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October 26, 2017 Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals & Priorities
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Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

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Page 1: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

October 26, 2017

Aligning Investments to Virginia’s

Postsecondary Goals & Priorities

Page 2: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Goals & Policy Strategies • What are the state’s long-term goals?

– TJ21• 100,000 More Degrees

– SCHEV Strategic Plan: Best Educated State by 2030• 70 percent of adults with high quality credential or degree,

1.5 million awards

1

Page 3: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Goals & Policy Strategies • What are the priorities?

– Access/affordability

– Student success and completion

– Traditionally underserved populations

– Research/innovation

– Workforce needs/economic development

– Efficiency

2

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: Lumina Foundation

2015 Educational Attainment of Virginia Counties and Independent Cities: Adults 25-64

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

VA: 51.1%US: 45.8%

Source: Lumina Foundation

3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

VA: 51.1%US: 45.8%

Source: Lumina Foundation

Sussex Falls Church City

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

67.9%

31.6%

35.5%

29.3%

50.7%

61.2%

29.3%

23.9%

21.3%

45.7%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0%

Asian and Pacific Islander

African-American

American Indian

Hispanic

White

2015 Educational Attainment by RaceAdults 25-64

National VirginiaSource: Lumina Foundation

Key Points:

• Virginia’s attainment rates are greater than the national average in every category.

• Attainment gaps between races are still high.

4

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org 5

Key Points:

• Degree and certificate production has outpaced enrollment growth in all sectors.

• Growth in certificates was the main factor increasing the community colleges’ ratio.

Source: IPEDS

0.25

0.28

0.18

0.34 0.28

0.34

-

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

Virginia Total Degrees and Certificates, per Total Fall FTE Enrollment

Public 4-year Public 2-Year Private 4-Year

Page 7: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org 6

Key Points:

• Bachelor's degrees dominate total production, followed by associates and master’s degrees.

• Certificates below the baccalaureate level have been playing an increasingly important role.

Source: IPEDS

10,710

25,123

31,242

58,642

10,748

24,665

2,895 5,258 5,241

18,686

426

2,672

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

Virginia Higher Education Degrees and CertificatesAll Sectors Combined

Associates Bachelor's Master's

Doctoral/First Professional Certs Below Bacc. Level Certs Above Bacc. Level

Page 8: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

TRENDS IN STATE INVESTMENTS

ALIGNING FINANCE TO GOALS AND PRIORITIES:

Page 9: Aligning Investments to Virginia’s Postsecondary Goals ...sfc.virginia.gov/pdf/Jt Sub Higher Ed/102617_No1_VA Finance.pdf• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA* o63.3%

StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

What drives overall state funding appropriation levels for higher education?

• Revenue availability– Taxes/economy

• Competing priorities – E.g., K-12; health care

• Demand/enrollment– Tuition revenue

• Strategic initiatives– Investment in specific projects/strategies

8

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

*Includes Colleges, Universities, and Affiliated Agencies, SCHEV, Higher Ed Centers, EVMS, & Jeff Labs

Key Points:

• Higher education’s share of the general fund has decreased as it has been crowded out by other budget categories (public safety, Medicaid, K-12 education).

9

12.5% 13.2%9.6%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%Share of Virginia General Fund

Higher Education* Corrections Medicaid K-12 Direct Aid Health and Human Resources OtherSource: Various

budget documents

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• State funding for higher education has varied over time, largely impacted by recessions and economic recoveries.

• Public 4-year institution levels increased 12% since 1996.

• Community college levels increased 25% since 1996.

$926,509,254

$1,036,993,202

$297,192,187 $371,334,016

$0

$200,000,000

$400,000,000

$600,000,000

$800,000,000

$1,000,000,000

$1,200,000,000

$1,400,000,000

$1,600,000,000

Virginia General Fund for Education & GeneralConstant 2016 Dollars

Public 4-Year General Fund for E&G Public 2-Year General Fund for E&G

10

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: FY 2016 SHEF Report

$8,294

$6,954 $6,517

$5,139

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

$8,000

$9,000

$10,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Educational Appropriations per FTE StudentConstant 2016 Dollars

US Virginia

Key Points:

• Virginia educational appropriations per FTE student have consistently trailed the national average.

• VA was 79% of US average in 1996; 74% in 2016.

• The overall funding trend mirrors the national trend.

