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Airports Authority of India Regional Training Center (CNS),ER N.S.C.B.I Airport,Kolkata- 700052 A Project Report On- Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Submitted By-
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Airports authority of india (aai) training report

Aug 19, 2014

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AAI training report on Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)
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Page 1: Airports authority of india (aai) training report

Airports Authority of India Regional Training Center (CNS),ERN.S.C.B.I Airport,Kolkata-700052

A Project Report On-

Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)

Submitted By-

Arnab Bhattacharya,

B.Tech(ECE), 3rd year

JIS College of Engineering,

Kalyani

Page 2: Airports authority of india (aai) training report

Contents• Acknowledgement.

• Introduction Of AAI.

• Functions of AAI

• CNS (Communication Navigation Surveillance).

• Communication Briefing.

• Flight Plan &Notam

• VHF Communication.

• HFRT Communication.

• AMSS (Automatic Message Switching System).

• VOLMET.

• ILS (Instrument Landing System).

• VOR & DVOR.• DME.• RADAR.• ATCRBS• ASMCGS.• HF Transmitter.• HF Receiver.• ADS.• Conclusion.• Reference.

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Acknowledgement

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Mr Subikash Roy AGM (Com.ops) for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this training. Sitting at the office of the airport and listening to the lectures of the aircraft communication ,made us think that it was an easy task to fly into the vast expanse on “CNS(COMMUNICATION NAVIGATION & SURVEILLANCE)”,but it was only when we gathered knowledge about this topic, we realized how much helpful were some people to us. Without them this exploration could never have been materialized.

Acknowledgement is something which really comes from the bottom of the heart of every writer .I am obliged to staff members at AAI of NSCBI airport, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

Faculties of AAI

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HFRT & COMM. BRIEFING - GAURI SHANKAR GHOSH [AGM] (COM-OPS)

EQUIPMENT - SANJEEV SARKAR [AM] (ELEX)

TX STSN.(GARUI) - DEBASISH BISWAS [AGM] (CNS)

AMSS THEORY - P.K. BASU [AGM] (COM-OPS)

AMSS HARDWARE - P.K. MAJUMDAR [AGM] (COM ELEX)

DVOR & DME - BARUN KUMAR KHAMRU [AGM]

ILS - S. SUR [DGM] (CNS)

RADAR - SISIR KUMAR DE [JGM] (CNS)

ASMGCS - SHEKHAR ACHARYA

RX( BADU) - J. MAJUMDER [AGM]

VHF - SUDIP KUMAR BANERJEE [AGM] (C-T)

ILS - DVOR - P.K.MUHURY

Introduction To Regional Training Centre (CNS), Eastern Region of AAI

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Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country. It covers 2.8 million square nautical miles area which includes oceanic area of 1.7 million square nautical miles.

During the year 2008-09, AAI handled aircraft movement of 1306532 nos. [International 270345 & domestic 33785990] and the cargo handled 499418 tones [international 318242 & domestic 181176].

Functions of AAI

The functions of AAI are as follows:

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1. Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves.

2. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO.

3. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals.

4. Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports.

5. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals at airports.

6. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway etc.

7. Provision of visual aids.

8. Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar etc.

Communication Navigation Surveillance (CNS)

Communication, Navigation and Surveillance are three main functions (domains) which constitute the foundation of Air Traffic Management (ATM) infrastructure.The following provide further details about relevant domains of CNS:

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Communication:-Communication is the exchange of voice and data information between the pilot and air traffic controllers or flight information centres.

Navigation:- Navigation Element Of CNS/ATM Systems Is meant To provide Accurate, Reliable And Seamless Position Determination Capability toaircrafts.

Surveillance:- The surveillance systems can be divided into two main types:- Dependent surveillance and Independent surveillance. In dependent surveillance systems, aircraft position is determined on board and then transmitted to ATC. The current voice position reporting is a dependent surveillance systems in which the position of the aircraft is determined from on-board navigation equipment and then conveyed by the pilot to ATC. Independent surveillance is a system which measures aircraft position from the ground. Current surveillance is either based on voice position reporting or based on radar (primary surveillance radar (PSR) or secondary surveillance radar (SSR)) which measures range and azimuth of aircraft from the ground station.  

