alapgiri rahul

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am highly overwhelmed while expressing my sense of gratitude towards all those who

helped and guided me during the course of this

project. I extend my heartiest thanks to Alpgiri

seed science private ltd for giving me such a

nice opportunity to strengthen my domain of

knowledge.

I express my profound sense of gratitude and heartiest respect to Mr. Sandeep sharma

(project guide) for his inspiring and affectionate guidance, concrete suggestion, unending

benevolence and constant encouragement during the course of summer project and in the

preparation of this report.

It is pleasure to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Mr. Sahdev sharma, (Assistant

manager, marketing ) for his concrete and meaningful suggestion, pragmatic views, and

constant support during whole project.

I extend my sincere thanks to all the staff and employee of the organization for providing

me friendly atmosphere and all the necessary help and facilities throughout the study.

I feel immense pleasure in expressing my sincere and profound sense of gratitude to Mrs.

Ranjana audichya (faculty guide), Professor and placement incharg, CABM for his

encouragement and guidance throughout the project.

I also express my deep and earnest regards to Dr. D.C. pant (Nodal officr), Dr.O.P.

Ameta(HOD of entomology), Dr. B.L.Baheti (Assist. Prof. nemetology), of CABM, RCA,

Udaipur for providing necessary help during the course this summer project.

I owe a great deal to CABM for laying the building blocks of logic and pragmatism in

our lives. This report, in a way is a reflection of these values. The organizational

traineeship segment (OTS) provided me with a unique opportunity of working with an

organization.

I would like to give my special thanks to my parents whose continuous support motivated

me all through the project

I am also thankful to all of them who are directly or indirectly involved in driving this

project to a success

RAHUL CHOUDHARY

CABM, Udaipur 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TITLE - Segmentation of rice growing areas and consumer preference analysis in central

and eastern Uttar Pradesh.

ORGANIZATION - Alpgiri seed science private ltd.

REPORTING OFFICER - Mr. Sandeep sharma (GM, Marketing),

Mr. sahdev sharma ( Manager marketing)

FACULTY GUIDE – Mrs. Ranjana audichya (Assist. Professor and Placement incharge,

CABM)

NAME OF THE STUDENT- Rahul choudhary

PROJECT BRIEF -Rice is major crop in UP with estimated area of 8 m ha. Rice is

grown across UP, which comprises cultivation of OP varieties, HYVs and a significant

proportion of hybrids. With the introduction of hybrids and the subsequent growth that

the hybrids have achieved, the consumer preference is also changing. The proposed

research aims at mapping the various segments in rice cultivation. In broader terms,

current OPVs are in short to long duration and fine to bold grain yielding. There is also

significant importance of various tolerance traits in each of the products.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1. To segment the rice growing areas in terms of grain type & duration.

2. Map the currently popular products in each of the segment.

3. Identify characters and differentiation of the popular products in each of the

segment.

4. To map preference of customers in the selected districts in the context of

segmentation parameters.

5. To estimate the growth of each of the segments in coming years.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY –

PERSONAL INTERVIEW and well defined questionnaire for: - Farmer, Miller,

Distributors and dealers

SOURCE OF DATA COLLECTION - Government officials, Company officials,

Distributor, dealer, farmer and miller.

CABM, Udaipur 2

FINDINGS: -

Land in UP is divided into lowland or upland areas or irrigated or un- irrigated

regions. In the lowland or irrigated regions, OP/ HYVs are famous while in

upland or un- irrigated regions hybrids are popularly grown.

Farmers give maximum preference to grain type and duration while purchasing

the seeds.

Popular OP varieties are BPT-5204, MTU-7029, Sarju-52, P-10, and NDR-359.

Among research or HYV Rupali, Ravina, Komal, Sonam, Garima, and Moti are

common.

Popular hybrids are Arize-6444, Arize- 6201, Gorakhnath-509, Loknath-505,

PHB-71, suruchi-5629, suruchi-5319, JK-401, JKRH-10, NK-Shyadri etc.

The duration of the grain is early (100-120days), medium (121-135 days), late

(>135 days) and grain type is bold, medium and fine which is as per discretion

and perception of farmers and dealers.

Among hybrid medium-fine and medium- medium segment has the increasing

growth trend.

Among opv’s/hyv’s medium fine and late fine segment has the increasing growth

trend.

SUGGESTION- By analyzing the preference of the customer in selected district of the

Uttar Pradesh, liking for the fine grain type variety came into light. With regard to the

duration, the farmers like either early or medium duration variety. ALPGIRI seeds have

already the variety in early –fine and medium duration with medium grain type segment.

Developing Medium duration with fine grain type variety will satisfy the customer

need.

CABM, Udaipur 3

TABLE OF CONTENT

Sl.No. Contents Page No

1. SCENARIO OF INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY 6-14

1.1 History, current status and future

1.2 Rice production in India

1.3 Analysis of rice productivity in India

1.4 Hybrid rice

2. ABOUT UTTAR PRADESH 15-23

2.1 Map of UP

2.2 Background information

2.3 Physical And Geographical Structure of UP

2.4 Agriculture in UP

2.5 Area under irrigation

2.6 Area, production and productivity of kharif crop in UP

2.7 Agro climatic zone of UP

3. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT 24-34

3.1 Balrampur

3.2 Sidharthnagar

3.3 Sultanpur

3.4 Ambedkarnagar

3.5 Allahabad

3.6 Chandauli

4. BUSINESS RESEARCH PLAN 35-37

4.1 Objective

4.2 Research methodology

4.3 Limitation

5. DATA ANALYSIS 38-86

5.1 Balrampur District

5.2 Sidharthnagar District

CABM, Udaipur 4

5.3 Sultanpur District

5.4 Ambedkarnagar District

5.5 Allahabad District

5.6 Chandauli District

5.7 Whole UP

6. FINDING AND SUGGESTION 87-90

6.1 About Balrampur

6.2 About Sidharthnagar

6.3 About Sultanpur

6.4 About Ambedkarnagar

6.5 About Allahabad

6.6 About Chandauli

6.7 About whole UP

ANNEXURE 91-97

BIBLIOGRAPHY 98

1. SCENARIO OF INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY

CABM, Udaipur 5

1.1 HISTORY, CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE

SEED is the most important input component for productive agriculture. In the

significant advances that India made in agriculture in the last four decades, the role of the

seed sector has been substantial. The expansion of seed industry has occurred in parallel

with growth in agricultural productivity. Given the fact that sustained growth to cope

with increasing demand would depend more and more on the pace of development and

adoption of innovative technologies, the seed would continue to be a vital component for

decades to come. The organized seed industry of the country is just forty years old. Yet,

its growth has been phenomenal. India is one of the few countries where the seed sector

is already reasonably advanced.

