariffs• Infrastructure improvements (roads and

canals)

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The Second National Bank

• Democratic-Republicans opposed to First National Bank did not re-charter it in 1811

• Financial problems– State and private banks expanded lending issued

own bank notes– Interest rates increased during War of 1812,

federal government borrowed more– No regulatory action by government to stop

practices

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• Democratic-Republicans opposed to First National Bank did not re-charter it in 1811

• Financial problems– State and private banks expanded lending issued

own bank notes– Interest rates increased during War of 1812,

federal government borrowed more– No regulatory action by government to stop

practices

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• 1816 Congress chartered the Second National Bank for twenty years

• Located in Philadelphia, Pa.• Bank had capital of $35 million, of that sum $7

million from the government• Bank was to provide large-scale financing that state

banks could not handle- and create a strong national currency

• 1816- Republicans saw that strong commercial interests rivaled the interests of farmers

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The Panic of 1819

• A delayed economic reaction to the War of 1812• Americans forced to see their economic place in a peaceful

world• British trade ships routes after War of 1812 ended- end of

American shipping boom• European farm production recovered from Napoleonic

Wars- international demand for American food crops dropped

• Domestic economic problems made economy worse• Western land boom, 1815, moved into a speculative frenzy

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• Land sales 1 million acres 1815- 3.5 million acres in 1818• Land in Mississippi and Alabama used for cotton production sold for

$100/acre• Settlers bought on credit- many loans from small state “wildcat” banks• Second National Bank in 1819 made state banks foreclose on bad loans• Many small farmers ruined- lost land- blamed the Second National

Bank for problems• Urban workers hurt by decline in international trade and industrial

failures because of competition from British imports• Workers lobbied for local relief- became involved in urban politics-

expressed resentment against merchants and factory owners who laid them off

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• Southern planters hurt by a drop in the price of cotton- protested the Tariff of 1816-kept prices of imported goods high even with cotton prices low

• Manufacturers hurt by British competition lobbied Congress for an increase in tariff rates

• Panic of 1819- a symbol of a transitional time in the U.S.- South expressed doubts in a political system in which they were outvoted

• All groups hurt by the depression, farmers, urban workers, manufacturers, and Southern planters became increasingly more active in politics

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The Tariff of 1816

• Embargo of goods during War of 1812 allowed US manufacturing to grow

• War over, US manufacturers had to compete with cheap goods from Britain

• Protective tariff• Opposed by New England shippers and

Southern planters

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The view of the government on internal improvements

• Madison vetoed bill for federal internal improvement plan.

• The Constitution did not expressly authorize the federal spending on road and canal construction.

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Nationalism and the Judicial Branch

• Chief Justice John Marshall

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Martin vs. Hunter’s Lessee, 1816

• Virginia law that banned the inheritance of land by an enemy ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

• Virginia law in conflict with the Treaty of Paris, 1783, which required states to restore land taken from the loyalists.

• The decision established that the Supreme Court was the court of final appeals.

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McCulloch vs. Maryland, 1819

• The decision of the Supreme Court was that the federal government was supreme, no state government could interfere with an agency of the federal government.

• Taxation of the National Bank by the state of Maryland was a form of interference, therefore, unconstitutional

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Gibbons vs. Ogden, 1824

• Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the power to regulate interstate trade.

• States had the power to regulate trade within the state.

• The decision was written so that commerce included anything that crossed state borders.

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Election of 1816

• James Monroe elected over Federalist Rufus King

• Last election in which Federalists ran a candidate

• Monroe ran unopposed in 1820• John Q. Adams (former Federalist) chosen as

secretary of state- all but assured Adams would become president

• Chose John C. Calhoun as secretary of war

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Nationalism and Diplomacy

• Problems withGeneral Andrew Jackson• Sec. of State John Q. Adams• Spanish Florida

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• John Q. Adams worked to firmly establish U.S. borders• Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 fixed the U.S. Canadian

border at the 49th parallel and • Convention of 1818 allowed the U.S. and the British

to jointly claim Oregon• U.S. claimed present day British Columbia,

Washington state, Oregon, Northern Idaho, and parts of Montana based on the discovery of the Columbia River in 1792 by Robert Gray and the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06

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• In the early 1800s, runaway slaves went to Spanish Florida.

• The Seminole Indians used Florida as a base to raid American settlements in Georgia

• The Spanish not able to control the border• Sec. of War John C. Calhoun sent Gen. Andrew

Jackson into Florida to stop the Seminole raids.