11

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• Increases in general fund appropriations for student aid have partially offset increases in tuition.

• Public 4-year institution levels increased 104% since 1996.

• Community college levels increased 200% since 1996.

$82,036,256

$167,278,220

$14,706,466

$44,189,845

$0

$20,000,000

$40,000,000

$60,000,000

$80,000,000

$100,000,000

$120,000,000

$140,000,000

$160,000,000

$180,000,000

Virginia General Fund for Student AidConstant 2016 Dollars

Public 4-year General Fund for Student Aid Public 2-year General Fund for Student Aid

12

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: FY 2016 SHEF Report

$6,5

17

$6,9

49

$7,0

88

$7,4

63

$8,2

02

$8,6

11

$8,2

69

$6,5

54

$5,9

44

$6,2

59

$6,4

21

$6,9

84

$6,6

94

$6,4

32

$5,6

64

$5,7

22

$4,5

93

$4,7

95

$4,9

40

$5,0

05

$5,1

39

$5,1

83

$5,0

64

$4,9

14

$4,7

33

$4,1

94

$4,1

01

$3,9

83

$4,8

72

$5,1

47

$5,6

93

$5,8

08

$5,8

27

$6,0

81

$6,3

92

$6,5

42

$7,0

41

$8,3

53

$7,9

47

$7,7

08

$8,1

67

$9,0

22

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

$-

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

Public FTE Enrollment and Educational Appropriations per FTEConstant 2016 Dollars

Educational Appropriations per FTE Net Tuition per FTE Net Public FTE Enrollment

Key Points:

• Total educational revenue per FTE student has increased in recent years.

• Tuition revenue has filled the hole left by decreasing educational appropriations.

13

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org 14

Key Points:

• Total revenue per FTE student differs greatly among Virginia public institutions.

• The sources of revenue also differ greatly among institutions.

Source: IPEDS

*Institutions in each category can be found on slides 43-45

$6,755

$6,844

$5,969

$8,248

$3,309

$5,370

$6,915

$2,679

$2,135

$1,647

$2,585

$4,037

$13,608

$10,282

$7,443

$10,291

$3,067

$8,299

$1,323

$311

$214

$0

$132

$582

$27,303

$8,730

$8,178

$13,506

$547

$12,236

$- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000

Doctoral Univ: Highest Research

Doctoral Univ: Higher Research

Master's Small/Med/Large

Bacc. Colleges: Arts & Sciences

Community Colleges

All Institutions

Virginia Public Institutions by Carnegie ClassificationTotal Revenues per FTE, 2014-15

State Federal Net Tuition and Fees Other Auxiliaries, Hospitals, other

37% of Public FTE

1% of Public FTE

17% of Public FTE

9% of Public FTE

35% of Public FTE

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Virginia Public Institutions Revenues by Category2014-15

Carnegie Classification State Federal Tuition and

Fees Private LocalAuxiliaries, Hospitals,

Other

Doctoral Univ:Highest Research

Activity12% 12% 24% 2% 0% 49%

Doctoral Univ:Higher Research

Activity24% 9% 36% 1% 0% 30%

Master's Colleges and Universities

25% 9% 31% 1% 0% 34%

Baccalaureate Colleges:

Arts & Sciences Focus

24% 5% 31% 0% 0% 40%

Community Colleges

34% 27% 32% 1% 1% 6%Source: IPEDS

15

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

TRENDS IN AFFORDABILITY

ALIGNING FINANCE TO GOALS AND PRIORITIES:

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• University and community college E&G tuition and fees increased 91% and 100%, respectively.

• Virginia has the highest public university and community college tuition and fees in the SREB region.

17

$4,279

$8,177

$2,181

$4,373

$-

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

$8,000

$9,000

Virginia In-State Undergraduate Tuition and All Mandatory E&G FeesConstant 2016 Dollars

Public 4-year Public 2-year

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• University mandatory non-E&G fees have increased 104% since 1996, after adjusting for inflation.

• Community colleges saw a 37% ($8) decrease over this same time period.

18

$1,941

$3,960

$22 $14 $-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

$4,500

Virginia In-State Undergraduate Tuition and All Mandatory Non-E&G FeesConstant 2016 Dollars

Public 4-Year Public 2-Year

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• Average room and board for public universities increased 48 percent from 1997, after adjusting for inflation.

