Amelia Olton. 1) Nationalities 2) Stem Changing 3) Para 4) Indirect Object Pronouns 5) Pronoun Placement 6) Gustar 7) Affirmative/ Negative Words 8) Superlatives.

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Grammar BookAmelia Olton Semester 1- Table of ContentsNationalitiesStem ChangingParaIndirect Object PronounsPronoun PlacementGustarAffirmative/ Negative WordsSuperlativesReflexivesAffirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placementNegative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placementSequencing eventsPreteriteTrigger WordsCar, gar, zarDeber+infinitiveModal verbsPresent ProgressivesAdverbs

Stem ChangingBoot verbs change only inside the boot.There are 4 kinds of boot verbs.o-uee-ie e-iu-ueThe endings remain the same for ar, er and ir verbs.Nosotros and vosotros will not change in the stem.ParaUsed forThe purpose of/ in order toPara bailar la salsaFor the benefit of/ directed toEs para ello.In the direction of/ specific placceVoy para GeorgiaSpecfic timesMe despierto en la noche.Indirect Object PronounsAre nouns that tell to whom or for whom.Comes before the verb.

Ex. Bob me compra un regalo.Pronoun PlacementAttach the pronoun to the infinitive.Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense.Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.GustarThe gusta is conjugated to the thing being gusta-ed

Me gustas tu.Affirmative/ Negative WordsSuperlativesTo add emphasis, add simo on the endFantasiqusimo, grandsimoIf the word ends in _ change to _ ReflexivesUsed when the subject recieves the actionUsually has se at the end to show reflexivenessDucharse to shower ones selfWhen congugated, the pronoun goes to the beginning and congugatesMe ducho- I shower myselfAffirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placementDrop the s

DiHazVePonSalSTenVenThe pronoun goes after the command

Eat it!!Cmelo!

Have it!!Tienelo!Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placementPut into yo formChange vowelAdd s

The pronoun has to be put before the command because it is not affirmative.

TenerVenir

Dar/decirIrSerHacerEstarSaberNo tengasNo vengas

No d/ digasNo voyasNo seasNo hagasNo estsNo sepasSequencing EventsSegundoPrimeroSecondFirstTerceroThirdEntoncesThenLuego/despusAfterAntes de/ despus deBefore/ afterPor finFinallyPor la maana/ tarde/ nocheIn/ during the Los lunes, etc.On Monday, etc.PreteriteARER/IRTrigger WordsUn daUna vezAyerA nocheHace un aoYaEl mes pasadoAnteayerPor una horaPor finA las ochoEl cinco de febreroDos veces

-Car, -Gar, -ZarWhen the ending of a verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.

Car-queDar-gueZar-ceDeber + Infinitiveshould, ought to add infinitive after to say what someone ought to doModal VerbsWhen verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the 2nd verb is not conhugated, but rather left in the infinitive formDeber, Desear(desire), necesitar, poder, querer, saber, soler(usually,used to)Present ProggresiveAdverbsAdd mente and make feminineCuidadmente, especialmente, facilmente, felizmente, frecuentemente, lentamente, normalmente, rapidamente, recientemente, tranquilamenteTable of Contents -2 PreteriteDemonstratives w/ PronounsOrdinal NumbersPrepositionsFutureImperfectPossessive Adjectives and PronounsReflexives

Preterite CucarachaAndar > anduv___Estar > estuv___Poder > pud___Poner > pus___Querer > quis___Saber > sup___Tener > tuv___Venir > vin___Conducir > conduj___Producir > produj___Traducir > traduj___Decir > dij___Traer > traj___Car, Gar, ZarWhen the ending of a verb (yo form) is all messed up change the ending like this.Car-queDar-gueZar-ce Trigger WordsUn daUna vezAyerA nocheHace un aoYaEl mes pasadoAnteayerPor una horaPor finA las ochoEl cinco de febreroDos veces Spock VerbsHacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieronDar/Verd/v id/v isted/v iod/v imosd/v ieronIr/SerFuiFuisteFueFuimosFueronSnake/SnakeySnake verbs change the 3rd person to the conjugated form.DormirDormiDormimosDormisteDurmioDurmieronSnakey verbs change the i to a yLeerLeiLeimosLeisteLeyoLeyeron

Demonstratives with PronounsAdjectivesSingularMasculanPluralMasculanSingularFemininePluralFeminineAquiEsteEstosEstaEstasAlliEseEsosEsaEsasAllaAquelAquellosAquellaAquellasPut an accent on the first e to make a pronounIf it is an unknown gender, then change the e or a to an oThis is called a neuter Ordinal Numbersprimerofirstsegundosecondtercerothirdcuartofourthquintofifthsextosixthsptimoseventhoctavoeighthnovenoninthdcimotenth

PrepositionsAbajoDownArribaUpDebajo deBeneathDentro deWithinEncima deAboveFuera deOutside

FutureAdd on to the infinitive form--s--emos-n.caberyo cabr

haberyo habr

poderyo podr

quereryo querr

saberyo sabrponeryo pondr

saliryo saldr

teneryo tendr

valeryo valdr

veniryo vendrdeciryo dir

haceryo har

ImperfectabaabasababamosabaisabanaasaamosaisanserverireraeraseraramoseraiseranveaveasveaveamosveaisveanibaibasibabamosibaisibanIRREGULARShows a future that is not specificPossessive Adjectives and Pronounsmineel mo / la malos mos / las masyours (familiar)el tuyo / la tuyalos tuyos / las tuyasyours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyasoursel nuestro / la nuestralos nuestros / las nuestrasyours (familiar)el vuestro / la vuestralos vuestros / las vuestrasyours (formal)el suyo / la suyalos suyos / las suyas

mi(s)mytu(s)your (familiar)su(s)his, her, your (formal), theirnuestro(-a, -os, -as)ourvuestro(-a, -os, -as)your (fam. pl.)ReflexivesUsed when the subject recieves the actionUsually has se at the end to show reflexivenessDucharse to shower ones selfWhen congugated, the pronoun goes to the beginning and congugatesMe ducho- I shower myself