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• Jackson burnt several villages, seized the Spanish settlements of St. Marks and Pensacola, and removed the Spanish governor from power.

• The Spanish government demanded Jackson be punished.

• Sec. of State John Q. Adams defended Jackson’s actions, the cause of the problem was the inability of the Spanish to keep order.

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The Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

• Sec. of State Adams used the events in Florida to pressure Spanish to negotiate the border between the US and Florida.

• Spain gave Florida to the United States and finalized the western border of the Louisiana Territory.

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Monroe Doctrine,1823

• Monroe Doctrine declared that the Americas were no longer open to any new European colonization.

• US could not really back up the Monroe Doctrine if challenged.

• Monroe Doctrine set up lasting policy of America stopping European influence in Latin American political affairs

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• Monroe Doctrine followed President Washington’s guidelines of avoiding entangling alliances in European power struggles.

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Nationalism and transportation, invention, and innovation

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Erie Canal

• Video Clip• The Erie Canal was completed in 1825.• The Erie Canal connected Buffalo and Albany,

NY.• The Erie Canal connected Lake Erie and the

Hudson River.

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The National Road, 1806-1818

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• Congress funded the construction of the National Road in 1806.

• The National Road started in Cumberland, Md.• The road reached Wheeling, Va. by 1818.• Livestock and produced traveled east and

migrating settlers travelled west in Conestoga wagons.

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Robert Fulton, Robert Livingston, and the Clermont

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• River travel was faster, cheaper, and more efficient.

• Barges could hold more coal and grain.• Loaded barge only travel downstream• 1807, Fulton and Livingston, steamship

Clermont, steamed up the Hudson River 150 miles from NY City to Albany in 32 hours

• Steamboats made travel reliable, could travel longer distances in either direction.

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• Steamboats on the Great Lakes and up and down the Mississippi River

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Peter Cooper and Tom ThumbRailroads

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• Peter Cooper built American engine on British design

• 1830, Cooper’s Tom Thumb pulled first passenger train

• Travelled at 10 mph for 13 miles, Baltimore to Ellicot City, Maryland

• Trains were faster than stagecoach or wagon• Cold travel inland where steamboats could not

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• TRAINS OPENED THE WEST TO SETTLEMENT AND EXPANDED TRADE BETWEEN REGIONS

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Effects of the Transportation Revolution

• New transportation systems fueled economic growth• Successes of canals and railroads attracted huge capital investments ($ used

to start or expand a business), much it from foreign investors- $500 million 1790-1861

• Transportation revolution created an optimistic, risk-taking mentality in the U.S. which led to innovation and invention

• Transportation revolution allowed people and products to move with ease• Americans moved farther and more often than before• Disease moved with them- epidemics once localized in seaports spread as

travel expanded• 1832 and 1849, Cholera epidemic in New York City devastated the city and

then traveled the Erie Canal and other western transportation networks to inland cities- St. Louis and Cincinnati- these lost 10% of their population

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• East to west roads, canals, railroads reoriented Americans away from the Atlantic toward the heartland

• Focus inland was a key part in the creation of national pride and identity

• Erie Canal and the National Road linked Americans in larger communities of interest- beyond the local communities where they lived

• Improved transportation made possible the larger market upon which commercialization and industrialization depended

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Market Revolution

• Market revolution = most fundamental change American communities ever experienced

• Market revolution depended upon three interrelated developments

• -rapid improvement in transportation• -commercialization• -industrialization• Commercialization = replacement of household sufficiency

and barter with the production of goods for a cash market• Industrialization = the use of power driven machinery to

produce goods once made by hand

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Capital• Capital ($ used to start or expand a business) was needed• Capital in the greatest amounts was in the Northeast• Profits made from shipping, cotton textiles, and the banking industry• Much of the capital came from banks• Growth of Southern cotton produced capital for Northeast

merchants and bankers• American merchants were willing to “think big” and risk money to

develop large domestic markets due in large part to American nationalism

• Confidence in the future because of pride in the potential of the new and expanding nation

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Putting Out System• Cottage industry- products made at home- early industrial model-

members of the family made the whole product• Early business investment not in machinery but in the “putting out

system” – people worked at home under the direction of a merchant who “put out” the raw materials to them, paid them a sum of money for the finished product- product then sold to a distant market

• The putting out system had a division of labor- unskilled workers made only part of the finished product in large quantities for low per-piece wages

• Moved control of production from the individual artisan household to the merchant capitalist who controlled labor costs, production goals, and style to fit specific markets

• Production for a large national market due to improved transportation 1820-1840

