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American Foreign Diplomacy American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism Isolationism v. v. Internationalism Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s during 1920s & 1930s U.S. found it difficult not to be U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in world affairs involved in world affairs Tried to use diplomacy to promote Tried to use diplomacy to promote world peace world peace Encouraged world leaders to seek Encouraged world leaders to seek disarmament: disarmament: reducing the amount of reducing the amount of weapons, soldiers, munitions in ones weapons, soldiers, munitions in ones army army
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American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Mar 31, 2015

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Page 1: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

American Foreign DiplomacyAmerican Foreign Diplomacy IsolationismIsolationism v. v. InternationalismInternationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during U.S. wanted to remain isolated during

1920s & 1930s1920s & 1930s U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in U.S. found it difficult not to be involved in

world affairsworld affairs• Tried to use diplomacy to promote world Tried to use diplomacy to promote world

peacepeace• Encouraged world leaders to seek Encouraged world leaders to seek

disarmament:disarmament: reducing the amount of reducing the amount of weapons, soldiers, munitions in ones armyweapons, soldiers, munitions in ones army

Page 2: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Attempts to Maintain PeaceAttempts to Maintain PeaceWashington Naval ConferenceWashington Naval Conference, 1921, 1921 Included U.S., G.B., France, Japan, ItalyIncluded U.S., G.B., France, Japan, Italy Limited tonnage of shipsLimited tonnage of ships Agreed to respect territorial rightsAgreed to respect territorial rights Acceptance of Open Door Policy in ChinaAcceptance of Open Door Policy in China

Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact Outlawed warOutlawed war except in cases of self- except in cases of self-

defensedefense Signed by 62 nationsSigned by 62 nations Proved unsuccessful when Japan invaded Proved unsuccessful when Japan invaded

Manchuria in (1931)Manchuria in (1931)

Page 3: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Dawes PlanDawes Plan Designed to stabilize the German Designed to stabilize the German

economyeconomy U.S. bankers would lend $ to GermanyU.S. bankers would lend $ to Germany Germany could then make its Germany could then make its reparation reparation

paymentspayments to Britain, France, Italy to Britain, France, Italy Those countries could then repay their Those countries could then repay their

debts to U.S.debts to U.S. The Great Depression stopped this plan & The Great Depression stopped this plan &

canceled reparationscanceled reparations

Page 4: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Isolationist ImpulsesIsolationist Impulses Many Americans believed U.S. had been Many Americans believed U.S. had been

tricked into getting involved in WWItricked into getting involved in WWI• Congress takes action to prevent Congress takes action to prevent

involvement in overseas conflictsinvolvement in overseas conflicts• Resulted in passage of 3 Resulted in passage of 3 Neutrality Neutrality

ActsActs, 1935-1937, 1935-1937 U.S. wouldn’t U.S. wouldn’t sell arms sell arms to warring to warring nationsnations

U.S. wouldn’t U.S. wouldn’t loan $loan $ to warring nations to warring nations U.S. wouldn’t U.S. wouldn’t ship non-military ship non-military goodsgoods to warring nations to warring nations

Page 5: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

The Rise of Totalitarian DictatorshipsThe Rise of Totalitarian Dictatorships Many nations turned to dictators to solve Many nations turned to dictators to solve

their problems after World War I & some their problems after World War I & some after the G.D.after the G.D.

Characteristics of totalitarian dictatorshipsCharacteristics of totalitarian dictatorships Govt. controls every aspect of a person’s Govt. controls every aspect of a person’s

lifelife One party controls the govt.One party controls the govt. The state is supremeThe state is supreme Individuals have few, if any, rightsIndividuals have few, if any, rights Political opposition is forbiddenPolitical opposition is forbidden

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4 Dominant Totalitarian 4 Dominant Totalitarian dictatorships of the 1920s/1930sdictatorships of the 1920s/1930s