19

$6,730

$9,989

$-

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

Virginia Average Public University Room and Board ChargesConstant 2016 Dollars

Public 4-year

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Cost To Attend College: Estimated Cost of Attendance in VirginiaPublic Four Year, In-state Students, On Campus 2016-17

– Tuition and Educational Fees (E&G) $8,177– Non-educational fees (non E&G) $3,960– Room and Board $9,989– Books and Supplies $1,354– Other expenses (transportation, health care, study

abroad) $3,424• Cost of Attendance (student budget) $26,904Source: Tuition, fees, room and board from SCHEV Tuition and Fees Report 2016-17. Other expenses from national averages provided by US Dept of Education, IPEDS 2016-17 costs of attendance

20

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV, US Census Bureau

10%

18%

4%

7%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Virginia In-State Undergraduate Tuition and All Mandatory Fees as a Percentage of Virginia Median Household Income

Public Four-Year Public Two-Year

Key Points:

• Mandatory tuition and fees for in-state Virginia undergraduates is consuming an increasingly greater portion of a family's income in both the two- and four-year sectors.

21

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Virginia Financial Aid

• Federal aid is the majority of student aid in VA*o 63.3% Federalo 22.3% Institutional & Endowmento 9.0% Private and Localo 5.3% State

• Over 90% of state financial aid for the public sector is need-based

*Includes public universities, community colleges, and private universities

22

Source: SCHEV

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• The average state award at public four-year institutions has increased 44% since 1996.

• Average awards have remained relatively flat for students attending community colleges.

23

$2,959

$4,279

$1,071 $1,001

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

$4,500

Average Virginia State Financial Aid Award per Recipient, 2016 Dollars

Public Four-Year Public Two-Year

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: NASSGAP

Key Points:

• Virginia ranked 9th in the nation in need-based aid per undergraduate student in 2014-15.

24

$771

$-

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

$1,400

$1,600

Estimated Undergraduate Need-based Grant Dollars per Undergraduate FTE Student, 2014-15

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

49%

35%

41%

20%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1995-96 1997-98 1999-00 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10 2011-12 2013-14 2015-16

Percent of Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees Covered by Average Undergraduate Total State Financial Aid Award

Public Four-Year Public Two-Year

Key Points:

• State aid has not kept up with increases in tuition.

• The average state award now covers much less of total tuition and fees in both sectors.

25

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Source: SCHEV

Key Points:

• Virginia student debt continues to increase.

• Total borrowing for undergraduate students at public and private Virginia institutions was over $1 billion in 2015-16.

26

$19,

419

$19,

074

$20,

206

$22,

111

$23,

607

$25,

459

$26,

375

$26,

759

$27,

089

$26,

718

$21,

082

$21,

325

$22,

841

$24,

758

$25,

526

$26,

566

$27,

309

$27,

653

$28,

312

$28,

501

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

$30,000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2013-14 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Known Debt at Graduation of Student BorrowersVirginia Public Four-year Universities, Bachelor's Degree Recipients

Constant 2016 Dollars

Median Mean

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UNDERSTANDING COSTS

ALIGNING FINANCE TO GOALS AND PRIORITIES:

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How much does postsecondary education cost?• Reasonable and answerable question• Answer will depend on purpose

– Cost to the student?– Cost to the institution?– Cost to the state?– Total cost (student and institution)?– Incremental cost? (Cost to add or subtract X)– Cost of enrollment or cost of a credential?

28

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

$5,0

60

$6,1

68

$5,9

82

$4,6

80

$6,0

55

$7,1

55

$5,7

45

$6,8

86

$4,9

06

$7,7

54

$6,8

08

$6,5

96

$8,6

86

$7,1

16

$5,1

39

$5,9

45

$5,3

61

$8,2

91

$6,9

82

$13,

243

$6,0

10

$4,1

12

$3,2

85

$5,5

77

$7,0

09

$5,7

58

$4,8

21

$6,4

05

$5,2

76

$7,3

46

$4,8

31

$6,0

30

$6,5

21

$4,5

68

$6,3

21

$9,0

22

$8,2

82

$9,7

39 $7

,935

$10,

263

$6,2

01

$17,

467

$-

$5,000

$10,000

$15,000

$20,000

$25,000

Net Tuition and Appropriations Revenue per FTE StudentFY 2016

Appropriations Tuition

$14,161

Key Points:

• Most comparison states have similar average tuition + appropriations per FTE.