The private seed industry is no more confined to just production and marketing of seed. It

has as well acquired technological strength to cater to the varietal needs of tomorrow.

The Indian seed industry is currently valued around Rs 2500 crores ($ 500 million) and is

proposed2 to be around 3750 cores ($ 750 million) by 2002. There are about 150

organized seed companies in India today. Several companies have Government of India

(DSIR) recognized research and development departments and have produced and

released a large number of varieties and hybrids in several crops. The contribution of

private research in terms of value is steadily increasing. The share of research hybrids in

total turnover of crops like pearl millet, sorghum-Sudan grass, sunflower, maize,

sorghum and cotton was about 70% in 1997–98 compared to 46% in 1990–91. Private

R&D’s real investment in research has quadrupled between 1986 and 1998. Subsidiaries

and joint ventures with multinational companies account for 30% of all private seed

industry research.

A study made over nine private seed companies indicates that the amount spent on R&D

ranged from 0.78% (0.49 cores) to 15.08% (22.62 cores) (Companies Annual Reports

1998–99). Some of the companies initiated the work on development of transgenic crops.

In March 2002 the first transgenic hybrid cotton seed was allowed for commercial

cultivation in the farmer’s field. This article provides a historical perspective to the

development of seed industry in India, its current status and future. Besides, some

suggestions are also provided for improvement and modification in the regulatory

procedures, particularly in case of transgenic crops.

CABM, Udaipur 6

Current status of the seed industry:

India’s seed industry has grown in size and level of performance over the past four

decades. Both private and public sector companies/corporations are involved with the

production of seed. The public sector component comprises two central corporations, viz.

National Seed Corporation (NSC) and State Farm Corporation of India (SFCI) and 13

State Seed Corporations. The private sector comprises around 150 seed companies, which

include national and multinational companies and other seed producing/selling

companies. The industry has made impressive strides from a modest beginning in seed

production in 1962–63 to over 5 lakh hectares by 1995–96. The quantum of seed

produced and sold has gone up by five times from 14 lakh quintals to 70 lakh quintals

during the corresponding period.

In terms of quantity and value, seed of open-pollinated varieties was the largest followed

in order by public hybrids and proprietary hybrids. Seed of the proprietary hybrids

formed a significant portion of the total seed market. In terms of quantity, although

proprietary hybrids had only 32.34% share of the market, in terms of value the share was

76%. In contrast to the 1991 scenario, the estimates in 1998–99 presented a different

picture with proprietary hybrids growing at the expense of the public hybrids. The area

planted to bought seed increased by 3% over that of 1990–91 and the market size

expanded significantly in terms of quantity and value. The total market for purchased

seed was 8.64 lakh tons valued at Rs 2249 cores. The component of proprietary hybrid

seed was estimated to be around 51,314 tons in 1998–99 as against 19,300 tons in 1990–

91 and valued at Rs 636 cores as against Rs 95 cores respectively. The volume of public

bred hybrids came down to 38,704 tons in 1998–99 as against 59,671 tons in 1990–91.

The volume of seed of open pollinated varieties (OPV) increased by 51% to 774,881

tones.

The present contribution of OPV in the total bought seed market segment has expanded

indicating greater use of bought seed by farmers. The price paid by farmers for all hybrid

seeds was higher than that in 1990–91. The trend is suggestive that price of seed is not

considered a constraint in usage by the farmers, if the seed ensures higher return through

higher productivity and other value added traits.

Indian agriculture vis-à-vis future of seed industry

CABM, Udaipur 7

Accounting for approximately 30% of the national GDP, agriculture is the backbone of

Indian economy. It is the source of livelihood for over 70% of its population. Having the

largest arable area (170 million ha), India ranks second only to USA in sheer size of

agriculture. By virtue of its large arable land area, sizeable irrigated area, rich agri-

biodiversity, diverse agro climate and well developed research system, the country has all

the potential to emerge as a global power in agriculture. The impressive growth registered

in agricultural production in general and food grains in particular during the last 30 years

has made the country self-sufficient in cereal grain with a sizeable surplus which can be

exported. Even to remain where we are today in terms of level of per capita consumption

of food, the country has to add another 40 million tons by 2010.

With no more arable land and productivity of major crop plants plateauing, the prospects

of achieving the target especially with the aid of currently available technologies are a

challenging proposition. Many of the problems that impede the productivity of our

varieties and hybrids have defied solution through conventional breeding approach.

These include widespread moisture stress (> 65% of the area particularly under rained

and dry land conditions), expanding salinity, new pests and biotypes of higher virulence

and poor shelf-life. There is thus a distinct need for innovative technologies to find

solutions to existing and emerging problems and thereby increase the overall productivity

and stability of our major crops. Unlike in developed countries, population growth in

India is far in excess of its growth in agricultural production warranting continued inputs

to achieve a steady increase in food production. The route to increase in production lies

through improved agronomic practices and availability of high quality seed.

GLOBAL INITIATIVE:

India today has a critical mass and level of growth that it could use not only to cater to

the growing domestic requirement but also to make a concerted effort for global trade

under provisions of GATT and WTO. Furthermore, India is endowed with second largest

area of farmland, and the largest area of irrigated land, in the world and, with its huge

germplasm diversity, its seed industry is well placed to serve both domestic and

international markets. Consider the total seed industry in India in private and public

sector, the private sector’s share is more than 60 % while the public sector is contributing

around 40% in terms of value of seeds distributed. At present the seed industry is passing

through a critical phase and it will be known shortly whether it will contribute

CABM, Udaipur 8

significantly in achieving the magic figure of 243.2 million tons of food grain by 2010.