FLIGHTPLAN (FPL) & NOTAM

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The figure above shows the International Flight Plan registration form.The main information provided in the flight plan is as follows:

• 7 letter Aircraft Identification Code • Flight Rules - I (IFR), V (VFR) or Y (Both) • Type of Flight – N (Non Scheduled), S (Scheduled) or M

(Military) • Number – Denotes number of aircraft (1 for normal flights,

more for formation flights) • Type of Aircraft – Boeing (B737), Airbus (A320, A380), ATR

flights (AT72), etc. • Wake/Turbulence Category – L (Light, less than 7000Kg),

M(Medium, 7000-136000Kg) or H(Heavy, greater than 136000Kg)

• Equipment – N (NDB), V (DVOR), I (ILS), etc. • Departure Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code) • Time – Time of departure in GMT • Cruising Speed (expressed in Nautical Miles per hour) • Level – Denotes flight level or the altitude • Route – The full route from source to destination, via all the

major airports • Destination Aerodrome (4 letter Airport Identification Code) • Estimated time to reach destination aerodrome • 1st alternate aerodrome • 2nd alternate aerodrome

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NOTAM is quasi-acronym for “Notice To Airmen”. NOTAMs are created & transmitted to all airport operators under guidelines specified by Annex 15.

Aeronautical Information Services of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (CICA) specified the term NOTAM for more formal notice to airman following the ratification of CICA, which came into effect on 4th April, 1947.

Previously NOTAM from a particular airport was published after a specific time. Due to various developments of AAI now-a-days it is possible to automatically update the information i.e. NOTAM to pilots.

NOTAM is issued (and reported) for a numbers of reasons following:

• Hazards such as air-shows, parachute jumps, kite flying etc.• Flights by important people such as heads of state (Terminal

Flight Restrictions, TFRs).• Closed runways.• Inoperable radio navigational aids.• Military exercises with resulting airspace restrictions.• Inoperable light on tall obstructions.• Temporary erection of obstacles near airfields.• Passages of flocks of birds through airspace (a NOTAM

in this category is known as BIRDATM).• Notifications of runway/taxiway/apron status with

respect to snow, ice & standing water (SNOWTAM).• Notification of an operationally significant change in

volcanic ash or other dust contamination (an ASHTAM).

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• Software code risk announcements with associated patches to reduce specific vulnerabilities.

• Aviation authorities typically exchange NOTAMs over AFTN circuits

VHF (Very High Frequency)(Frequency range : 30 - 300 MHz.)

Very high frequency (VHF) is the radio frequency range from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted High frequency (HF), and the next higher frequencies are known as Ultra high frequency (UHF). The frequency allocation is done by ITU.

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These names referring to high-end frequency usage originate from mid-20th century, when regular radio service used MF, Medium Frequencies, better known as "AM" in USA, below the HF. Currently VHF is at the low-end of practical frequency usage, new systems tending to use frequencies in SHF and EHF above the UHF range. See Radio spectrum for full picture.

VHF propagation characteristics are ideal for short-distance terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter (see formula below). Unlike high frequencies (HF), the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF radio and thus transmissions are restricted to the local area (and don't interfere with transmissions thousands of kilometres away). VHF is also less affected by atmospheric noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Whilst it is more easily blocked by land features than HF and lower frequencies, it is less affected by buildings and other less substantial objects than UHF frequencies.

Two unusual propagation conditions can allow much farther range than normal. The first, tropospheric ducting, can occur in front of and parallel to an advancing cold weather front, especially if there is a marked difference in humidities between the cold and warm air masses. A duct can form approximately 250 km (155 mi) in advance of the cold front, much like a ventilation duct in a building, and VHF radio frequencies can travel along inside the duct, bending or refracting, for hundreds of kilometers.

certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world. Some national uses are detailed below.

108–118 MHz: Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser.

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118–137 MHz: Airband for air traffic control, AM, 121.5 MHz is emergency frequency

 

Frequency Bands:

128.850-132.000 - This is the primary VHF band for communications among the airlines. There are some additional frequencies now allocated in the range136.500-136.975 - Not all frequencies in this band are for the airlines, but this would be the basic search range.