1.1. MussoliniMussolini in Italy, 1922 in Italy, 1922

2.2. HitlerHitler in Germany, 1933 in Germany, 1933

3.3. Military dictatorshipMilitary dictatorship in Japan, 1931 in Japan, 1931

4.4. StalinStalin in the Soviet Union, recognized in the Soviet Union, recognized by U.S. in 1933by U.S. in 1933

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The Shadow of WarThe Shadow of War JapanJapan aggressive in China (Manchuria, aggressive in China (Manchuria, 1932)1932) MussoliniMussolini aggressive in aggressive in AfricaAfrica HitlerHitler aggressive in the aggressive in the RhinelandRhineland (1936) & in (1936) & in

AustriaAustria (March 1938) (March 1938) • Created the Created the Third ReichThird Reich • Demanded Demanded Sudetenland Sudetenland (Sept. 1938)(Sept. 1938)

Resulted in Resulted in Munich ConferenceMunich Conference, Sept. 1938, Sept. 1938 Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, & Daladier metHitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, & Daladier met Chamberlain used Chamberlain used appeasementappeasement

• Returned home claiming “Returned home claiming “peace in our timepeace in our time””• Hitler got Sudetenland; agreed not to seize Hitler got Sudetenland; agreed not to seize

the rest of Czechoslovakiathe rest of Czechoslovakia• March 1939, Hitler annexed all of March 1939, Hitler annexed all of

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Page 8: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Foreign Policy EQ’sForeign Policy EQ’s1.1. Describe the Dawes Plan.Describe the Dawes Plan.2.2. Describe the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Why Describe the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Why

did it fail?did it fail?3.3. Explain the events of the Washington Explain the events of the Washington

Naval Conference.Naval Conference.4.4. Define Disarmament. Why can this Define Disarmament. Why can this

policy be viewed in a negative way?policy be viewed in a negative way?5.5. Explain the Neutrality Acts. Explain the Neutrality Acts. 6.6. Describe 5 characteristics of Totalitarian Describe 5 characteristics of Totalitarian

Governments.Governments.7.7. List the 4 totalitarian dictatorships of List the 4 totalitarian dictatorships of

the 1920’s-1930’s.the 1920’s-1930’s.

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The War BeginsThe War Begins Nazi-Soviet PactNazi-Soviet Pact (Aug. 1939)--Stalin (Aug. 1939)--Stalin

(Soviet Union) & Hitler (Germany)(Soviet Union) & Hitler (Germany) Non-aggression Pact-Non-aggression Pact- agreed to divide agreed to divide

Poland and prevented Germany from Poland and prevented Germany from fighting two-front warfighting two-front war

Sept. 1, 1939Sept. 1, 1939 Germany invaded Germany invaded PolandPoland using using blitzkriegblitzkrieg (Lightning War) (Lightning War)

Britain & France declared war on Britain & France declared war on GermanyGermany

Spring 1940—Denmark, Norway, the Spring 1940—Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fell Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fell to German blitzkriegto German blitzkrieg

Page 10: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Establishing a Puppet GovernmentEstablishing a Puppet Government Germany defeated France (1940)--Germany defeated France (1940)--

bypassed the bypassed the Maginot LineMaginot Line• 300,000 soldiers rescued at 300,000 soldiers rescued at DunkirkDunkirk• Germany est. a puppet govt. in Germany est. a puppet govt. in VichyVichy, France, France

French French General General Charles de GaulleCharles de Gaulle headed the headed the Free FranceFree France movement in movement in LondonLondon

Secret organization, the Secret organization, the ResistanceResistance, , worked in Franceworked in France

Page 11: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

From Neutrality to WarFrom Neutrality to War U.S. proclaimed U.S. proclaimed neutralityneutrality in 1939--couldn’t in 1939--couldn’t

refrain from helping the Alliesrefrain from helping the Allies Sent 50 old destroyers to Britain (Sent 50 old destroyers to Britain (ChurchillChurchill) for ) for

99 year lease on naval & air bases in the 99 year lease on naval & air bases in the AtlanticAtlantic

U.S. passed a U.S. passed a Cash-and-CarryCash-and-Carry law--allowed law--allowed U.S. to sell arms to the AlliesU.S. to sell arms to the Allies

Nations must pay cash & carry goods away Nations must pay cash & carry goods away themselvesthemselves