• Virginia’s reliance on tuition is greater than most of the comparison states.

29

Source: FY 2016 SHEF Report

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Expenditures

• Total Expenditures– Expenses for instruction, research, public service, academic support, student

services, institutional support, operation and maintenance of plant, scholarships and fellowships, auxiliary enterprises, hospital services, independent operations, and other expenses.

• Education and Related Expenditures– Expenses for instruction, student services, and the instructional share of

academic support, operations and maintenance, and institutional support.

• Education and General Expenditures– Expenses for education and related expenses plus organized research and

public service.

30

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org

Key Points:

• Expenditures per student differ greatly by institution type.

• There are different ways of looking at expenditures. Each way has its own purpose.

Source: IPEDS

31

$52,

582

$28,

788

$24,

283

$36,

891

$9,9

42

$33,

493

$21,

760

$16,

021

$24,

683

$9,7

29

$19,

132

$16,

162

$13,

963

$21,

112

$8,4

85

$-

$10,000

$20,000

$30,000

$40,000

$50,000

$60,000

Doctoral Universities:Highest Research Activity

Doctoral Universities:Higher Research Activity

Master'sSmall/Med/Large

Baccalaureate Colleges:Arts & Sciences Focus

Community Colleges

Virginia Public Institutions by Carnegie Classification2014-15 Expenditures per FTE Student

Total Exp. Per FTE E&G Exp. Per FTE E&R Exp. Per FTE

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StrategyLabs.LuminaFoundation.org 32

Source: IPEDS

Key Points:

• Variation in spending per FTE and degree and certificate production per FTE student exists among the universities.

UVA-Main Campus

College of William and Mary

Norfolk State

Virginia Commonwealth

Virginia State

Christopher Newport

Longwood

University of Mary Washington

Virginia Tech

James Madison

George Mason

Old Dominion

Radford

0.20

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

0.34

$10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000 $20,000 $22,000 $24,000 $26,000 $28,000 $30,000

Tota

l Deg

rees

and

Cer

tific

ates

per

FTE

Stu

dent

Education and Related Expenditures per FTE Student

Degree and Certificate Output vs. Education and Related ExpendituresVirginia Public Universities

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Source: IPEDS

Key Points:

• Variation in spending per FTE and degree and certificate production per FTE student exists among the community colleges.

Dabney S Lancaster

Eastern Shore

Northern Virginia

Paul D Camp

New River

J Sargeant Reynolds Virginia Western

Tidewater

Thomas Nelson

Southwest Virginia

John Tyler

Rappahannock Danville

Piedmont Virginia

Blue Ridge

Mountain Empire

Lord Fairfax

Virginia Highlands

Patrick Henry

Southside Virginia

Central Virginia

Wytheville

Germanna

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

$6,000 $7,000 $8,000 $9,000 $10,000 $11,000 $12,000 $13,000 $14,000 $15,000 $16,000

Tota

l Deg

rees

and

Cer

tific

ates

per

FTE

Stu

dent

Education and Related Expenditures per FTE Student

Degree and Certificate Output vs. Education and Related ExpendituresVirginia Community Colleges

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Cross-Subsidies

• Many institutions charge different prices for different programs.

• Some (mostly private) institutions have same sticker price, but offer different financial aid.

• Also common are “cross subsidies”:– State appropriations or endowment income subsidize

high-cost students more than low-cost students; or– Tuition and fees from students whose education costs

less pays for education of students whose education costs more.

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Student costs beyond tuition and fees

• $10-15,000 per FTE student in addition to tuition and mandatory fees

• Most not paid to the institution• Books, supplies, transportation• Cost of living or opportunity cost

– Time spent on courses is time students cannot spend working

– Example: 30 weeks x 40 hours x $10/hr = $12,000• Non-tuition cost often larger barrier than tuition

and fees

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Cost of Enrollment or Degrees?

• Tuition or enrollment-based funding supports:– Access and retention– Instruction/course enrollments

• But not:– Completion, transfer– Advising, support services

• Least expensive institutions often have low completion rates

• Time-to-degree is at least as important as annual cost

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Additional total cost considerations

• Students / parents often do not see the subsidies built into in-state tuition rates and believe tuition and fees cover full institutional costs.

• State policymakers sometimes leave out students’ non-tuition costs and underestimate the full cost of education.