HF Airline bands will be added at a later timeFrequency Bands:

128.850-132.000 - This is the primary VHF band for communications among the airlines. There are some additional frequencies now allocated in the range136.500-136.975 - Not all frequencies in this band are for the airlines, but this would be the basic search range.

VHF AM Transmitter

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• Frequency range — On the basic of frequency range, the transmitters may be —

• (a) Medium wave transmitters—They operate over a range of 550 to 1650 kHz frequency.

• VHF/UHF transmitters—They operate in V.H.F. (30-300 MHz) or U.H.F. (300 to 3000 MHz) range of frequencies. They are used for F.M. radio, T.V., radio telephony, etc.

• Microwave transmitters — These transmitters are used on frequencies above 1000 MHz. Their application is in radars.

• Short wave transmitters—They operate over a range of 3 to 30 MHz. ionosphere propagation is employed

VHF AM Receiver

HFRT COMMUNICATION(FREQUENCY RANGE: 3 TO 30 MHz)

HFRT communication is the acronym of high frequency radio Tele Communication. When aircraft crosses 200 NM radius from the aerodrome, one of the ways of communication is HFRT communication. It is a distant communication. Unlike VHF, it’s not dependent on line of sight (LOS) & it uses sky wave. Hence distance communication is possible through HFRT. Mainly it is

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used in oceanic region where there is no way to make communication through VHF frequency range.

It is operated in two modes :

MWARA : Major World Air Route Area.

It is used for International Flight. The available frequencies for MWARA in N.S.C.B.I Airport at Kolkata are:

10066 KHz ,6556 KHz ,3491 KHz, 2947 KHz.

Among these the first two are used during day (1st is main, 2nd is standby) & other two frequencies are used at night.

RDARA : Regional Domestic Air Route Area.

It is used for Domestic Flight. The available frequencies for RDARA in N.S.C.B.I Airport at Kolkata are:

8869 KHz, 6583 KHz, 8948 KHz, 5580 KHz, 2872 KHz.

These are also operated in the same manner as MWARA.

En-route VHF frequency for Kolkata HFRT is 127.3 MHz.

HFRT is very noisy because transmission is done using ionospheres reflection.

Imaginary points on different routes are named to facilitate aircrafts navigation. Some names are : DOPID, BBKO, MABUR, BINDA etc.

The difference in elevation levels that can be assigned to flight in the same direction is 1000 ft and in opposite direction it is 2000 ft.

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Minimum horizontal separation between any two aircrafts is 10 NM.

AMSSAMSS is a computer based system, centered on the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) for exchange of Aeronautical messages by means of auto-switching for distribution of messages to its destination(s). This system works on store and forward principle.

AMSS is an acronym for Automatic Message Switching System. It has four major areas:

(1) System (2) Switching (3) Messages (4) Automation

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System:AMSS is a dual architecture computer based system which consists of few servers and workstations which are linked to each other over a local area network as well as other equipment/devices for data communication.

Messages:AMSS is mainly for exchange of AFTN messages, but at the same time AMSS can handle some non-AFTN messages like AMS messages (formally known as HFRT/Radio messages).

Switching:AMSS receives the messages from the terminals connected via other switches, and after analyzing, stores the messages as well as automatically retransmits the messages to their destination. During the above process it uses switching system, which allows on demand basis the connection of any combination of source and sink stations. AFTN switching system can be classified into three major categories:

1)Line Switching 2)Message Switching 3)Packet Switching

Automation:So far as automation is considered for any system, it could be achieved by means of mechanical devices like relay etc. and/or application software design as per requirement. InElectronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) AMSS, maximum features of automation like message switching, analyzing, storing, periodical statistics etc. are taken care of by AMSS software and few means of mechanical system.

