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Soccer Debraj Das Xii B
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All About Soccer

Dec 16, 2014

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Debraj Das

A-Z of Soccer......From History to the Present
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Page 1: All About Soccer

Soccer

Debraj DasXii B

Page 2: All About Soccer

Acknowledgement

It was considered valuable to discuss the Draft matter with subject experts for technical accuracy of contents. To elicit their critical views & constructive suggestions, I acknowledge them with all my heart for their continuous support.

I’m highly grateful to our Principal Sir, Dr. A.K. Gaur and our Physical Education teacher, Mr. R.P. Singh for postulating us with the project on Soccer.

Finally, I thank my parents for allowing me to work at odd timings and my friends for the criticism which proved very helpful for removing the faults out from my project.

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History of soccer There are various assumptions regarding the

origin of soccer. Some allude that it was played in China during 2 & 3 centuries. Others aver that soccer was famous in Rome. Some ancient Egyptian rites also have similarities with football. Both the ancient Greeks & Romans played a game in which a ball had to be kicked around.

But modern soccer was developed in England. In 1863, football came to be known as "Association Football”. New rules & regulations were set & became more professional with the formation of FIFA in 1904 in Paris.

It became an official competition at the 1908London Olympics in which “Great Britain won the Gold medal. FIFA President “JULES RIMET” then decided to stage an international tournament outside of the Olympics. On May 28, 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship.

In 1930, Uruguay hosted the first World Cup in which 13 teams took part. The hosts, “URUGUAY” became the first nation to win the World Cup, defeating Argentina by 4-2.

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The history of the soccer ball dates back to ancient times. From a couple centuries BC to about 200 AD, the Chinese used balls made from animal skins in a game called ‘tsu chu‘.It wasn't until the 20th century that most soccer balls were made out of rubber. Charles Goodyear in 1855 created the first vulcanized rubber soccer ball similar to basketball. Before that, the soccer ball game was at the mercy of the size & shape of the pig's bladder. In 1862, H. J. Lindon developed an inflatable rubber bladder. Now the soccer ball would be easier to kick. And it could endure the regiments of the game without losing its shape. By the 1900's, soccer's growing popularity demanded that balls be strong enough to withstand the roughest play. Up until now most soccer balls were made from rubber bladders, and from leather-covered inner tubes. Covers were constructed of tanned leather carefully hand-stitched together in 18 sections of six panels, with three strips per panel, and with a small slit on one side allowing for an inflated bladder to be inserted into it. In 1951 soccer enjoyed better visibility with the official introduction of the white soccer ball which was made white simply by whitewashing the leather. The "Buckeyball", designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller, lends its name to the evolution of the synthetic soccer ball. In fact it became the model from which the modern soccer ball is mass-produced to this day. Twenty hexagonal, and 12 pentagonal pieces were fitted and stitched together to form a sphere. Adidas Telstar, the first World Cup Buckminster model soccer ball were used in Mexico's 1970 World Cup. The official FIFA World Cup soccer ball for Germany 2006 matches was the 14-panel Adidas + Teamgeist is a thermally bonded machine-pressed ball, rather than a traditionally stitched one.

HISTORY OF THE BALL

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DIMENSIONS

AND

specifications

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The field

Field surface Matches may be played on natural or artificial surfaces. The colour of the artificial surface must be green & meet the requirements of the International Artificial Turf Standard.

Field markings

The field must be rectangular & marked with lines. The two longer boundary lines are called “Touch Lines” and the two shorter boundary lines are called “Goal Lines”. A centre is marked to indicate the midpoint of half-way line. A circle is marked around it. Marks may be made off the field of play, 9.15m from the corner arc & at right angles to the goal lines and the touch lines, to ensure that the defending players retreat this distance when a corner kick is being taken.