FDR elected to unprecedented 3rd term in 1940FDR elected to unprecedented 3rd term in 1940 U.S. passed U.S. passed Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act in 1941 in 1941 Allowed the President to sell, exchange, lend, or Allowed the President to sell, exchange, lend, or

lease war materials to any country whose lease war materials to any country whose security he considered vital to the defense of security he considered vital to the defense of the U.S.----Used w/ Britain & later Russiathe U.S.----Used w/ Britain & later Russia

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Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter (1941) (1941) U.S. & Britain agreed to seek no territorial gainU.S. & Britain agreed to seek no territorial gain Agreed to: “the right of all peoples to choose Agreed to: “the right of all peoples to choose

the form of govt. under which they will live”the form of govt. under which they will live” U.S. placed an U.S. placed an embargoembargo on Japan on Japan Japan continued to be aggressive in AsiaJapan continued to be aggressive in Asia

• Sank some American ships in 1937 (Sank some American ships in 1937 (PanayPanay)) U.S. stop shipment of metal, oil, fuel to JapanU.S. stop shipment of metal, oil, fuel to Japan Japan signed agreement w/ Germany & Italy Japan signed agreement w/ Germany & Italy

(1941)(1941)Rome-Berlin-Tokyo AxisRome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Japan demanded U.S. drop the embargoJapan demanded U.S. drop the embargo U.S. only end it if Japan withdrew from ChinaU.S. only end it if Japan withdrew from China Negotiations continued in Nov. 1941 w/o Negotiations continued in Nov. 1941 w/o

agreementagreement

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Pearl HarborPearl Harbor Sunday, Sunday, December 7, 1941December 7, 1941, at 7:55 a.m. , at 7:55 a.m.

Japan attacked the U.S. fleet stationed at Japan attacked the U.S. fleet stationed at Pearl Pearl Harbor, HIHarbor, HI

U.S. expected the attack in the PhilippinesU.S. expected the attack in the Philippines U.S. lost over 19 ships, including all 8 U.S. lost over 19 ships, including all 8

battleships, & 150+ aircraftbattleships, & 150+ aircraft 2,400+ Americans died2,400+ Americans died FDR said it was “FDR said it was “a date which will live in a date which will live in

infamyinfamy”” U.S. declared war on Japan the next dayU.S. declared war on Japan the next day Germany & Italy declared war on U.S. within 3 Germany & Italy declared war on U.S. within 3

days--- We promptly returned the gesturedays--- We promptly returned the gesture

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WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)WORLD WAR II (1939-1945)

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The Allies Versus the AxisThe Allies Versus the Axis Allied PowersAllied Powers: U.S., Britain, USSR (50 total): U.S., Britain, USSR (50 total) Axis PowersAxis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan (9 total): Germany, Italy, Japan (9 total) WWII was really two separate theaters:WWII was really two separate theaters: Pacific WarPacific War: U.S. Britain, Australia, New : U.S. Britain, Australia, New

Zealand v. JapanZealand v. JapanEuropean & African WarEuropean & African War: had 3 fronts: : had 3 fronts:

Eastern, Southern, WesternEastern, Southern, Western Eastern FrontEastern Front: USSR v. Germany: USSR v. Germany Southern FrontSouthern Front: U.S., Britain, Australia v. : U.S., Britain, Australia v.

Germany & ItalyGermany & Italy Western FrontWestern Front (D-Day): U.S., Britain, France (D-Day): U.S., Britain, France

v. Germany & Italyv. Germany & Italy 1942---- Axis Powers were ahead1942---- Axis Powers were ahead ““Dark days” for the AlliesDark days” for the Allies

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Planning StrategyPlanning StrategyNext Allied strategy was debatedNext Allied strategy was debated Decided to make defeating Hitler top priorityDecided to make defeating Hitler top priority

• Operation TorchOperation Torch: : invasion of invasion of N. AfricaN. Africa to to attack the Germans & Italians from behindattack the Germans & Italians from behind

• Followed by attacks in the Mediterranean Sea Followed by attacks in the Mediterranean Sea (Italy)(Italy)