Hardware Configuration

AMSS consists of three major components:

 1) Core System 2) Recording System 3) User’s terminal 

 1. Core System:It incorporates communication adapters, protocols/suites, routing and gateway facilities. The core system is composed of two identical computer machines (known as AMSS

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main servers) which run in an operational/hot standby combination. Both units supervise each other‘s software and hardware  

2. Recording System:It has two identical mass data storage devices for storing of all incoming and outgoing AFTN messages. It also has two identical mirrored Database servers which are operated in parallel. The mirroring between the two database servers is performed in the background to store specified type messages like NOTAM, MET, ATC, HFRT, with no effect on the regular operation.

3. User’s Terminals:It is the interface between user and the system with capability for uniform administration and monitoring facilities for all system components, networks and data as well as exchange of data as per requirement of users vide different type application software. Any number of user terminals (maximum 60) can be installed and used simultaneously.

VOLMET VOLMET or metrological information for aircraft in flight, is a worldwide network of radio stations that broadcast TAF, SIGMET & METAR reports on shortwave frequencies and in some countries on VHF too. Reports are sent in upper sideband mode, using automated voice transmissions.

Pilots on international routes, such as North Atlantic Tracks, use this transmissions to avoid storms & turbulence, and to determine which procedures to use for descent, approach and landing.

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The VOLMET network divides the world into specific regions and individual VOLMET stations, each region broadcast weather reports for specific groups of air terminals in their region at specific times, coordinating their transmissions schedules so as not to interfere with one another. Schedules are determined in the intervals of 5 minutes, with one VOLMET station in each region broadcasting reports for a fixed list of cities in each interval. These schedules repeat in every 30 minutes.

ADS – Automatic Dependent Surveillance

Automatic : The system operation is automatic, with no direct action by the pilot

Dependent:The system’s accuracy is dependent on on-board navigation and other data sources (e.g. FMS) to provide the data to be broadcast

Surveillance:The data is used for air and ground surveillance

Forms of ADS

ADS Contract (ADS-C)

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The aircraft provides the information to the ground system in four ways:

1)demand report 2)event report 3)periodic report4) emergency report.

ADS Broadcast (ADS-B)The data is broadcast. The originating aircraft has no

knowledge of who receives and uses the data and there is no 2-way ‘contract’ or interrogation

ADS-B is a surveillance application that involves a broadcast of position to multiple aircrafts or multiple ATM units.Each ADS-B equipped aircraft or ground vehicle periodically broad casts its position and other relevant information derived from on board equipment.ADS-B is currently defined for LOS operations (over VDL or Mode-S)It can be used as alternative to ASDEIt has the potential to complement SSR.

ADS B – Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast

Position Reports Position Reports

ADS B Ground Station

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ADS ARCHITECTURE

CONTROLLER PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICATION (CPDLC)

• A means of digital communication between controller and pilot, using data link instead of voice

• Initial application for en-route operations in areas where the use of voice communication is considered not efficient.

• CPDLC message have a standard formats, using familiar ICAO phrases.

• Before sending a CPDLC message, it can be viewed on the computer display unit and modified, if required.

Advantages of CPDLC over Voice Communications

• Significant reduction of workload for Pilot and Controller

• Alleviate voice channel congestion problems

• Allow ATC to handle more traffic

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• Eliminate misunderstanding of poor voice quality

• Eliminate misinterpretation and corruption due simultaneous voice transmission

• Significant reduction of response time

• Automatic down linking a report such as way point crossing

HF RECEIVER• ICOM Receiver (made in Japan) is used in AAI, Kolkata. It is a

wideband receiver. Its features are following:

• Frequency coverage is : 100 KHz to 1 GHz.

• It is a multipurpose receiver with different modes :

• Upper Side Band.

• Lower Side Band.

• Continuous Wave.

• Frequency Shift Keying.

• Amplitude Modulation.

• Narrow Band Frequency Modulation.

• Wide Band Frequency Modulation.

• Receiver type :Superheterodyne system.

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• Sensitivity : 2 µV. This is the minimum voltage that can be detected by the receiver.

• Audio Output Impedance : 4 to 8 ohms.

ASMGCS

(ADVANCED SURFACE MOVEMENT GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEM)

A system providing routing, guidance and surveillance for the control of aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain the declared surface movement rate under all weather conditions within the Aerodrome Visibility Operational level (AVOL) while maintaining the required level of safety.