As it is happening elsewhere with regard to mergers and acquisitions by big corporate

house, these bugs also bite the Indian seed industry. Many companies are offering

themselves to create strategic alliances for the future growth. Presently India has around

200 major companies engaged in production and marketing of seeds of different crops, of

these only 40-50 are engaged in R&D activities.

Of late, some foreign companies are trying to takeover or get alliances with Indian seed

companies. For example, Bayer crop science has acquired Delhi based Proagro seed

companies, EID Parry and Cargil by Monsanto, ITC Zenecia by Advanta, Pioneer by

Dupont etc has open a new chapter in the seed industries. All these companies have

bigger plan to invest money in R&D and provide Indian farmer with quality seeds

developed through conventional breeding and using the new tools of biotechnology. The

other trend seen in Indian seed industry is the emphasis on transgenic crops. Monsanto

has taken 20% stake in Mahyco, Indian largest seed company and the two have set up an

alliance to enter transgenic seed industry.

CONCLUSIONS

The Indian seed industry is currently valued at more than Rs 2500 cores with about 150

organized seed companies. The seed industry has grown steadily in the last four decades.

There is seed legislation in place and a Draft Seeds Act of 2001 is being finalized on the

basis of the recommendations of Seed Policy Review Group. It will replace the existing

Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed (Control) Order of 1983. The proposed legislation features

establishment of National Seeds Board and compulsory registration with the Board of any

seed for the purpose of sowing or planting.

The seed industry has Government of India (DSIR) recognized research and development

departments which have resulted in a large number of private research varieties and

hybrids. A study based on the 1998–99 annual report of nine seed companies has

indicated that 0.78% (0.49 cores) to 15.08% (22.62 cores) of the total turnover of the

companies is spent on R&D.

The availability of data for analysis of the Indian private sector is problematic because it

is often inaccessible and considered strictly confidential. Therefore recognized National

Seeds Associations have an important role to play.

CABM, Udaipur 9

The speedy implementation of the Enactment of the Protection of Plant Varieties and

Farmers’ Rights Act is urged. There is a need for promoting joint venture collaborations

between industry and national and international institutions. The need for creation of

awareness among farmers and general public on the benefits and risks associated with

transgenic crops is also very important.

1.2. RICE PRODUCTION IN INDIA:

Rice is the most important crop of India and it occupies 23.3 per cent of gross

cropped area of the country. Rice contributes 43 per cent of total food grain production. It

continues to play vital role in the national food grain supply. It is the staple food of nearly

half of the world population. It ranks third after wheat and maize in terms of worldwide

production. Among the rice growing countries in the world, India has the largest area

under rice crop (about 44 million ha.) and ranks second in production next to China. India

accounts for 15 per cent of total rice production of world.

The productivity of rice in India is higher than Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Nepal and Brazil but much below than the productivity in Japan, China, Korea, U.S.A.

and Indonesia. The rice productivity in India during 2003 - 2004 was 1915 Kg. /ha. which

is below the world average productivity of 2551 Kg./ha. During the same year.

Rice is the agriculture is the backbone of India’s economy, providing direct

employment to about 70% of working people in the country. It forms the basis of many

premier industries of India, including the textile, jute, and sugar industries.

India regularly exports high quality basmati rice (aromatic). In India alone, basmati

rice, non basmati rice exports are valued at (US) $800 million per annum. Over 80% of

Basmati rice grown in India is produced for export.

1.3 ANALYSIS OF RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN INDIA:

A wide variation in productivity at the district level is due to varied agro-climatic

conditions in which rice is grown and also the level of inputs used. Among various inputs

seed, water and fertilizers including organic manures are critical ones and have direct

influence on the productivity.

CABM, Udaipur 10

The highest productivity level of 4,912 kg/ha was in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu and

the lowest of 283 Kg/ha in Dungarpur district of Rajasthan. According to the productivity

levels, productivity status has been classified in to following groups:

1. High productivity - Yield more than 2,500 Ka/Hectare

2. Medium productivity - Yield more than 2,000-2,500 Kg/Hectare

3. Medium-Low productivity - Yield more than 1,500-2,000 Kg/Ha

4. Low productivity - Yield in between 1,000-1,500 Kg/Hectare

5. Very Low productivity - Yield less than 1,000 Kg/Hectare

High Productivity Group-

    All the districts of Punjab, Goa and Pondicherry, 27 districts of Tamil Nadu, 14

districts each of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, 7 districts each of Uttar Pradesh and

Haryana, 4 districts each of Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur and West Bengal, 3 districts of

Kerala and 1 district each of Bihar, Guajarati, Uttaranchal & A&N Islands were falling

under the category of high productivity group.

Medium Productivity Group –

29 districts of Uttar Pradesh, 9 districts of West Bengal, 7 districts of Haryana, 5 districts

each of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka Maharashtra, Kerala, 4 districts of Bihar, 3 district of

Uttaranchal, 2 districts each of Madhya Pradesh and Tripura and 1 district each of

Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Rajasthan were falling

under the medium productivity group.

Medium-Low Productivity Group –

26 districts of Uttar Pradesh, 11 districts of Assam, 6 districts of Karnataka, 5 districts

each of Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, 4 districts each of Bihar, Meghalaya, Orissa, 3

districts each of Gujarat, Mizoram, Orissa and West Bengal, 2 districts each of Andhra

Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Uttaranchal and

Tripura and 1 district each of Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra,

CABM, Udaipur 11

Rajasthan, Sikkim and A&N Islands were falling under the group of medium-low

productivity.