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Dimensions

Length of playfield: 100-200 yards

Breadth of playfield: 50-100 yards Height of the goalposts: 8 feet

Height of the flagposts: 5 feet

Radius of the corner arc: 1 metre

Radius of the center circle: 10 yards

Distance b/w two goalposts: 8 yards

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The ball

The ball should :

be spherical.be made of leather or other suitable material.be of circumference not more than 70 cm (28 in) and not less than 68 cm (27 in).weigh between 450gm (14oz) to 410gm (16oz) before the start of the match.be of pressure equal to 0.6 to 1.1 atm. at sea level.bear the official “FIFA Approved”, “FIFA Inspected” and “International Match Ball” logo especially in international-level matches.

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Laws of

football

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Origin of lawsFootball has come a long way since its first laws were drawn up In London in 1863. That historic meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern led not only to the foundation of the Football Association but, moreover, to the game's inaugural set of common rules. The first set of laws governing the game was drafted by Ebenezer Cobb Morley. He devised 14 laws which became the basis for the first set of rules of soccer. His aim was to make a distinction between soccer & rugby.1863: The Cambridge Rules are rewritten to provide the game's first uniform regulations. 1866: The offside law is changed to allow players to be onside provided there are 3 players between the ball & the goal. 1882: The associations in Great Britain unify their rules & form the International Football Association Board (IFAB) to control the laws of the game. 1886: The first official meeting of the IFAB takes place. 1891: Introduction of the penalty-kick. 1913: FIFA becomes a member of the IFAB. 1925: Amendment of the offside rule from three to two players. 1938: The present Laws of the Game are framed in a new system of codification, based on the Laws previously in force. 1958: Substitutes are permitted for the first time, albeit only for an injured goalkeeper and one other injured player. 1970: The system of red and yellow cards is introduced for the 1970 World Cup finals. 1990: The offside law is changed in favour of the attacker, who is now onside if level with the penultimate defender. 1992: Goalkeepers are forbidden from handing back-passes. 1994: The technical area is introduced into the Laws of the Game, with the Fourth Official following the next year. 1996: Linesmen are renamed Assistant Referees.

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Rules & regulations2012-2013

Soccer or Football is a ball game played by

two teams, each of not more than 11

players including the goalkeeper

(excluding substitutes). The object of the

game is to put the ball into the opponent’s

goal & winning team is the one that scores

the maximum number of goals in the given

time. A player can use any part of his/her

body to touch the ball except the hands of

course. Only the goalkeeper can touch the

ball with hands within his/her own Penalty

Area. The Referee's decision is the final

decision.

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Officials (a) Referee: Each match is controlled by a referee who has the full authority to enforce the laws of the game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed . He enforces the laws of the game and acts as time keeper & keeps the record of the match. He takes the actions against any player if he/she commits any offence or breaks any rules of the game. He may take the help of the assistant referees if required & can change his decision before the restart of the match. (b) Linesmen: They are the 2 assistant referees, one on each touchline. They indicate when the ball is out of the field & which team has the right to throw in or take the corner kick. He may also draw attention to any infringement of the rules in their half like off-sides. (c) Goalsmen: They are 4 in numbers, 2 at each goal. Their duty is to verify whether the ball kicked towards the goal crosses the Goal Line or not. They have the authority to draw the attention of the referee in case of any incorrect decision is taken regarding the Goals. (d) Table Official: Positioned on the touchline he keeps track of all the stoppages of the game & at the end of each half informs the players how much time will be added on to make up for them. He verifies substitutions & checks a substitute’s equipment & posting the numbers of the players involved on the board.

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Duration

The game is played in 2 halves of 45 mins. each with an interval of 5 mins. In case of draw, extra time of 30mins. in two halves of 15 mins. is given with an interval of 5 mins If in interval also, both the remains draw or are unsuccessful in taking lead over the other, then 5 penalty kicks are given to each team. Only the kicker and opposing goalkeeper may stand in the penalty box, creating a one-on-one situation. The other players must remain in the center circle.

Start of the game

The two captains toss a coin & the winner decides whether to opt for starting of the game or selecting the side of the playfield. Game is always started with the Kick-off from the centre of the field into the opponent field of play, on the whistle of the referee. At the time of the Kick-off all players should remain in their own half.

Substitutions

Before the match each team is permitted to name upto 7 substitutes of which only 3 players can be substituted during a match. A player is substituted only during a stoppage of game & the replaced player takes no further part in the match.