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Surface Movement Radar (SMR)

Used to detect aircraft and vehicles on the surface of an airport.

Used by A ir Traffic Controllers to supplement visual observations.

Also used at night time and during low visibility to monitor the movement of aircraft and vehicles

Multilateration System

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Radar

RADAR is an acronym coined by the US Navy from the words RAdio Detection And Ranging.Radar is basically a means for gathering information about distant objects called “targets” by sending electromagnetic waves at them and analysing the returns called the “echoes”.

CLASSIFICATION OF RADARS

Primary Radar:Cooperation of targets are not required for detection.

Secondary Radar:Active cooperation of targets are required for finding range and other details of the targets.

CW Radar:Can detect moving targets and it’s velocity.CW FM Radar: Can detect range using FM Signals. Pulsed Radar: Uses pulse modulated micro wave signals for detecting range and velocity of targets.

Primary Radar

Antenna Propagation

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Transmitted pulse

Secondary Radar

MAXIMUM RANGE OF A RADAR depends on:

• Peak transmission power (4th root)

• Minimum detectable signal (MDS)

• Antenna Gain

• Radar cross section of the target

• Atmospheric attenuation

In AAI RADARs available at:

• Kolkata, Chennai, Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Berhampur, Nagpur, Varanasi, Mangalore

• Delhi and Mumbai

• Hyderabad and Bangalore

• Kolkata, Chennai, Bellary, Vizag, Katihar, Jharsuguda, Bhopal, Porbandar and Udaipur

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• Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Trivandrum, and Delhi

MSSR

MSSR INTERROGATION

The interrogator transmits a pair of pulses at 1030 MHz. Each pulse has the same duration, shape and amplitude. Their spacing distinguishes various modes of interrogation P2 pulse use is for control

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DME : Distance Measuring Equipment

Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures slant range distance by timing the propagation delay  of VHF or UHF radio signals.

Frequency Bands : UHF (300 MHz to 3GHz)960 MHz to 1215 MHz(For DME)

Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving pulse pairs – two pulses of fixed duration and separation. The ground stations are typically co-located with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel.

A low-power DME can be co-located with an ILS Localiser  antenna installation where it provides an accurate distance to touchdown function, similar to that otherwise provided by ILS Marker Beacons.

The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft and a UHF receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground.

ILS

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The full form of ILS is Instrument Landing System.The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides a means for safe landing of aircraft at airports under conditions of low ceilings and limited visibility.

The components of ILS are:

1. Localiser 2. Glide path3. Marker Bacons 4.L P DME

Locations of ILS components

ILS Parameter ILS Component

a. Azimuth Approach Guidance Provided by Localizer

b. Elevation Approach Guidance Provided by Glide Path

c. Fixed Distances from Threshold Provided by Marker Beacons

d. Range from touch down point Provided by DME

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l

Bibliography

•Training material provided by the Airports Authority Of India

•www.aai.aero

•Electronic Communication System by Kennedy & Davis.

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•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_landing_system

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_dependent_surveillanc

CONCLUSION

As an undergraduate of the JIS College of Engineering I would like to say that this training program was an excellent opportunity for us to get to the ground level and experience the things that we would have never gained through going straight into a job. I am grateful to Airports Authority Of India for giving us this wonderful opportunity.The main objective of the industrial training is to provide an opportunity to undergraduates to identify, observe and practice how

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engineering is applicable in the real industry. It is not only to get experience on technical practices but also to observe live equipment and to interact with the staff of AAI . It is easy to work with people, but not with sophisticated machines. The only chance that an undergraduate has to have this experience is the industrial training period. I feel I got the maximum out of that experience. Also I learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance of being punctual, the importance of maximum commitment, and the importanceof team spirit. The training included AMSS, VOLMET, ADS, CPDLC, HF RECEIVER, ASMGCS, SMR, RADAR, DME, ILS. We learned mot only through theory classes but also by practicals on live equipments. In my opinion, I have gained lots of knowledge and experience needed to be successful in Aviation communication engineering. As in my opinion, Engineering is after all a Challenge, and not a Job.