• Carried out in late 1942 & early 1943Carried out in late 1942 & early 1943• Successful strategy & a major victory for the Successful strategy & a major victory for the

AlliesAllies• Gave Allies control of the MediterraneanGave Allies control of the Mediterranean• Made shipping supplies to Europe possibleMade shipping supplies to Europe possible• Made an invasion of southern Europe possibleMade an invasion of southern Europe possible

**The Tide of the War Turns in the Pacific & **The Tide of the War Turns in the Pacific & Europe**Europe**

Page 17: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Holding Action in the PacificHolding Action in the Pacific Japanese successfully captured many islands following Japanese successfully captured many islands following

the Pearl Harbor attackthe Pearl Harbor attack Two significant battles (fought in the air)Two significant battles (fought in the air)Battle of the Coral SeaBattle of the Coral Sea, 1942, 1942 Prevented Japan from seizing AustraliaPrevented Japan from seizing AustraliaBattle of MidwayBattle of Midway, 1942, 1942 Turning point in the PacificTurning point in the Pacific Gave Japan a decisive defeat by sinking 4 of their Gave Japan a decisive defeat by sinking 4 of their

aircraft carriersaircraft carriersThe Invasion of Italy – The Southern FrontThe Invasion of Italy – The Southern Front

Italy was considered the weak point of the Axis PowersItaly was considered the weak point of the Axis Powers 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily & Italy1943, the Allies invaded Sicily & Italy Italians overthrew Mussolini & Italy surrenderedItalians overthrew Mussolini & Italy surrendered Hitler sent German troops to resist Allies & rescue Hitler sent German troops to resist Allies & rescue

Mussolini---unsuccessfulMussolini---unsuccessful Allies pushed on until they liberated Rome (1944)Allies pushed on until they liberated Rome (1944)

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The Eastern FrontThe Eastern FrontStalin had asked for 3 things for 3 yearsStalin had asked for 3 things for 3 years1.1. Massive suppliesMassive supplies2.2. Territorial concessions in Eastern EuropeTerritorial concessions in Eastern Europe3.3. Second front in Western EuropeSecond front in Western EuropeSoviets resisted the Germans in the eastSoviets resisted the Germans in the east 1943, the 1943, the Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad was the was the

turning pointturning point Red Army went on the offensiveRed Army went on the offensive19431943, Axis advances had been stopped in , Axis advances had been stopped in

Europe & the PacificEurope & the Pacific Allies launched land, air, and sea Allies launched land, air, and sea

offensives on all frontsoffensives on all fronts

Page 19: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

The War at HomeThe War at Home ““Remember Pearl HarborRemember Pearl Harbor”: rallying cry”: rallying cry ““V for VictoryV for Victory”: a familiar symbol”: a familiar symbol 6 million men & women volunteered6 million men & women volunteered 10 million men were drafted10 million men were drafted Melting pot of menMelting pot of men

• Discrimination still occurred in the army (1 Discrimination still occurred in the army (1 million blacks)million blacks)

The Economy recoversThe Economy recovers U.S. economy fully recovered during WWIIU.S. economy fully recovered during WWII Unemployment dropped sharplyUnemployment dropped sharply

***Ended the Great Depression******Ended the Great Depression***

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Organizing for War ProductionOrganizing for War Production Federal agencies created to coordinate Federal agencies created to coordinate

everything (WWI)everything (WWI) Office of War MobilizationOffice of War Mobilization (OWM): oversaw (OWM): oversaw

all areas of productionall areas of production War Production Board:War Production Board: Americans made the Americans made the

shift from peacetime to wartime productionshift from peacetime to wartime production• Helped Americans exceed tough production demandsHelped Americans exceed tough production demands

Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration (OPA): (OPA): controlled inflation by creating item price controlled inflation by creating item price ceilings---included rents, gasoline, tires, coffee, ceilings---included rents, gasoline, tires, coffee, canned food, meat, etc.canned food, meat, etc.