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Commercial Markets• “Putting out” system took independence from individual artisans• Did help New England farmers- able to combine “putting out” with domestic

work- per-piece wages a new source of income• With new income, able to purchase mass-produced goods- not take time to

make goods themselves• Farm families moved from the barter system into the larger market economy• Commercialization = replacement of barter by a cash economy- did not

happen all at once nor uniformly across the nation• Fixed prices for goods produced by the new ideas of specialization and

division of labor started along established trade routes• Rural areas continued in the old economic ways• Farming frontiers were commercial from the start• The cash market was a factor in westward expansion

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The Effects of the Market Revolution

• Market Revolution brought major and lasting change• Proportion of wage laborers in the nation went from

12% in 1800 to 40% by 1860• Most wage labor was employed in the North- almost

half were women performing outwork in homes• Artisans moved from independent workers to wage

labor• Industrialization posed a threat to the status and

independence of men

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• Mechanization meant most tasks could be performed by unskilled labor

• Unskilled labor received lower wages• Skilled trades, shoemaking, weaving, silversmithing,

pottery making, and cabinet making were filled with unskilled, low paid workers – did one specialized operation or tended machinery

• Artisans reduced to wage labor• Women hired in putting-out system- males opposed to

women in the workforce- lower own wages

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Preindustrial vs. Industrial work

• Preindustrial- worker had flexibility, not found on the factory floor

• Workers had to adjust to the constant pace of factory work• -long work days and weeks were not a problem- same existed

on the farm• -did have to adjust to not stopping work to do something else• Slater Mills- workers often took 2 hours off to go berry

picking or attend to other business• Slater insisted on a 12 hour day- parents often demanded

children be sent home at sunset- the traditional end of the workday

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• Factory workers got used to having lives regulated by the factory bell

• Absenteeism was a problem as was stealing• Workers saw themselves as a separate community

from the owner- owner controlled their time• Time was divided into two separate activities- work

and leisure• Preindustrial era, work and leisure were blended by

farmers and artisans- place of work, usually at home- possible to stop, chat, or have a drink with a friend

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• Separation of home and workplace and pace of production took the fun out of a long workday, left a smaller proportion of time for leisure

• Working men went to local taverns• Community celebrations replaced by spectator

sports (horse racing, boxing, baseball, popular entertainment- plays, opera, minstrel shows)

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• Cash economy- barter system largely replaced by a cash economy

• Farm women may have used eggs and butter to pay for a pair of shoes handmade by the local shoemaker

• Same women now part of the New England outwork industry might buy ready made shoes with cash she earned from braiding straw for hats

• Community economic ties replaced by distant and often national economic ties

• Pay envelope only direct contact between factory worker and owner

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• To some degree this liberated workers, not part of a settled ordered community, but free to labor wherever they could at whatever wages their skills or bargaining power could command

• Workers took freedom seriously- high rate of turnover- about 50% per year in New England textile mills

• Mobility was a sign of increased freedom of opportunity for some workers- hurt others- New England artisans and farmers faced competition from factory goods and western commercial agriculture

• Stay where they were and become factory workers or commercial farmers- or move west and try to recreate traditional lifestyle on the frontier

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Industrialization in the Northeast• Industrialization = growth of factories• Brought greatest change to personal lives• Started in Britain in the 1700s as a result of a series of technological

changes in the textile trade• Industrialization required workers to concentrate in factories and pace

themselves to the rhythm of the power driven machinery• Fastest, easiest way for America to industrialize was to copy the British• British knew their machinery had value, passed laws banning the

export of the machinery or emigration of the skilled workers• Over time Americans did convince some British artisans to come to the

U.S.• Video Clip

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Factors that allowed industrialization

• Free enterprise: people are free to start and own businesses with little government intervention

• People could own and acquire capital• Very little government control• Low tax rates= money to invest• 1830s, states pass general incorporation laws,

become a corporation, issue and sell stock without a charter

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• Laws also limited liability, investor buys stock, business fails, investor only loses investment, not responsible for debts of the business

• Industrialization started in the Northeast, fast streams, region had many entreprenuers/merchants with capital to invest in British technology

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Samuel Slater

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• English textile apprentice in the most up-to date cotton spinning factory in England, disguised as a farm laborer left England

• Joined forces with Moses Brown and William Almy in Providence, Rhode Island built

• Slater built copies of the British machinery for the Brown and Almy- Slater’s Mill began operation in 1790