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LEVERAGING RESOURCES TO DRIVE OUTCOMES

ALIGNING FINANCE TO GOALS AND PRIORITIES:

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Mapping State Financial Investments and Resources

Higher education

goals

Support for institutions

(appropriations)

Support for students (financial

aid)

Capital expenditures

Tax credits and deductions

Other key state agencies (K-12,

workforce, corrections, health, etc.)

Non-state resources (tuition, federal support ,

philanthropy)

• What is the scope of resources the state can leverage to advance credential completion and affect policy priorities and goals?

• What is the high-level historical orientation of these funding policies? (e.g., Sources of funds? Policy intent? Restrictions on use?)

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Recommendations/Promising Practices• Develop a statewide strategic finance plan for postsecondary education

–Engage broad set of stakeholders –Scope resources that affect postsecondary outcomes–Articulate each agencies role in advancing state toward postsecondary goal and workforce needs

• Conduct a broader assessment of affordability that:–Considers costs to students beyond tuition and fees–Sets a clear commitment to make college more affordable–Communicates a shared responsibility (state, institutions and students)

• Direct resources to be student-centered and outcomes-based in ways that prioritize support to underserved student populations and provide the financial incentives for institutions to adopt meaningful reforms.

• Provide meaningful pathways for students that effectively lower prices by: removing barriers of access, facilitating timely completion, recognizing various forms of learning, supporting credentials with work-place value.

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Carnegie Classifications

• Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity– George Mason University– University of Virginia-Main Campus– Virginia Commonwealth University– Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

• Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity– College of William and Mary– Old Dominion University

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Carnegie Classifications

• Master's Colleges & Universities: Larger Programs– James Madison University– Radford University– University of Mary Washington

• Master's Colleges & Universities: Medium Programs– Longwood University– Norfolk State University– Virginia State University

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Carnegie Classifications

• Master's Colleges & Universities: Small Programs– Christopher Newport University

• Baccalaureate Colleges: Arts & Sciences Focus– The University of Virginia's College at Wise– Virginia Military Institute

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Glossary-Expenditures• Total Expenditures

– Expenses for instruction, research, public service, academic support, student services, institutional support, operation and maintenance of plant, scholarships and fellowships, auxiliary enterprises, hospital services, independent operations, and other expenses.

• Education and Related Expenditures– Expenses for instruction, student services, and the instructional share of

academic support, operations and maintenance, and institutional support.

• Education and General Expenditures– Expenses for education and related expenses plus organized research and

public service.

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Glossary-Expenses• Instruction

– Sum of all operating expenses associated with the colleges, schools, departments, and other instructional divisions of the institution and for departmental research and public service that are not separately budgeted.

• Research– sum of all operating expenses associated with activities specifically organized to produce research

outcomes and commissioned by an agency either external to the institution or separately budgeted by an organizational unit within the institution.

• Public Service– sum of all operating expenses associated with activities established primarily to provide noninstructional

services beneficial to individuals and groups external to the institution.

• Academic Support– sum of all operating expenses associated with activities and services that support the institution's

primary missions of instruction, research, and public service.

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Glossary-Expenses• Student Services

– sum of all operating expenses associated with admissions, registrar activities, and activities whose primary purpose is to contribute to students' emotional and physical well-being and to their intellectual, cultural, and social development outside the context of the formal instructional program.

• Institutional Support– sum of all operating expenses associated with the day-to-day operational support of the institution.

Includes expenses for general administrative services, central executive-level activities concerned with management and long range planning, legal and fiscal operations, space management, employee personnel and records, logistical services such as purchasing and printing, and public relations and development.

• Scholarships and Fellowships– sum of all operating expenses associated with scholarships and fellowships treated as

expenses because the institution incurs an incremental expense in the provision of a good or service.

• Auxiliary Enterprises– sum of all operating expenses associated with essentially self-supporting operations of the institution

that exist to furnish a service to students, faculty, or staff, and that charge a fee that is directly related to, although not necessarily equal to, the cost of the service.

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Glossary-Expenses

• Hospital Services– sum of all operating expenses associated with a hospital operated by the postsecondary institution (but

not as a component unit) and reported as a part of the institution.

• Independent Operations– Expenses associated with operations that are independent of or unrelated to the primary missions of

the institution (i.e., instruction, research, public service) although they may contribute indirectly to the enhancement of these programs. This category is generally limited to expenses of a major federally funded research and development center. Also included are information technology expenses, actual or allocated costs for operation and maintenance of plant, and depreciation related to the independent operations.