War Manpower CommissionWar Manpower Commission (WMC): decided (WMC): decided which industries needed workers mostwhich industries needed workers most

National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board: helped to settle : helped to settle labor disputes to prevent production from being labor disputes to prevent production from being interrupted---encouraged workers to join unionsinterrupted---encouraged workers to join unions

Page 21: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

American Foreign Policy AssignmentAmerican Foreign Policy Assignment Complete the following:Complete the following: Explain 5 specific ways that the U.S. mobilized Explain 5 specific ways that the U.S. mobilized

for war.for war. Discuss 3 things that Stalin wanted from the Discuss 3 things that Stalin wanted from the

Allies. Explain the role of the Soviets in the Allies. Explain the role of the Soviets in the Eastern Front.Eastern Front.

Explain key events related to the invasion of Explain key events related to the invasion of Italy.Italy.

Identify the Allied and Axis Powers.Identify the Allied and Axis Powers. Describe Operation Torch. Explain its Describe Operation Torch. Explain its

significance.significance. Discuss 2 significant battles in the Pacific. Discuss 2 significant battles in the Pacific.

Who wins? Why is this important?Who wins? Why is this important?

Page 22: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Changes on the Home FrontChanges on the Home Front War demanded sacrifices from AmericansWar demanded sacrifices from Americans People planted victory gardens to stretch People planted victory gardens to stretch

the food supplythe food supply Americans used ration couponsAmericans used ration coupons Scrap-rubber and scrap-iron collectionsScrap-rubber and scrap-iron collections People stood in long lines to buy scarce People stood in long lines to buy scarce

itemsitems Businesses encouraged supportBusinesses encouraged support ““Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or

do withoutdo without””

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Women met the demand for workersWomen met the demand for workers By end of war, 1 out of 3 workers was a womanBy end of war, 1 out of 3 workers was a woman ““Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter” became a national ” became a national

symbolsymbol Women gained confidence they could have Women gained confidence they could have

both a family & a job or careerboth a family & a job or career African Americans gained more acceptanceAfrican Americans gained more acceptance FDR banned discrimination in all govt. agencies, FDR banned discrimination in all govt. agencies,

in job training programs, & in all companies in job training programs, & in all companies doing business w/ the federal govt.doing business w/ the federal govt.

Fair Employment Practices Committee: Fair Employment Practices Committee: created to ensure equal treatment for created to ensure equal treatment for minorities in war industriesminorities in war industries

Page 24: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

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D-Day in France – The Western FrontD-Day in France – The Western Front Allies planned a cross-channel invasion Allies planned a cross-channel invasion

across the English Channel for 2 yrs.across the English Channel for 2 yrs. Directed by Supreme Allied Commander Directed by Supreme Allied Commander

of Europe, of Europe, General Dwight D. General Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower

Called Called Operation OverlordOperation Overlord Success depended on 3 thingsSuccess depended on 3 things

1.1. Adequate landing vessels, troops, & Adequate landing vessels, troops, & suppliessupplies

2.2. Secrecy of the missionSecrecy of the mission

3.3. Clear weatherClear weather

Page 26: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.

D- Day Continued…………….D- Day Continued……………. June 6, 1944June 6, 1944, the most famous & largest , the most famous & largest

amphibious landingamphibious landing in history began in history began 176,000 troops were ferried across the 176,000 troops were ferried across the

channelchannel Landed on the Landed on the beaches of Normandybeaches of Normandy U.S. landed on beaches of U.S. landed on beaches of UtahUtah & &

OmahaOmaha Germany fiercely resisted the invasionGermany fiercely resisted the invasion Allies finally liberated Paris in Aug. 1944Allies finally liberated Paris in Aug. 1944 Allies began pushing the Germans back Allies began pushing the Germans back

toward Berlin and liberating the rest of toward Berlin and liberating the rest of Western EuropeWestern Europe

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Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans Pearl Harbor created anger against Pearl Harbor created anger against

JapaneseJapanese Japanese-AmericansJapanese-Americans were held were held

responsible for the attackresponsible for the attack Became easy targets for Became easy targets for discriminationdiscrimination