• Water frame used to stretch spun raw cotton fiber into cotton thread

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• Slater followed British hiring practices, hired young children (7-12) and women, paid them less than the few skilled male workers hired to keep machines running]

• Yarn spun at the mill was put out to local weavers- turned it into cloth on handlooms

• Rivers of New England soon dotted with mills wherever water power could be used

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Francis Lowell & the Boston Manufacturing Company

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• Francis Lowell opened several mills in Northeastern Massachusetts, 1814

• Mass production of cotton cloth• Boston Manufacturing Co. built homes for workers in factory town,

Lowell• Hired thousands of women and children, worked for lower wages

than men• Complete process to make cotton cloth under one roof• Thought to signal the beginning of the industrial revolution• By 1840, many textile mills in the Northeast, industrialists used

factory techniques to produce lumber, shoes, leather, and wagons

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Nationalism- invention and innovation

• American mechanics worked on the development of standardized parts

• Concept of interchangeable parts, first used in gun making was so unique that the British named it the American System

• Product like a gun was broken down into component parts and an exact mold was made of each part

• All pieces made from the same mold, after first being hand filed by unskilled laborers, matched a uniform standard

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• Repairing a gun needed only the installation of a replacement part for the defective part- no need to make a new part or a new gun

• 1798 Eli Whitney contracted with the federal government to make 10,000 rifles in 28 months- this would not be possible under traditional hand production methods

• Whitney’s ideas outran his performance• Took him 10 years to fulfill the contract- still he had not perfected the

production of all the rifle parts• New Englanders Simeon North and John Hall created a milling machine

to grind parts to precise specifications and succeeded with producing interchangeable parts

• North in 1816 and Hall in 1824• America’s lead in interchangeable parts was a source of national pride

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• Standardized production changed the manufacture of clocks• 1810 a machine could produce nails at the rate of 100 a

minute- cut the cost of nails by 2/3rds• Fine hand made clocks of wood and brass were replaced by

mass produced clocks in the Connecticut factories of Eli Terry, Seth Thomas, and Chauncey Jerome

• American system slow to spread- Isaac Singer’s sewing machine, patented in 1851- not made of fully interchangeable parts until 1873- sold 230,000 machines a year

• Sewing machine changed the manufacture of clothes- had been made by hand by women for their families

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• American factories mass produced high quality goods for ordinary people earlier than producers in Britain or any other European nation

• Availability of the goods example of democracy and equality

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• Invention- a new process or a new product• Innovation-an improvement of an existing

product or process

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Samuel Morse

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• 1832, worked on telegraph, developed Morse code to send messages

• 1844, first long range message sent on telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore

• Journalists used telegraph to send messages quickly

• 1848, group of newspapers pool resources to collect and share news over the wires, Associated Press (AP)

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• By 1860, over 50,000 miles of telegraph wire connected most of the nation.

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The effect of industrialization on cities

• Industrialization brought thousands from farms and small towns to the cities for factory jobs and wages

• City populations doubled and then tripled• 1820, one city with a population over 100,000• By 1860, eight cities with a population over

100,000

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Urban occupations

• Printers and publishers to keep public informed• Literacy rate high- by 1840 75% of the total

population and 90% of the white population• Publishing grew to meet demand for reading

material• Early writers often women, Sarah Buell Hale,

Lydia Howard, Huntley Sigourney• Shops to buy food, clothing, shoes, and saloons

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The problems faced by factory workers

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• Low wages, long hours, and unhealthy/dangerous conditions

• 12-16 hour days• Machinery had no safety features• Buildings were poorly ventilated- toxic fumes

a problem• Accidents and deaths were common

occurrances

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Early Unions

• To improve conditions workers formed unions• 1820-1830, 300,000 workers were a member of

some type of union• Most were local unions, focused on single trade,

printing , or shoemaking• Unions worked independently of each other• Wanted higher wages, 10-hour work day• Little success, employers refused to recognize or

bargain with unions

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• Courts ruled against unions as unlawful groups that limited free enterprise

• Unions had little power or money to support strikes to achieve goals

• Some gains by 1840, President Martin Van Buren repaid unions for support by reducing federal work day to 10 hours

• 1842, Commonwealth vs. Hunt, Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled union strikes legal

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Family farm

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• Agriculture still main economic activity in the early 1800s

• Until late 1800s, farming employed more workers than the factories, produced more wealth

• Northern farmers produced surplus crops to sell in eastern cities

• Profits used to buy machinery and other goods

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Nationalism and Cultural Change

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1850s immigration

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• 1815-1860, over 5 million immigrants• Came to America to escape violence, political

turmoil, starvation, and poverty• Many got a fresh start and opportunity• Many also victims of discrimination• Largest group from Ireland because of potato

famine• No money, no skills, stayed in cities of the

Northeast, unskilled labor or servants

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• Second largest group of immigrants were from Germany, by 1860 numbered 1.5 million

• Most had money to move past cities in the east and settle in the mid-west

• They became farmers or businessmen• Enjoyed freedom and liberty in America

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Nativism

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• New people with new cultures languages, and religions brought about feelings of hostility towards foreigners.