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Throw in

A throw in is taken along the touch line at the point where the ball went out of play. It’s awarded against the team that last touched the ball before it went out of the play. The ball must be thrown into the play with both hands, from behind and over the head. with a part of each foot either on the touch line or on the ground outside the touch line. The thrower may not touch the ball again until it has touched another player. The ball is in play immediately when it enters the field of play.

Off side

An attacking player is off-side if, when the ball is being played by one of his own teammate, he is nearer to the opponent’s goal line and he does not have at least two opponents in front or nearer to the goal line, including the opponent team’s goalkeeper. Moreover if if a player receives the ball directly from the throw-in, corner-kick or goal-kick he/she cannot be given offside. A player in an offside position is penalized only at that moment when anyone of his/her team touches or plays the ball. The rule was made to prevent teams from gaining an unfair advantage by keeping a player in an offensive position.

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Fouls A foul is an unfair act by a player which is deemed by the referee to contravene the Laws of the Game. There are 2 kinds of soccer fouls, ‘Direct Kick Fouls’ and ‘Indirect Kick Fouls. I)Direct Kick Fouls: Direct Kick Soccer

Fouls are soccer fouls for which team fouled receives a

"direct free kick" (means goal can be scored by kicking the ball

straight into the goal) or a "penalty kick“ if the foul occurs

within the Penalty Box. There are 10 direct kick fouls. Some are:Kicking, tripping or attempting to kick or trip an opponent.Charging into an opponentStriking or pushing an opponent, including the goalkeeperJumping at an opponent in a careless or reckless manner or using excessive force Holding & “Sandwiching” an opponent Making contact with an opponent before touching the ball when tackling an opponent to gain possession of the ballSpitting at an opponentDeliberately handling the ball (a Hand ball shouldn’t be given if a player is instinctively trying to protect himself from injury or if the ball hits the hand while it’s in a natural position near the players side and hasn’t been moved towards the ball.

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II)Indirect Kick Fouls for all Players: Indirect Kick Soccer Fouls are soccer fouls for which the fouled team receives "indirect free kick" (means a goal only counts if another player touches the ball before it enters the goal). There are four of them."Dangerous Play“ or playing in a dangerous manner is any action by a player that in the judgment of the Referee is dangerous to himself or to another player and that isn't a "direct kick foul“A player cannot use his/her body to impede another players movements, even if it is not deliberate. This can be called if a player is not within "playing distance" of the ball (i.e., 3 feet) and block's an opponent's movement or screens an opponent from the ball.Preventing the opponent team’s goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands.For "unsporting behavior", "dissent", “persistently breaking the rules”, “offensive or threatening language” etc.III)Indirect Kick Fouls for Goalkeeper: They are only applied to the goalkeeper and only if committed inside the Penalty BoxHandling the ball for more than 6 sec before releasing the ballHandling a pass by his/her teammateReceiving the ball with hands directly on a throw-in from a teammateIntentionally handling the ball after releasing it from his/her possession, before touching another player

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Free Kick

A free kick is awarded to a team for an offence by an opponent player. Depending upon the offence committed, the referee may award following kicks: I) Indirect Free Kick: In an indirect free kick, the ball must first touch another player other than the player taking the kick before it enters the goal. An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player: Plays in a dangerous manner Impedes the progress of an opponentPrevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from his hands

An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside his own penalty area:Handles the ball for more than 6 sec before releasing the ballHandles a pass by his/her teammateReceives the ball with hands directly on a throw-in from a teammateIntentionally handles the ball after releasing it from his/her possession, before touching another player

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II) Direct Free Kick: The direct free kick gives the player taking the kick the opportunity to score a goal "directly" off the free kick being awarded. A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a player:Kicks or attempts to kick an opponentTrips or attempts to trip an opponentJumps at an opponentCharges an opponent Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent Pushes an opponentMakes contact with a opponent before toching the ballHolds an opponent Spits at an opponent Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within his own penalty area)

Goal Kick A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball crosses its Goal line (except b/w the goalposts) after last touch by an opponent. The kick may be taken by any player of the defending team including goalkeeper. The ball is played with the half of the Goal area nearer to the point where it crossed the Goal line. The ball comes into the play only when the is kicked beyond the Penalty area. A goal can’t be scored directly from a Goal kick.