• Other Expenses and Deductions– sum of all operating expenses associated with functions other than those listed previously,

i.e., instruction, research, public service, academic support, student services, institutional support, operations and maintenance of plant, depreciation, scholarships and fellowships, auxiliary enterprises, hospitals, and independent operations.

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Glossary-SHEF

• Educational Appropriations– state and local support available for public higher education operating expenses. They are

defined to exclude spending for research, agriculture-related programs, and medical education, as well as support for independent institutions or students attending them.

• Net Tuition– gross amount of tuition and fees, less state and institutional financial aid, tuition waivers or

discounts, and medical student tuition and fees.

• Total Educational Revenue– sum of educational appropriations and net tuition revenue excluding any tuition revenue used

for capital and debt service.

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Virginia Attainment Rates by County and Independent City

50

Sussex 12.1% Scott 22.6% Wythe 26.7% Pulaski 30.4%Greensville 14.0% Grayson 22.7% Tazewell 26.7% Campbell 30.5%Covington City 17.0% Russell 23.2% Carroll 26.8% Portsmouth City 30.6%Buckingham 17.1% Nottoway 23.3% Mecklenburg 26.9% Orange 30.6%Buchanan 18.7% Highland 23.3% Halifax 26.9% Franklin 30.7%Page 18.9% Bland 23.5% Alleghany 27.1% Prince Edward 31.6%Essex 19.6% Southhampton 23.6% Louisa 27.3% Madison 31.6%Charles City County 19.6% Dinwiddie 24.0% King William 27.4% Surry 31.7%Lunenburg 19.9% Charlotte 24.4% Caroline 27.5% Prince George 31.8%Lee 20.0% Patrick 25.0% Emporia City 28.4% Rockingham 32.0%Hopewell City 20.1% Buena Vista City 25.0% Appomattox 28.4% Danville City 32.1%Galax City 20.2% Craig 25.2% Bath 28.8% Greene 32.3%Richmond 20.6% Waynesboro City 25.3% Northhampton 29.1% Colonial Heights City 32.4%Dickenson 20.7% Accomack 25.4% Martinsville City 29.4% Lancaster 32.5%Petersburg City 21.5% Westmoreland 25.6% Amherst 29.4% Middlesex 32.9%Cumberland 21.9% Smyth 26.0% Floyd 29.9% Roanoke City 33.1%Amelia 22.4% Henry 26.2% Culpepper 30.0% Bristol City 33.3%King and Queen 22.5% Giles 26.2% Northumberland 30.1% Rockbridge 33.5%Brunswick 22.5% Shenandoah 26.4% Augusta 30.1% Nelson 34.3%Wise 22.6% Pittsylvania 26.6% Warren 30.3% Hampton City 34.8%

Source: Lumina Foundation

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Virginia Attainment Rates by County and Independent City

51

Franklin City 34.8% Staunton City 41.1% Radford City 52.8%Newport News City 35.1% Rappahannock 41.5% Charlottesville City 55.9%Norfolk City 35.2% Salem City 41.8% York 56.0%New Kent 35.3% Chesapeake City 41.8% Montgomery 56.9%Gloucester 35.3% Fauquier 42.1% Williamsburg City 57.0%Manassas Park City 36.1% Fredericksburg City 42.4% Lexington City 59.9%Washington 36.3% Clarke 42.8% Albemarle 61.1%Matthews 36.7% Lynchburg City 43.0% Fairfax City 63.5%Norton City 37.0% Richmond City 43.2% Loudon 66.6%Manassas City 37.0% Harrisonburg City 43.6% Fairfax 66.7%Winchester City 37.4% Virginia Beach City 45.6% Alexandria City 67.0%Powhatan 37.4% Goochland 45.8% Arlington 78.7%Isle of Wight 37.6% Stafford 46.4% Falls Church City 84.5%Sffolk City 37.9% Chesterfield 47.0%Spotsylvania 38.1% Prince William 47.5%Bedford 38.3% Hanover 48.4%Fluvanna 38.7% Poquoson City 49.3%Botetourt 38.8% Roanoke 49.4%Frederick 40.2% Henrico 50.2%King George 41.0% James City County 52.1%

Source: Lumina Foundation