• Seen as a menace Seen as a menace Defense officials warned of possible Defense officials warned of possible

sabotagesabotage FDR gave the War Dept. authority to FDR gave the War Dept. authority to

remove thousandsremove thousands 110,000 were taken from homes & jobs 110,000 were taken from homes & jobs

along the west coastalong the west coast

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Japanese Americans continued……….Japanese Americans continued………. They were relocated They were relocated

to 10 to 10 internment internment campscamps out west out west

Still loyal to U.S.Still loyal to U.S. Some served in the Some served in the

militarymilitary 2/3 were American-2/3 were American-

born citizensborn citizens U.S. govt. apologized U.S. govt. apologized

in 1988; gave in 1988; gave $20,000 to each $20,000 to each surviving interneesurviving internee

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On the Attack in the PacificOn the Attack in the Pacific U.S. had expected the initial Japanese attack in U.S. had expected the initial Japanese attack in

the the PhilippinesPhilippines Japan had seized the Philippines shortly after Japan had seized the Philippines shortly after

the Pearl Harbor invasionthe Pearl Harbor invasion Gen. Douglas MacArthurGen. Douglas MacArthur stationed there & stationed there &

vowed he would return to recapture the islandvowed he would return to recapture the island U.S. leaders decided to use a U.S. leaders decided to use a leapfrog leapfrog oror

island hopping island hopping campaign against Japancampaign against Japan 1944, the U.S. sank much of the Japanese fleet 1944, the U.S. sank much of the Japanese fleet

in a battle off the coast of the Philippinesin a battle off the coast of the Philippines MacArthur returned to the Philippines fulfilling MacArthur returned to the Philippines fulfilling

his promisehis promise Late 1944, U.S. beginning to bomb JapanLate 1944, U.S. beginning to bomb Japan

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Ending the War in EuropeEnding the War in Europe 1944, the Germans launched a last counter-1944, the Germans launched a last counter-

offensive in the Ardennes Forestoffensive in the Ardennes Forest Resulted in the Resulted in the Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Temporarily slowed the Allied advanceTemporarily slowed the Allied advance In the east, the Soviets had finally pushed into In the east, the Soviets had finally pushed into

GermanyGermany American & Russian troops met at the Elbe American & Russian troops met at the Elbe

River, 100 miles west of BerlinRiver, 100 miles west of Berlin On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicideOn April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide Third ReichThird Reich was defeated & surrendered one was defeated & surrendered one

week laterweek later Next day, Next day, May 8, 1945May 8, 1945, was declared , was declared VE-DayVE-Day, ,

Victory in Europe DayVictory in Europe Day

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Election of 1944Election of 1944 FDR ran & won an unprecedented FDR ran & won an unprecedented 4th term4th term: :

did not want to run but thought it would be a did not want to run but thought it would be a mistake to change leadership during the warmistake to change leadership during the war

Democratic party chose a new V.P. (Democratic party chose a new V.P. (Harry S Harry S TrumanTruman))

FDR was easily re-electedFDR was easily re-electedPresident Truman Takes OfficePresident Truman Takes Office FDR died in April 1945FDR died in April 1945 TrumanTruman knew very little about the war strategy knew very little about the war strategy

• Immediate task was finishing the war w/ JapanImmediate task was finishing the war w/ Japan 1945 America captured 1945 America captured Iwo JimaIwo Jima & & OkinawaOkinawa Strikes on Japan were next Strikes on Japan were next During battles-- Japanese pilots had begun During battles-- Japanese pilots had begun

using using kamikazekamikaze tacticstactics Bitter struggle to end war w/ Japan Bitter struggle to end war w/ Japan

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A New WeaponA New Weapon July 16, 1945, the first successful July 16, 1945, the first successful atomic bombatomic bomb

was tested in--- Alamogordo, NMwas tested in--- Alamogordo, NM Mission to build--- called the Mission to build--- called the Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project $2 billion & employed over 100,000 people$2 billion & employed over 100,000 people Involved many scientists who had fled from NazisInvolved many scientists who had fled from Nazis Bomb parts were made in 3 locations (TN, NM, WA)Bomb parts were made in 3 locations (TN, NM, WA) When 2 bombs were ready, Japan warned to When 2 bombs were ready, Japan warned to

surrender or face complete destruction—ignoredsurrender or face complete destruction—ignored Enola GayEnola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on dropped an atomic bomb on