Low Productivity Group-

     25 districts of Bihar, 17 districts of Orissa, 10 districts of Jharkhand, 11 districts each

of Assam, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, 9 districts of Chhattisgarh, 7 districts each of

Himachal Pradesh & Uttaranchal, 6 districts each of Arunachal Pradesh and Madhya

Pradesh, 5 districts each of Gujarat, Manipur, Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh, 3 districts of

Sikkim, 2 districts each of Haryana, Meghalaya and West Bengal and 1 district each of

Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Mizoram and Tamil Nadu were

falling under the category of low productivity group.

Very-Low Productivity Group –

    A total number of 94 districts in the country were under very-low productivity group.

31 districts of Madhya Pradesh, 15 districts of Maharashtra, 10 districts of Orissa, 7

districts of Jharkhand 6 districts each of Arunachal Pradesh & Chhattisgarh, 5 districts

each of Gujarat and Rajasthan, 3 districts of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, and 1 district each

of Assam, Jammu & Kashmir and Karnataka were falling under the category of very-low

productivity group.

1.4. HYBRID RICE:

The first artificial hybrid was produced by Thomas Fairchild during 1717 by

crossing between sweet William (Dianthus barbets and carnation (Dianthus

caryophyllus). Thereafter, several scientists used hybridization for scientific studies as

well as for crop improvement in the breeding programmed. Joseph Koelreuter, one of the

famous scientist who made several crosses in Tobacco during 1760-1766 and reported

hybrid vigour in F1. At the end of nineteenth century, hybridization was widely used for

different crop improvement programme. In the modern era hybridization is the most

common method is applied in crop improvement and large number of varieties have been

developed in various crops by hybridization.

For development of hybrid, intensive research was started in India during 1952 in

the Maize Coordinated Project and first hybrid was released during 1960. Subsequently

three more maize hybrids were also released during 1960. Later on, research work was

CABM, Udaipur 12

initiated on Bajra and Pearl millet and Sorghum (Jowar) crops during 1961 and first

hybrid in sorghum and in Pearl millet was released during 1964.

Success in hybrids of maize, pearl millet, sorghum, cotton, sunflower and pigeon

pea breeding programmed encouraged researchers to explore commercial exploitation of

heterosis in rice. In mid seventies, rice hybrids were also developed and cultivated in

China.

Efforts to develop and use of hybrid rice technology in India was initiated during

1970. But the research works were systematized and intensified since 1989 with a

mission mode project. With the concerted research work, the country developed half a

dozen rice hybrids each from public and private sectors within a short span of five years.

The first four rice hybrids were released in the country viz. APHR-1, APHR-2, MGR-1

and KRH-1 during 1994. Subsequently, two more hybrids viz. CNRH-3 and DRRH-1

were also released.

Rice has a special significance in Asia, where about 90% of the rice is produced and

consumed as a staple food. Considering the increasing demand because of population

increase on the one hand and decreasing land and water resources available for rice

cultivation on the other, it is critical to develop and use rice technologies that will result

in higher yields.

CABM, Udaipur 13

2. ABOUT UTTAR PRADESH

2.1 MAP OF UTTAR PRADESH

2.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

UP is the constituent state of India, lying for the most part in the upper valley of the

Ganges River in the northern part of the country. It is bounded on the north by Nepal

and Tibet and, in India, by Uttaranchal state on the northwest, Haryana state and the

union territory of Delhi on the west, Rajasthan state on the southwest, Madhya Pradesh

state on the south, and Bihar state on the east. The capital is Lucknow. The area was in

the forefront of the Indian independence movement, and it became a state on Jan. 26,

1950, when India became a republic.

A land of many rivers, Uttar Pradesh is drained by the Ganges (and its tributaries the

Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, and Ghaghara), as well as by the Chambal, the Betwa,

and the Ken (all tributaries of the Yamuna) and the Son. From 85 to 90 percent of the

CABM, Udaipur 14

annual rainfall comes during the rainy season from the Bay of Bengal summer

monsoon. Rainfall varies from 40 to 80 inches (1,000 to 2,000 mm) in the east to 24 to

40 inches (600 to 1,000 mm) in the west. In the Himalaya region, rainfall ranges

between 40 and 80 inches, in some places exceeding that upper figure.

The western plain is the most urbanized region. Agriculture is by far the most

important sector of the state's economy, employing about three-fourths of the work

force and accounting for nearly 60 percent of the state's total income. Much land is

under irrigation, and food crops--rice, wheat, corn (maize), and edible oil seeds--are

dominant. Sugarcane is the most important commercial crop, and potatoes, cotton,

tobacco, and jute are also grown. The per-acre yield of rice and wheat has increased

substantially as a result of the high-yielding variety of seeds and improved agricultural

inputs (e.g., fertilizers and sufficient water).Uttar Pradesh is rich neither in forest

resources nor in minerals. It has some deposits of gypsum, magnetite, phosphorite, and

bauxite; it is the largest silica producing and the second largest limestone-producing

state in the country.

The state of Uttar Pradesh is one of the biggest state of the country which represents

240928 sq.km.of the total area of the country. It represents 7.3 percent of the total area

of India. 16.2 percent of the total population of the country is in Uttar Pradesh. The

complete state is broadly divided in four major economic regions. These regions are

Eastern UP, Budelkhand, Western UP and Central UP.

2.3. PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE

The adjoining states are Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Bihar,

Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh. The State is also having the International Border by

Nepal. Most of the area of the state is plane and the main crops are Wheat, Rice,

Cereal, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Sugarcane and Potato. The area under state forest is 17

Lakhs hectares producing timber, fuel wood, bamboo, resin and tendu leaves. The main

rivers of the state are Yamuna, Ganges, Ramganga and Gomti.

CABM, Udaipur 15

Land area

The Land area of Uttar Pradesh State is 2,41,286 sq. km which is about 7.3 percent of

the total area of Indian Union. The Land use pattern in the state and its comparison

with India & percent share

TABLE – 1FOREST LAND AREA AND AGRICULTURE AREA

                    Land Use (In lakh hectare)

Uttar Pradesh

India Percentage Share of UP

In IndiaForests (1997-98) 53 689 7.7

Net area sown 175 1420 12.3

Area sown more than once 90 487 18.5

Net Irrigated Area 120 546 22.0

Source Statistical diary 2001, State planning institute.

