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Page 1: Almanac

ALMANAC

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WWWhat is Almanac?

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An annual publication including calendars with weather forecasts, astronomical information, tide tables, and other related tabular information

A usually annual reference book composed of various lists, tables, and often brief articles relating to a particular field or many general fields.

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Almanac is an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting date, tide tables, and tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar etc

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 Astronomical data and various statistics are also found  in  almanacs,  such  as  the  times  of  the  rising and setting of  the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide,  stated  festivals  of churches,  terms  of courts, lists of all types, timelines, and more.

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Calendarium cracoviense,  an almanac  for  the  year 1474

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ETYMOLOGY OF

ALMANAC

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Almanacwas originally an Arabic word which mean al-manākh meaning the “climate”.

In the modern sense too an almanac, or almanakh, is the average weather forecast for a certain period of time that is characterized by relatively stable weather conditions covering a specific area.

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• 1267the earliest documenteduse of  the word  in any  languageis 

in  Latin by Roger Bacon, where  it meant   a  set of  tables detailing movements of heavenly bodies including the moon.

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One etymology report says:

The ultimate source of the word is obscure. 

Its  first  syllable,  al-,  and  its  general  relevance  to  medieval science and technology, strongly suggest an Arabic origin, but no convincing candidate has been found. 

Another report similarly says of Almanac: "First seen  in Roger Bacon.  Apparently  from  Spanish  Arabic, al-manakh,  but  this  is not an Arabic word. 

The word remains a puzzle."

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EARLY ALMANAC

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 Babylonian astronomy

----  back  to  ancient  babylonian  astronomy  the origin  of  almanac  can  be  traced, when  tables  of planetary  periods  were  produced  in  order  to predict lunar and planetary phenomena. 

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  The  precursor  to  the  almanac  was  the Greek  astronomical  and  meteorological  calendar, the parapegma, an  inscribed  stone  on  which  the  days  of the  month  were  indicated  by  movable  pegs  inserted  into bored holes.

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 Diogenes Laërtius

  According  to  him  Parapegma was  the  title  of  a book by Democritus.

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Ptolemy     the Alexandrian astronomer  (2nd  century)  wrote  a treatise, Phaseis—"phases  of  fixed  stars  and  collection  of weather-changes"  is  the translation of  its  full title—the core of which  is  a parapegma,  a  list  of  dates  of  seasonally  regular weather  changes,  first  appearances  and  last  appearances of stars or constellations at  sunrise  or  sunset,  and  solar  events such as solstices, all organized according to the solar year. With the  astronomical  computations  were  expected  weather phenomena,  composed  as  a  digest  of  observations  made  by various  authorities  of  the  past. Parapegmata had  been composed  for  centuries.  Similar  treatises  called Zij were  later composed in medieval Islamic astronomy.

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Ptolemy  believed that astronomical phenomena caused the changes in seasonal weather; his explanation of why there was not an exact correlation of these events was that the physical influences of other heavenly bodies also came into play. Hence for him, weather prediction was a special division of astrology.

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The modern almanac differs  from Babylonian, Ptolemaic and Zij tables  in  the sense that "the entries  found  in  the almanacs give directly the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation",  in  contrast  to  the  more  common  "auxiliary astronomical tables" based on Ptolemy's Almagest

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Almanac of Azarqueil

  The  earliest  known  modern  almanac  written  in 1088  by   Abū  Ishāq  Ibrāhīm  al-Zarqālī(Latinized  as Arzachel) in Toledo, al-Andalus.

The work provided the true daily positions of the sun, moon and planets for four years from 1088 to 1092, as well as many other related tables.

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 Early  almanacs  therefore  contained general horoscopes, as well as the more concrete information.

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1150

Solomon  Jarchus  created  such  an  almanac considered  to  be  among  the  first  modern almanacs.

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British Museum and in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge

---Copies of 12th century almanacs are found

1327

Walter de Elvendene created an almanac.

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John Somers of Oxford, in 1380

In 1386 Nicholas de Lynne, Oxford produced an almanac. 

1457he  first  printed  almanac  was  published  at 

Mainz, by Gutenberg (eight years before the famous Bible).

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Regio-Montanus  produced  an  almanac  in  1472 (Nuremberg, 1472), which was continued in print for several centuries in many editions.

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Sheapheard’s Kalendar,

translated  from  French  (Richard  Pynson) became  the  first  English  printed  almanac  in 1497.

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16th century

 yearly almanacs were being produced in English by  men  such  as  Anthony  Askham,  Thomas Buckminster, John Dade and Gabriel Frende.

17th century

English  almanacs were bestsellers,  second only  to the  Bible;  by  the  middle  of  the  century,  400,000 almanacs were being produced annually 

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  published  the  first  American  almanac  entitled, An Almanac for New England for the year 1639 Cambridge, Massachusetts.

William Pierce

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A Poor Robin's Almanack

  one  of  the  first  comic  almanacs  that parodied  these  horoscopes  in  its  1664  issue, saying  "This month we may expect  to hear  of the  Death  of  some  Man,  Woman,  or  Child, either in Kent or Christendom.

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1726-1775

The  most  important  early  American  almanacs was  made  by  Nathaniel  Ames  of  Dedham, Massachusetts.

James Franklin

began publishing the Rhode-Island Almanack beginning in 1728. 

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List of almanacs by country of publication

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BrazilAlmanaque Abril oopopoAlmanaque do PensamentoAlmanaque Santo AntônioAlmanaque Sadol (freely distributed on Drugstores)

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CanadaHarrowsmith's Truly Canadian Almanac (1st Edition, September 2007)

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ColombiaAlmanaque Bristol

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BelgiumDe Druivelaar

FranceQuid

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GermanyFischer Weltalmanach

GreeceKazamias

IndiaKalnirnay

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NetherlandsEnkhuizer AlmanakDeventer AlmanakNieropper Almanak

PortugalO Verdadeiro Almanaque Borda D'Água

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Sri LankaSri Lanka Almanac

United KingdomAstronomical AlmanacOld Moore's AlmanackWhitaker's AlmanackWisden Cricketers' Almanack

Schott's Almanac

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United States of AmericaAstronomical AlmanacThe New York Times AlmanacOld Farmer's AlmanacTIME Almanac with Information PleaseWorld Almanac and Book of FactsTown & Country Farmer's AlmanacPoor Will's Almanack

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The Farmer's AlmanacLeavitt's Farmers Almanack Harris' Farmer's Almanac The Writing Code AlmanacCountry Accents Farmer's AlmanacA Sand County Almanac The Almanac for FarmersGarden and

Farm Almanac Blum's Farmer's and and City FolkJ. Gruber's Planter's Almanac

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PRESENTED BY: MARY JESETTE E.

PEÑAOJASBLIS-III

PRESENTED TO: MS. MYRNA MACAPIA

INSTRUCTOR