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Corner Kick A corner kick is awarded to the attacking team if the ball crosses the Goal line (except b/w the goalposts) after last touch by the defending team. Corner kicks are taken from the ‘Corner Circle’ without moving the corner flagposts. Opponents must remain 10 yards away until the kick has been taken. A goal can be scored direct from a corner kick but the kicker must not play the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player.

Penalty Kick A Penalty Kick is awarded to to the opposing team when a defending player commits foul in his own Penalty Area. A Penalty kick is taken from the Penalty Spot which is 12 yards in front of the centre of the Goal line. Except the opponent kicker and the defending team’s goalkeeper, all will stand outside the Penalty Area. The kicker must stand at least 10 yards from the Penalty Spot. Once the ball moves forward, it’s considered in play and cannot be touched by the kicker again until touched by another player, except the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper can move on the Goal line at the time of Penalty Kick which was not allowed earlier.

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Penalization by referee: If a player from the defending team commits a foul within the goal area, the offensive team gets a penalty kick, or free shot, from 10 yards outside the goal, with no one to defend it but the goalie. Other minor offenses (like tripping another player or accidentally touching the ball with hands) might be penalized by allowing a free kick to the other team. When a player commits a more serious offense such as fighting, the referee issues a yellow card. If the player receives another yellow card within the same game, he/she automatically gets a red card and is ejected from the game; the team will also be short-handed for the rest of the match. An extreme offense may result in an immediate red card, even if no yellow card had been issued. Now, even a ‘Team Manager' can be issued a red card & might be sent outside the field/ stadium if he/she misbehaves with the opponent players in the forms of abusive language, abusive signs, or any other such things that distracts the opponent team’s players.

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fundamental

slliks

of soccer

skills

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Passing (1) Short Passes: They are used to remove pressure of charging opponents which can be Instep or Outstep gentle push.(2) Long Passes: They are generally Lofted kicks, used to move the ball fast on the field or to open the game.(3) Through Passes: These are medium range passes used to pass through a group of opponents.

Kicking(1) Instep Kick: For executing this kick, ball should be kicked with a relaxed forward swing of the kicking leg & ball should be contacted with the inside of the kicking foot.(2) Outstep Kick: It should be executed with the outside of the upper part of the toe by slightly twisting.(3) Chip Kick: It’s a short-range kick in which the ball is touched at its base with the Instep kick to raise it to a desired height.(4) Toe Kick: It’s executed with toe of the foot and is used for clearing the ball over long distances.(5) Punt/Volley Kick: In this kick the ball is kicked after tossing in air without allowing it to bounce from the ground.(6) Drop Kick: This kick is executed when the ball rebounds after falling on the ground.(7) Scissors Kick: It’s similar to Punt kick in which player leap in the air & moves non-striking leg in an opposite direction to the kicked leg like scissors.

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Dribbling Dribbling is moving the ball on the ground with gentle strokes of the feet to guide the ball in a particular direction. While dribbling the ball, a player must use the inside or outside of his feet to control the ball. This can be done with one foot or change from one foot to another & shouldn’t use hard strokes

Heading Heading is hitting a ball with the flat surface of the forehand. To head a ball accurately, a player should judge the flight of the ball & wait for proper time t o take jump. When the ball comes near, the player should take proper jump and by bending the body backwards from waist, he/she should strike the ball with a forward swing of his/her head.

Trapping It’s stopping or bringing the ball under control before passing, dribbling or kicking the ball in the game. A ball may be trapped either by foot, thigh, chest, sole, shin, forehead or belly.

interception It is a skill in which the objective is to take control of the ball when an opponent passes the ball to one of his/her teammate by kicking or taking its possession. To intercept, a player must have good anticipation ability, quick reflexes & explosive speed.