The irrigation of land in the state done by canals and tube wells. Canals of Ganges are

spread over the western region of the state and providing source of irrigation to the

sown area. The percentage share of the irrigated area of UP is 22% of the country

2.4. AGRICULTURE IN UTTAR PRADESH

Agriculture is the main occupation of 66 per cent of the population of the state. The net

cultivated area in the state is 167.50 lakh hectares. In the year 2003-04 the state

produced 255.67 lakh metric tons of wheat, 130.22 lakh metric tones of rice, 23.80

lakh metric tones of pulses and 6.44 lakh metric tones of oilseeds and 1127.54 lakh

tones sugar cane. Total food grains production

during 2003-2004 was 442.58 lakh metric tones.

The main crops of the state are Wheat, Sugarcane, Potato, Pulses, Cereals, Oil seeds

and Rice. The net sown area is about 168-lakhs hectares out of which about 49.3

percent of the land is sown more than once. The main source of irrigation of the state is

Tube wells, which contributes to 69.8 percent of the irrigation source. In addition to

tube wells, canals is the second largest source irrigation in the state. The total length of

the canals is 75,147 km.

CABM, Udaipur 16

Sugarcane

Uttar Pradesh is the largest sugarcane producing State in the country. It contributes 44%

to the country’s total sugarcane production and is also the largest producer of sugar in the

country. About 22.50 lakh hectares is under sugarcane cultivation and 1240.21 lakh tones

of sugarcane were produced in the State in 2004-05. Average yield of sugarcane has

increased from 54.40 tones per hectare to 60.65 tones per hectare in 2004-05.

CROPS GROWN IN DIFFERENT SEASONS IN UTTAR PRADESHTABLE-2

KHARIF RABI ZIADRice Wheat Moong Hybrid rice Jau UrdMaize Toria(lahi) SunflowerBajra Rye ( sarson) GroundnutJuar Alsi MaizeGroundnut Kusum JuteSoyabean Rabi maize CottonTil Oat MenthaCastor Barseem AswanArcher GramMoong PeaUrd LentilLobiaToria

Contribution to State income :

At constant prices in the year 2001 Agriculture and Animal husbandry, contributing

465 thousand cores to the state income. Percentage share of U.P. in India is 12.9

percent.

Population engaged in agriculture sector :

As per Census of India 1991, in the State of Uttar Pradesh 22 million cultivators and

7.8 million agriculture labors are working.

The area under cultivation: CABM, Udaipur 17

In the year 1999-2000 actual agricultural land use pattern in Uttar Pradesh (In lakhs

Hectares)

Net area sown - 168

Area sown more than once - 83

Total cropped area - 251

2.5 AREA UNDER IRRIGATION:

During the year 1999-2000 Net irrigated area was 125 lakh hectares. The major

sources of irrigation are Tube Well and canal.

The proportion of net irrigated area to net cropped area has increased from

36.12% in 1966-67 to 54.89% in 1980-81 and 76.30% in 2001-02. However, the net

irrigated area by private sources such as private tube well/ pump sets constitute nearly

87.09 lakh hectares, which is 68% of net irrigated area. There are 35 lakh private tube

wells/pump sets in Uttar Pradesh of which about 28 lakh are diesel operated and 7 lakh

Electricity operated. Canal irrigation provides irrigation facilities to only 27.19 lakh

Hectares, which is about 21 % of net irrigated area. 28123 State Tube wells account for

just 8% of net irrigated area.

Area irrigated by canals has been continually declining over the years. Further

water use efficiency in most irrigation systems is low in the range of 30-40 percent as

against an ideal value of 60%. There has also been steady decline in water table due to

over exploitation of ground water and insufficient recharge from rainwater. Declining

trend of groundwater has been observed in 559 of 819 blocks in the State. Between 1987

and the year 2000, percentage groundwater used for irrigation has gone up from 30 to

57.31% for the State as a whole.

It is also noteworthy that against created irrigation potential of 31063.73 thousand

hectares, the actual utilization of potential was only 22404.48 thousand hectares in 2002-

03. This lag of nearly 90 lakh hectares is a cause of serious concern. It could be due to

several reasons such as non-construction of on-farm development works below the outlet,

change in cropping pattern to more water intensive crops, loss in live storage due to

sedimentation, low water use efficiency due to disrepair of the system etc. Heavy load of

silt in river waters and thereby excessive siltation of the canals has reduced the carrying

CABM, Udaipur 18

capacity of the canal system and hence there is decline of water use at tail end areas of

the canals. Further, the irrigation potential created can be described as ‘protective

irrigation’ rather than ‘assured irrigation’. The difference in operating costs of canal

irrigation and tube well based irrigation is in the ratio of 1:7 and rising cost of diesel is

placing a heavy burden on the small and marginal farmers. Consequently, farmers only

provide only that much irrigation as required to save the crop rather than meet the full

requirement of water for the crop.

2.6 AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCIVITY OF KHARIF CROP IN UTTAR PRADESH

TABLE-3

AREA (LAKH HECTARE)

CROPS 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07*

75.10 83.85 84.22 82.03 83.93CEREALS 70.86 77.83 79.14 78.14 78.77rice 52.09 57.20 59.34 58.69 59.03juar 2.69 3.00 2.44 2.23 2.31bajra 8.31 9.24 8.78 8.89 8.84maize 7.55 8.18 8.42 8.19 8.42Small millets 0.22 0.21 0.16 0.14 0.17PULSES 4.24 6.02 5.08 3.89 5.16urd 4.02 5.67 4.70 3.6 4.74moong 0.22 0.35 0.38 0.29 0.42moth - - - - -OILSEEDS 1.67 1.85 2.30 2.58 2.48til 0.80 0.95 1.25 1.51 1.40groundnut 0.82 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.00soyabeen 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.08SUGARCANE 21.49 21.10 20.02 20.71 NAFIBRE CROPSsunhemp 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03cotton 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05

* For 2006-07 data is tentative…

TABLE-4

PRODUCTION (LAKH MILL TONS)