HiroshimaHiroshima on August 6, 1945 on August 6, 1945 Another dropped on Another dropped on Nagasaki-Nagasaki- August 9, 1945 August 9, 1945 2 more bombs were scheduled for Aug. 13 & 16 if 2 more bombs were scheduled for Aug. 13 & 16 if

Japan did not surrenderJapan did not surrender Japan surrender on Japan surrender on August 14, 1945August 14, 1945 (V-J Day) (V-J Day) World War II was completely over!World War II was completely over!

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The HolocaustThe Holocaust Full horror of the concentration camps was Full horror of the concentration camps was

realized after the war was overrealized after the war was over Allied troops liberated the people in the campsAllied troops liberated the people in the camps Worst camps were Auschwitz & Treblinka in Worst camps were Auschwitz & Treblinka in

Poland and Buchenwald & Dachau in GermanyPoland and Buchenwald & Dachau in Germany 6 million Jews, 1/3 of Europe’s Jews were killed6 million Jews, 1/3 of Europe’s Jews were killed This systematic killing of the Jewish people is This systematic killing of the Jewish people is

called the called the HOLOCAUSTHOLOCAUST Another 6 million people also died in the campsAnother 6 million people also died in the camps (Catholics, labor leaders, gypsies, political (Catholics, labor leaders, gypsies, political

opponents, mentally & physically handicapped, opponents, mentally & physically handicapped, Slavic people)Slavic people)

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Aftermath of World War IIAftermath of World War II 55 million 55 million civilians & soldiers civilians & soldiers dieddied Changed the map of the worldChanged the map of the world EmpiresEmpires of France, the Netherlands, Germany, of France, the Netherlands, Germany,

Italy, Japan, & Britain were in Italy, Japan, & Britain were in ruinsruins U.S. U.S. & the & the Soviet Union Soviet Union emerged as emerged as

superpowerssuperpowers People in Africa & Asia sought freedomPeople in Africa & Asia sought freedom At home, minorities found new opportunitiesAt home, minorities found new opportunities Our economy completely recoveredOur economy completely recovered Potential of Potential of sciencescience was revealed was revealed

• Could either advance or destroy civilizationCould either advance or destroy civilization Atomic/nuclear age Atomic/nuclear age was bornwas born

******Cold War would soon beginCold War would soon begin******

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Allied Diplomacy and Peace Talks Allied Diplomacy and Peace Talks Wartime Summit Wartime Summit

MeetingsMeetings Fall 1943, Allied Fall 1943, Allied

leaders began leaders began planning for what planning for what would happen after would happen after the warthe war

Were confident they Were confident they would winwould win

Big ThreeBig Three ( (StalinStalin, , FDRFDR, , ChurchillChurchill))

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2 Major Summits2 Major Summits1.1. Teheran ConferenceTeheran Conference (1943) (1943) Discussed strategy for defeating the Discussed strategy for defeating the

AxisAxis Committed to the Committed to the cross-channel cross-channel

invasioninvasion Stalin promised to enter the Pacific war Stalin promised to enter the Pacific war

once Germany surrenderedonce Germany surrendered Discussed an international organization Discussed an international organization

to replace the failed League of Nationsto replace the failed League of Nations Discussed what to do w/ Germany when Discussed what to do w/ Germany when

it surrenderedit surrendered

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2.2. Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference (1945) (1945) Mostly discussed GermanyMostly discussed Germany Agreed it would be divided into Agreed it would be divided into 4 4

occupation zonesoccupation zones Discussed plans for the Discussed plans for the United NationsUnited Nations Committed to allowing Committed to allowing free electionsfree elections

in countries the Axis had controlled in countries the Axis had controlled during the warduring the war

Page 38: American Foreign Diplomacy Isolationism v. Internationalism Isolationism v. Internationalism U.S. wanted to remain isolated during 1920s & 1930s U.S. wanted.