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Goalkeeping Goalkeeping is an important skill in soccer which includes the prevention of the ball from goal. In this skill it is liable to touch the ball with hands (within Penalty Area). A goalkeeper must have good coordinative abilities, very less reactive time, long diving & high jumping abilities. He is the only player who can touch the ball with any part of his/her body (within the Penalty Area) making its role very significant.

Formation It’s a pre-match ability of the team to form their positions on the playfield, either offensive or defensive. Generally teams play with 2-3-5 formation in which three halves join the defensive or offensive according to the game situation. This formation is considered good for playing both, offensive as well as defensive. In 4-3-3 formation defense becomes very strong as two forwards start playing as halves and the two halves join the full backs. In 4-4-2 formation The midfielders support both the defense & the attack: typically one of the central midfielders go upfield to support the forward pair while the other will play a holding role, shielding the defense and yet also protect the fullback wide defenders. The 4–2–4 formation attempts to combine a strong attack with a strong defense.

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terminologies

1)Looseball: The ball, which is not under the control of any player during the game, is usually called the Looseball.2) Golden Goal: The goal which made in Extra Time but this rule/term is no longer used.3) Volley: To kick the ball it bounces4) Sliding Tackle: When defender makes an opponent to loose the control of the ball by sliding on the ground5) Loft: To kick the ball into the air6) Lob: To kick the ball high, usually into Goal mouth7) Sudden Death: When, evenafter Extra Time and 5 Penalty Kick, tie isn't broken then each team is given 1-1 penalty kick alternately till the tie is broken. But this rule is no longer is used.

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gears and equipments

For players a jersey with sleeves shorts stockings shinguards footwears with plastic studs a pair of goalkeeping gloves for the goalkeeper

for referee a watch for time keeping a red & yellow card 2 whistles 1 pencil 1 black/white flipping coin 30 match day cards 25 competition cards a jersey shorts stockings footwears

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Football in

india

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history Football was first introduced in India in 1840 by the British. The first football matches were held between army teams. In India the first football game was organised between the “Calcutta Club of Civilians” & the “Gentlemen of Barrackpore”, in 1854. The first football club of India, named “Calcutta FC”, was founded in 1872. The “Indian Football Association” was formed in 1893. In 1898, the oldest football tournament in India & the 3rd oldest in the world, the Durand Cup, was played in Shimla. The years 1951 to 1962 was the golden era of Indian football & Indian footballers won the gold medals at 1951 & 1962 Asian Games. India also participated in the 1948 & 1956 Olympics. In 1956, India became the first Asian nation which entered the semi-final of football in the Olympics. This achievement of India was considered an apex position.

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present In 2006 Bob Houghton was appointed coach & his appointment saw a general progress in India’s performances crowned by victory in 2007 Nehru Cup. Houghton then led India to the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup as they beat Tajikistan by 4–1& was qualified for the 2011 Asian Cup. Indian team also won the 2nd consecutive Nehru Cup in 2009. In 2012, India won the 15th edition of Nehru cup by beating Cameroon 5-4 in penalties as the full time score was tied at 2-2, making it the third successive Nehru cup win for India. In the latest FIFA rankings, India has gone down to as low as 169.

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GREAT SOCCER RECCOS TAERG

legends

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Important

TOURNAMENTs

AND

VENUES

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TOURNAMENTS

FIFA World Cup International Nehru Gold Cup Asia Cup Copa America UEFA Champions League La Liga African Nations Cup Santosh Trophy Durand Cup I.F.A. Shield

VENUES Wembley Stadium (England) Munich Olympic Stadium (Germany) The Racecourse Ground (Wales) Ellis Park Stadium(South Africa) Ambedkar Football Stadium(New Delhi) Salt Lake Stadium (Kolkata)

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Thank you!!!

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Bibliography

www.fifa .com www.nbcolympics.com/soccer www.soccerrules.org en.wikipedia.org http://www.iloveindia.com/Football www.soccer-fans-info.com articles.famouswhy.com www.sportskeeda.com www.google.co.in Tell Me Why P.E. Textbook P.E. Lab Manual