CABM, Udaipur 19

CROPS 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07*FOOD GRAINS

119.21 152.40 138.20 144.5 140.17

CEREALS 117.54 150.97 136.35 143.05 137.34rice 95.87 124.77 107.50 117.07 110.83juar 2.44 2.98 2.49 2.45 2.38bajra 10.73 11.88 12.95 10.58 11.17maize 8.36 11.18 12.95 10.58 11.17Small millets 0.14 0.16 0.06 0.09 0.17PULSES 1.67 1.43 1.85 1.70 2.83urd 1.60 1.34 1.74 1.61 2.66moong 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.17moth - - - - -OILSEEDStil 0.25 0.20 0.32 NA 0.16groundnut 0.53 0.57 0.78 0.88 0.73soyabeen 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.07SUGARCANE 1209.48 1175.67 1217.56 1209.61 NAFIBRE CROPSsunhemp 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01cotton 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

* For 2006-07 data is tentative…

TABLE-5 PRODUCTIVITY (QTY/ HA.)

CABM, Udaipur 20

CROPS 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07*FOOD GRAINS

15.87 18.17 16.41 17.65 16.70

CEREALS 16.59 19.40 17.23 18.31 17.44rice 18.40 21.81 18.11 19.95 18.78juar 9.09 9.93 10.23 10.96 10.29bajra 12.90 12.86 15.20 14.47 14.55maize 11.07 13.67 15.38 12.91 13.26Small millets 6.38 7.73 3.57 6.91 6.14PULSES 3.92 2.37 3.64 4.36 5.48urd 3.99 2.34 3.71 4.48 5.61moong 2.82 3.85 2.77 2.87 3.98moth 4.08 - - - -OILSEEDS 4.04 4.03 4.45 4.73 4.17til 1.61 1.30 1.60 1.93 1.68groundnut 6.55 6.68 8.23 8.73 7.23soyabeen 1.62 10.73 4.13 7.95 9.76SUGARCANE 562.82 557.15 608.07 584.19 NAFIBRE CROPSsunhemp 3.15 3.01 2.77 4.56 2.78cotton 1.49 1.65 1.68 1.70 2.14

* For 2006-07 data is tentative…

2.7. AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE OF UTTAR PRADESH

1. Tarai zone : It include the foothills of himalaya covering northern region of

Saharanpur, Bijnor, Rampur, Pilibheet, and lakhmpur kheri.

CABM, Udaipur 21

2. Western plain zone : it represent the most fertile part of the state and includes

the area between the two river of ganga and yamuna saharanpur,

Muzzafarnagar, Ghaziabad and bulandsahar. Comes under this region.

3. Mid western plains: It includes muradabad, rampur, bareilly, jhansi and

badaun. Onion, cole crops and tomato are the major crops of this area.

4. South westrn semi arid zone : This zone include of aligarh etah, mainpuri,

mathura, and agra. Potato is major crop of this area.

5. Central plain zone : this zone comprises of lakhimpur , sitapur, kheri, hardoi

and ferukhabad, etah kanpur, unnau, lucknow, raibareli, fatehpuri and

Allahabad.

6. Bundelkhand zone : It consist of jhansi, lalitpur, banda, hamirpur, and jalaun

districts. The highest irrigated area comes under this zone.

7. North- eastern zone : - This zone includes the gonad, bahraich, basti,

gorakhpur, and deoria. Alluvial soil is prominent in this area and mainly

dominated by tuber crops and spices.

8. Eastern plain zone : This zone lies between saryu and Ganga river. The major

districts comes under this category are barabanki, sultanpur, jaunpur, azamgarh,

balia, gazipur, varanasi. More than 50% of the net cropped area of the state

comes under this zone.

9. Vindhyan zone : this zone includes mirzapur and parts of Allahabad and

varanasi. This area is dominated by undulated and rocky land.

3. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRICT

3.1. BALRAMPUR

CABM, Udaipur 22

Balrampur is a city and a municipal board in Balrampur district in the state

of Uttar Pradesh, India.

It is situated on the bank of river Rapti and is the district headquarters of

Balarampur district.

As of 2001 India census, Balrampur had a population of 72,220.

Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd is one of the largest integrated sugar

manufacturing companies in India . Its allied business consists of

manufacturing and marketing of Ethyl Alcohol & Ethanol, generation and

selling of power and manufacturing and marketing of organic manure .

Company has six sugar factories located in Eastern U.P. having an

aggregate crushing capacity of 55500 tons per day.

GEOGRAPHY- Balrampur is located at 27.43° N 82.18° E.[1] It has an average

elevation of 106 metres (347 feet).

Balrampur is the major paddy belt. It is divided into irrigated and unirrigated.

IRRIGATED REGIONS – Uturaula, Balrampur main, Rehra bazaar, Itayi, Tirwa

etc. Even the land is undulated. So farmer who are having upland areas cultivate

hybrid in their field and those who are having lowland areas cultivate opvs

varieties or research varieties in their field.

CABM, Udaipur 23

UNIRRRIGATED REGIONS- It consist of the regions like Tulsipur, Nareshpur,

shivpura, Pachpura, Gesri, Manipur, Nalia etc.

Though Balrampur is major paddy growing belt. But now a day sugarcane is

mostly grown by the farmers due to easy availability of sugarmill and more

profit in sugarcane than rice. Almost 70% of the area is occupied by the

sugarcane in balrampur. Here rice mills are in a great struggle to survive

3.2 SIDHARTHNAGAR

Siddharthnagar District is a District of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India.

Navgarh is the district headquarters. Siddharth Nagar district is a part of Basti

division.

District Siddharthnagar has come in the picture on 29th December of 1988 by

seprating the North portion of District Basti

The district is home to Kapilavastu, where Gautama Buddha lived until age

29.

CABM, Udaipur 24

It is a new district formed in late 1980s from partition of Basti of Uttar

Pradesh.

It is located on the international border of Nepal and in India it near by Bihar

border after Maharajganj district of Uttar Pradesh.

