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significance for phylogenetic reconstruction Viktor A. Baranov I.I.Shmalhausen Institute of Zoology Department of general and applied entomology PhD student
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Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Jan 15, 2015

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Viktor Baranov

Presentation on the open talk in Bergen University(in Frames of seminars in Systematica and Phylogeny) on November 14th, 2012
In this talk an overview of the characteristics and geography of amber deposits is given. The usefulness of amber fossils both for DNA and morphology-based phylogenetic reconstruction is discussed and the potential of new methods such as SEM and computer tomography to overcome the hurdles of poor specimens preservation are presented.
http://www.uib.no/rg/pse/seminar/2012/11/significance-of-amber-fossils-in-phylogenetics-and-paleontological-studies-brief-synopsis
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Page 1: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetic reconstruction

Viktor A. Baranov

I.I.Shmalhausen Institute of Zoology

Department of general and applied entomology

PhD student

Page 2: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Amber & Other fossil resins• Amber is a fossilised natural resin with properties similar to

amorphous polymeric glass (Poinar, 1992). Resins are• Amber a complex mixture of terpenoid and/or phenolic

compounds (Anderson and Crelling, 1995). • The are a lot of different groups of fossil resins differs in

chemical, physical & taphonomical properties • Main groups are: ambers, retinites & copals

Page 3: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Amber in Arts and culture

Page 4: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Types of biological inclusion in fossil resins

Page 5: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Main world amber depositions (Tretiary and Cretaceous)

Page 6: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Main world amber Deposits: Baltic amber (Eocene)

Page 7: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Main world amber Deposits: Rovno (Eocene)

Fig 1. Amber bearing part of Mezhygorje formation (Klesov)

Fig. 2 The amber bearing zone of Rovno and Zhitomir region

Copyright: Perkovsky et. al. 2010

Page 8: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Main world amber Deposits: Hispaniola (Oligocene)

Page 9: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Main world amber Deposits: Myanmar (former Burma)

Page 10: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Lebanese amber (Cretaceous 120-135 MYA)

Page 11: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Methods of amber fossils study

Methods of securing amber pieces and reducing diffractive distortion with oil (Grimaldi, 1993)

Amber cutting and polishing, Sidorchuk 2011

Page 12: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

X-Ray computing tomography

Page 13: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

X-Ray computing tomography

Principal scheme General wiev

Page 14: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

X-Ray computing tomography

Page 15: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

X-Ray computing tomography

Page 16: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Unique Cambay amber (Eocene)

From: Mazur et al. 2012

Page 17: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

SEM (Cambay amber)

Wing of Insecta I.S.

Larvae of Scale insect From: Mazur et al. 2012

Page 18: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Taphonomy of insects in Amber• Taphonomy –its geological science, which

deals with the incorporation of organic remains in to sediments or other contexts, such as resins, and the fate of these materials after burial.• Its usually divided in to three groups of

processes• 1) necrolysis – for deaths and its causes• 2) biostratinomy –for sedimentary history

before the burial• 3) dyagenesis – for physical and chemical

modification inside the sediments or resin

Page 19: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction
Page 20: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

State of amber fossils preservation

Page 21: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Soft tissues from amber

Termite soft tissue (Baltic amber): Kohring, 1998

Page 22: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Soft tissues from amber

Page 23: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

DNA from ambers: true or falls?

From: DeSalle et. All. (1993) Science, 257. P.1933-1937.

Page 24: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

DNA: from ambers true or falls?

From: DeSalle et. All. (1993) Science, 257. P.1933-1937.

Page 25: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

DNA: from ambers true or falls?

Fossil weevil (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae) from Lebanese amber (120-135 MYA) (lateral view) From Cano, Poniar et. al.

Page 26: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Summary of criteria needed for authenticating claim of geologically ancient DNA (gaDNA) and cultures

• † Specimen well dated• † Properly equipped laboratory facility.• † Daily movement up the contamination gradient.• † Frequent decontamination o f surfaces, reagents and tools in clean• laboratory facility.• † Extensive decontamination o f ancient specimen before• processing.• † Cloning of PCR products and sequencing of multiple clones.• † Intralaboratory reproducibility of results (cultures and DNA).• † Independent reproducibility of results by an other laboratory• (cultures and DNA).• † Passes evolutionary rates tests.• † Ideally, age-dependent pattern in sequence diversity and DNA• damage.

Page 27: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Practical application in phylogenetic: Reptiles

Page 28: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Practical application in phylogenetic: Reptiles

From: Borsuk-Bialynicka et.al. 1999

Page 29: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Practical application in phylogenetic: non-biting midges

Page 30: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Chironomidae: Searching for the Smittia stem group

Page 31: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Sakhalin Amber- searching for the right age and faunistical affinities

Page 32: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

References and picture sources

Page 33: Amber fossils & their significance for phylogenetical reconstruction

Thanks for Your attention!