• 1800s large group of anti-Catholics in America• Ministers preached anti-Catholic sermons• Millions of Irish and German immigrants were

Catholic• Several nativist groups formed

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Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner

• Pledged to never vote for a Catholic candidate• Pushed for laws to ban immigrants and

Catholics from holding public office• 1854 formed the American Party• Membership was secret• Became known as the Know-Nothings

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The Second Great Awakening

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• The end of 1700s religious leaders felt commitment to organized religion weakening

• The growth of scientific knowledge and rationalism challenged religious faith

• 1800s religious leaders organize to revive America’s commitment to faith

• Started in rural Kentucky, spread across the nation

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• Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians held camp meetings

• Camp meetings attended by thousands, lasted days with song, prayer, and outbursts of faith

• Message: people must bring God back into their daily lives

• Grace through faith

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Charles Grandison Finney

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• Most well known of the Second Great Awakening ministers• Each person contained within themselves the capacity for

spiritual rebirth and salvation• His camp meetings were planned and rehearsed• Founder of modern revivalism• Served as president of Oberlin College, first to admit

women and African Americans, a center of social change• Finney warned against using politics to change society,

change must come from Christian ideas that change people from within society, then society would change

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Unitarians

• The Unitarians broke from the New England Congregational Church

• Rejected the idea that Jesus was the son of God, only a great teacher, believed that God is a unity not a trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit

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Universalists

• Broke from the New England Congregational Church

• Belief in the universal salvation of souls• Rejected the concept of hell• God intends to save all

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The Mormons

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• Founder Joseph Smith, preached Mormon ideas in western NY in 1830

• Claimed he had been called to restore the Christian Church to its original form

• Published the Book of Mormon, translation of words inscribed on golden tablets he had received from an angel

• Foretold the coming of God, need to build kingdom on earth to receive him

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• Mormons were harassed in Ohio, Missouri • Moved to Commerce, Ill. spring 1839• Bought the town, built self-contained community• Prospered, by 1844 a population of 15,000• J. Smith murdered by locals in 1844• Brigham Young became the leader of the church,

led Mormon migration to the Utah territory, established a permanent settlement, Salt Lake City, Utah

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Nationalism in art and literature

• Romancticism• Early 1800s thinkers adopted romanticism• Romanticism was a movement that started in

Europe in the 1800s• Advocated feeling over reason• Inner spirituality over external rules• Individual over society• Nature over environments created by humans

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Transcendentalism

• Transcendentalism was the most notable expression of American romanticism

• People were urged to transcend the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out and embrace the beauty of the universe

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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• The most influential transcendentalist writer• 1836 essay Nature, any who want fulfillment

should strive for communion with the natural world

• Emerson influenced other writers: Margaret Fuller and Henry David Thoreau

• Emerson and Thoreau created original American works that celebrated the people, the history, and natural beauty of the United States

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Henry David Thoreau

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• People must resist the pressure to conform• Went to live in the woods at Walden for one

year to write

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James Fenimore Cooper

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• Wrote about the American west• Romanticized Native Americans and frontier

settlers• Last of the Mohicans, 1826

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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• Most well known work The Scarlet Letter,1850• about persecution and psychological suffering

resulting from sin, • Set in Puritan New England

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Herman Melville

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• Most famous work, Moby Dick, 1851• Captain Ahab battles the great white whale• Man’s struggle against nature

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Edgar Allan Poe

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• Poet and writer of short stories• Horror genre

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Walt Whitman

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• Leaves of Grass, 1855• Most important poet of the

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Emily Dickinson

Most important female poet of the era

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Hudson River School

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• Artists also found truly American themes• Thomas Cole came to America in 1818- painted American

scenes in the British romantic school of landscape painting• Cole founded the Hudson River School of American

painting- style and subject matter nationalistic in tone• Western painters- realists; Karl Bodmer, George Catlin,

romantics; Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran• -dramatic Western landscapes and peoples• -contributed to the American sense of the land and to the

national identity