The total population (according to 2001 census of India) of the district is

2,038,598 (with Male-1,047,573 and Female-991,025) and the literacy rate is

43.97%.

The main tourist place is Kapilavastu, the kingdom of father of Lord Buddha,

in his name only the district name has been adopted.

Sidharth nagar is major paddy grown district of the Uttar Pradesh. It is touching

the Nepal border.

Here land is undulated. Some regions have good irrigation facility.

The irrigated regions include Basi, Chetia, Jamalpur, ansarkhas, etc. so ops’

varieties are most popular in these areas.

While the regions like Biskohar, Kathela, Sohratgarh, Itwa, Dumriyaganj,

Udaipur, Garvi, etc. all are unirrigated regions. So hybrids are more popular in

these regions.

3.3. SULTANPUR

CABM, Udaipur 25

Sultanpur is a district in the state of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The district

is a part of Faizabad Division.It's administrative head is Sultanpur.

It has an area of 1713 sq. rn. The surface is generally level, being broken only by

ravines in the neighborhood of the rivers.

The central portion is highly cultivated, while in the south are widespread arid

plains and swampy jhils or marshes.

The principal river is the Gomti River, which passes through the centre of the

district and affords a valuable highway for commerce.

Minor streams are the Kandu, Pili, Tengha and Nandhia, the last two being of

onieimiiortanee, as their channels form the outlet for the superfluous water of the

jhils, draining into the Sai.

Due to its plain fertile land and irrigation facilities It has got an agricultural

importance .

Primarily an agricultural district, its principal crops are rice, pulses, wheat, barley,

sugarcane and a little poppy.

CABM, Udaipur 26

Jagdishpur is the main industrial area in the district with BHEL(Bharat Heavy

Electricals Limited), Indo gulf (urea factory) and some leather factories

established in that area .

Apart from these the district also has Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

testing centre located in Korwa near Munshiganj and ACC cement factory in

Gauriganj.

The main line of the Oudh & Rohilkhand railway from Lucknow to Rae Bareli

and Mogul Serai serves the south-western portion.

Politically the district is famous for its Amethi constituency due to its association

with Gandhi family.

The only incident worthy of note in the 19th century history of the district since

the British annexation of Oudh is the revolt of the native troops stationed at

Sultanpur during the Mutiny. The troops rose in rebellion on the 9th of June 1857,

and, after murdering two of their officers, sacked the station. Upon the restoration

of order, Sultanpur cantonment was strengthened by a detachment of British

troops; but in 1861 it was entirely abandoned as a military station.

3.4.AMBEDKARNAGAR

CABM, Udaipur 27

Ambedkar Nagar District (also Ambedkarnagar) is one of the districts of Uttar

Pradesh state of India.

Ambedkar Nagar district is a part of Faizabad division.

The administrative headquarters of the district is at the town of Ambedkar Nagar.

The district was created on September 29, 1995 and named after Dr. Bhim Rao

Ambedkar

Geography

The total area of the district is 2520 km² and approximately 90% of the population

lives in small farming villages.

According to the OMMS database there are 3,955 villages in Ambedkar Nagar

District. Because of the dispersed nature of these hamlets and small villages, the

district is divided administratively (OMMS Database) into nine blocks: Akbarpur,

Baskhari, Bhiti, Bhiyam, Jahagirgani, Jalapur, Katehari, Ramnager, and Tanda.

The Saryu River is the main river and is located at the northern boundary of the

district. Tanda, Jahagirgani, Ramnager and Baskhari blocks are located along the

Saryu River and use the water for irrigation.

Irrigation in the Baskhari block is also from Lake Devhat and the Hanswar lakes.

Lake Darvan provides water in the Katehari block.

The Akbarpur, Bhiti, Bhiyam, and Jalapur blocks depend upon the smaller rivers

and seasonal streams.

Ambedkarnagar At A Glance

District: Ambedkar Nagar

District Hq.: Akbarpur

TehsiL-   Akbarpur, Tanda Alapur, Jalalpur

CABM, Udaipur 28

Blocks- Akbarpur,Katehary, Bhiti,Tanda,Baskhari,Ram,Nagar,Jahangir

Ganj,Jalalpur,Bhiyanwa.

Statistics of the District

              Total area of the district               2520 sq. km.

            Total Population                          16,29,353

Approximately 91% population live in villages whose main occupation is

Farming.

3.5.ALLAHABAD

Allahabad is a city in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

The name was given to the city by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1583. Its

English rendering is Allahabad, implying a naming based on Allah ("the god" or

"God"), God's Arabic reference in Islam. However this is not case as the city's

actual name, and the way it is spoken and written in India, is Ilāhābād; ilāh being

Arabic for "(a) god" (in this context from Din-i-Ilahi, the religion founded by

Akbar), and "-ābād" is Persian for "place of".

CABM, Udaipur 29

The ancient name of the city is Prayag (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice" and

"Confluence") and is considered to be the spot where Brahma offered his first

sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the Kumbh Mela, the

others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik. It has a position of importance in the

Hindu religion and mythology since it is situated at the confluence of the holy

rivers Ganga and Yamuna, and Hindu belief says that the invisible Sarasvati River

joins here also.

Because solar events in Allahabad occur exactly 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of

Greenwich, the city is the reference point for Indian Standard Time, maintained

by the city's observatory.

Allahabad is one of the largest cities of the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. It

encompasses a large area and is an inland peninsula surrounded by the rivers

Ganga and Yamuna from three sides with only one side connected to the

mainland. Along with a large number of areas within Allahabad City, there are

several satellite cities on the other side of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, and

are considered as satellite cities of Allahabad. There are also a large number of

Townships and Villages near Allahabad City within Allahabad.

Geography

It is located in the southern part of the state, at 25°28′N, 81°50′E, and stands at the

confluence of the Ganga (Ganges), and Yamuna rivers. The region was known in

antiquity as the vats country. To its south west is the Bundelkhand region, to its

east and south east is the Baghelkhand region, to its north and north east is the

Awadh region and to its west is the (lower) doab of which it itself is a part.

Allahabad stands at a strategic point both geographically and culturally. An

important part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doaba region, it is the last point of the

Yamuna river and is the last frontier of the Indian west.

The land of the Allahabad district that falls between the Ganga and Yamuna is

just like the rest of Doab fertile but not too moist, which is especially suitable for

the cultivation of wheat. The non-doabi parts of the district (which were not

originally a part of Allahabad but were added later) viz., the southern and eastern CABM, Udaipur 30

part of the district are somewhat similar to those of adjoining Bundelkhand and

Baghelkhand regions, viz. dry and rocky.

The Indian GMT longitude that is associated with Jabalpur, also passes through

Allahabad, which is 343 km north of Jabalpur on the same longitude.

Areas Of Allahabad

Allahabad is one of the largest cities of the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. It

encompasses a large area and is an inland peninsula surrounded by the rivers

Ganga and Yamuna from three sides with only one side connected to the

mainland. Along with a large number of areas within Allahabad City, there are

several satellite cities on the other side of the rivers Ganga and Yamuna, and are

considered as satellite cities of Allahabad.There are also a large number of

Townships and Villages near Allahabad City Within Allahabad District.

TEHSIL OF ALLAHABAD

SADAR TEHSIL BARA TEHSIL MEJA TEHSIL

SORAON  TEHSIL KORAON TEHSIL KARCHANA  TEHSIL

PHULPUR TEHSIL HANDIYA TEHSIL  

3.6. CHANDAULI

CABM, Udaipur 31

Chandauli District is a district of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Chandauli town

is the district headquarters.

Chandauli district is a part of Varanasi Division. Chandauli, also known as

Chandoli, is a town and a nagar panchayat in Chandauli district in the state of

Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Chandauli District

Geography

Chandauli is located at 25.27° N 83.27° E[1]. It has an average elevation of

70 metres (229 feet).

Demographics

As of 2001 India censusGRIndia, Chandauli had a population of 20,071. Males

constitute 55% of the population and females 45%.

Chanduali had became district in the period of Mayawati(cheif miister of Uttar

Pradesh).

CABM, Udaipur 32

It is famous for the three reasons firstly it is Mughal sarai which has the widest

rail track in the country second is its natural beauty in the form of

chandraprabha sanctuary and Many Waterfalls which include devdari and

rajdari and last is for its contribution in the India GDP by providing the various

cereals from the district in which well known cereal is paddy and wheat.

It is also called the DHAAN KA KATORA of UTTAR PRADESH. Chanduali

district had given much contribution at the time of freedom movements.

It is the District which is attached to the Bihar regions so there is lot of cultural

affect from the Bihar.

Chanduali District is not much developed District and ther is lot of problems of

infrastructure and education. In the chanduali there is very Famous village

Named KHAKHARA which is Famous for the protest Against Britishers for

the freedom of the India.

4. BUSINESS RESEARCH PLAN

Purpose: - “To segment rice growing areas on the basis of consumer preference mainly

grain type and duration, and estimate growth of each segment.

4.1 Objective: -

a) To segment the rice growing areas in terms of Grain type and Duration.

b) Map the currently popular products in each of the segment.

c) Identify characters and differentiation of the popular products in each of the

segment.

d) To map the preferences of the customers in the selected districts in the context of

segmentation parameters.

CABM, Udaipur 33

e) To estimate the growth of each of the segments in coming years.

4.2 Research Methodology: -

a) Research Design: -

Nature: - Qualitative as well as Quantitative.

b) Source of Information/ Data collection:-

Primary: - Farmers of local area

Distributor/ Dealers of Agri-inputs,

Rice Millers of concerned districts.

Secondary: - Governmental officials of Agricultural Departments.

Internet, Websites, Books, Leaflets & journals.

Company officials.

c) Research Method: - Field Survey Method

d) Research Instruments: - Close & open ended Questionnaire & direct interviews.

e) Sample Units: - Distributors/ Dealers/ Retailers of Agri-inputs

Farmers of local area

Traders of local markets

Government officials of Agricultural Departments

Company Officials.

f) Sample size: -

State Farmers Distributors/Dealers Millers

Uttar

pradesh

150 60 30

g) Sampling Method: - Stratified Sampling for farmers and Random sampling for

Dealers of Agri Input within concerned strata.

Methodology: - The study includes mainly fieldwork, as I have to segment the

rice growing areas in terms of Grain type and Duration and to analyze customer

preferences in selected districts of central and eastern Uttar Pradesh.

CABM, Udaipur 34

I chose structured Questionnaire as the tool for primary data collection. Whole of

the specified districts of Uttar Pradesh has been surveyed by stratifying them into

different strata within each district (of respective states), and face-to-face personal

interview with structured Questionnaire was the final methodology adopted for

the primary data collection of the study.

Secondary data was collected from department of Agricultural offices, company

officials, Internet, leaflets, literature & books.

Area of Survey: - 6 districts in central and eastern UTTAR PRADESH.

1. Balrampur 2.Sidharth nagar 3. Sultanpur

4.Ambedkarnagar 5. Allahabad 6.Chandauli

Time Duration: - April-May (2006-07)

4.3 Limitation: -

As I came to the end of my fieldwork, i.e. to segment Rice growing areas and

consumer preference analysis, even after the best of my efforts, these are the

following limitations in the study: -

During my fieldwork the information on quantity sold for each of the brand of

Hybrid rice of different companies was difficult to get.

Time of my survey was the time of election in Uttar Pradesh. So most of the

government officials at district level were in the duty of election. So collecting

secondary data was difficult.

Even the local conveyance and lodging was difficult to find due to election.

Farmers were not easily available due to election.

The Rice Mills in some districts were not available. Farmers mill their paddy in

Haller (local mill) and owner of these had no any data of milling efficiency of

different varieties.

If sometimes I got the Mill either it was locked due to non-season of

harvesting of paddy or managers were not available who would be the key

persons to provide required information..

CABM, Udaipur 35

Free movement in the field was not possible because of insurgency activities in

certain districts like Chandauli.

CABM, Udaipur 36