Aim: How did the Enlightenment in Europe come about?

Aim: How did the Enlightenment in Europe come about?

The Scientific Method

http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html

Major Figures of the Scientific Revolution

• Galileo

• Kepler

• Vesalius

• Harvey

• Newton

Galileo (1564-1642)

proved the heliocentric theoryhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Galileo.html

Why did the Catholic Church support the Geocentric Theory?

http://people.physics.carleton.ca/~watson/Physics/NSCI1000/Pseudo-science/Copernicus_vs_Ptolemy.html

• Joshua 10:12• On the day the LORD gave the Amorites over to Israel,

Joshua said to the LORD in the presence of Israel: "O sun, stand still over Gibeon, O moon, over the Valley of Aijalon."J

• Joshua 10:13 • So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the

nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar. The sun stopped in the middle of the sky and delayed going down about a full day.

Kepler (1571-1630)

demonstrated how planets orbit the earth

http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Kepler.html

Kepler’s Laws

• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kepler.html

Warning: This website contains seriouslycomplex physics concepts. You are not required toknow these models/formulas. You can relax now.

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

Founder of modern anatomy

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_vesalius.html

Andreas Vesalius: De corporis humani fabrica libri septem

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/historicalanatomies/vesalius_home.html

Harvey (1578-1657)

explained the circulation of blood

http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/harvey.html

William Harvey (1578-1657)

Courtesy of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

One of the most important works in the history of medicine Harvey, an English physician, demonstrated how the heart and blood circulation worked…Harvey was able to work out how the blood passed from the heart through the lungs then back to the heart to be pumped round the rest of the body. His discovery of the ‘double’ circulation of the blood, however, did not change medical practice for many years.

Newton (1643- 1727)

formulated the laws of gravityhttp://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Newton.html

What does it mean to be “Enlightened?”

The Enlightenment (1700s)

Enlightened thinkers believed in

• Science and natural law (that laws govern human nature)

• Rationalism (the power of human reason)

• People can live by these laws and solve society’s problems

Enlightened Principles

• End to injustice, inequality, and superstition

• Tolerance of all religions

• Breakdown of institutions like the Church that were corrupt and were not based on natural law and human reason

Peterson’s AP Success World History 3rd Edition

SALONS

• Salons were parlors where people met to have enlightened discussions.

• Guests would include philosophes, writers, poets, and artists.

• Both men and women attended salons.

• One of the great salons was hosted by Marie-Therese Geoffrin. Voltaire attended her salon.

The Chinese Influence on the Enlightenment

• In 1601 an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci began a Catholic mission in China.

• By 1700 the Catholic mission had converted about 250,000 Chinese to Christianity.

• The Europeans there were very well-educated and the Board of Astronomy was placed under their charge until 1838.

Columbia.edu

Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi( 徐光啟 ) (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements ( 幾何原本 ).

Images wikipedia

Ricci in China

1602 map of Far East by Ricci

European Views of the East

• The Europeans in China wrote home about the advanced culture of the Chinese during the 18th century.

• This inspired European thinkers because the Chinese were not Christian, and yet maintained a moral society.

• The form of government was most inspiring to European philosophes.

Columbia.edu

Chinese Government

• Although he was seemingly an absolute monarch, the Chinese emperor was limited by Confucian principles.

• “The people are the most important element in the state; the sovereign is the least.”

• The Chinese were viewed as a land that did not have an unfair feudal system. Their government was admired because of the civil service exam.

Columbia.eduGoogle images

Is this surprising?

The Chinese had other ideas that traveled to the West!

Shutterstock.com

http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:awO8lbGH2QYJ:afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s10/ideas.pdf+A+Chinese+Cinderella+columbia&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1

Google images

Famous Figures of the Enlightenment

• Kant

• Locke

• Hobbes

• Rousseau

• Montesquieu

• Voltaire

“Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! [dare to know] ‘Have courage to use your own understanding!’--that is the motto of enlightenment.” (1784)

Immanuel Kant

http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/kant.htm

http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/kant.html Q: Why do you think it takes courage to become enlightened?

Thomas Hobbes

http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/hobbes.html

“The condition of man

[in the state of nature]

…is a condition of war

of everyone against

everyone.”

Q: Why do you think Hobbeswas a supporter of Absolutism?

John Locke

Sec. 87. Man being born, as has been proved,

with a title to perfect freedom, and an uncontrolled enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, or number of men in the world, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish (those who break) that law… because no political society can be, nor subsist, without having in itself the power to preserve the property…of all those of that society…”

-Two Treatises of Government

1690

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1690locke-sel.html#CHAPTER%20II:%20Of%20the%20State%20of%20Nature

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU

http://www.ithaca.edu/faculty/cduncan/220/rousseau2.doc

Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws, 1748

“In every government there are three sorts of power; the legislative; the executive, in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive, in regard to things that depend on the civil law…The political liberty of the subject is a tranquility of mind, arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man need not be afraid of` another.”

Fordham.edu

http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Mon2

MONTESQUIEU

E xecu tiveB ran ch

L eg is la tiveB ran ch

Ju d ic ia lB ran ch

B ran ch eso f

G overnm en t

SEPARATION OF POWERS

Q: Why would ‘one man not need be afraid of another’ if the powers of government wereDivided among different branches?

• Chapter 22: On Universal Tolerance • It does not require great art, or magnificently

trained eloquence, to prove that Christians should tolerate each other. I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as our brothers. What? The Turk my brother? The Chinaman my brother? The Jew? The Siam? Yes, without doubt; are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God?

Voltaire: A Treatise on Toleration (1763)

Fordham.edu

Modern History Sourcebook: Cesare Beccaria:

Essay on Crimes and Punishments “No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty; nor can society take from him the public protection until it have been proved that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. What right, then, but that of power, can authorise the punishment of a citizen so long as there remains any doubt of his guilt? This dilemma is frequent. Either he is guilty, or not guilty. If guilty, he should only suffer the punishment ordained by the laws, and torture becomés useless, as his confession is unnecessary. If he be not guilty, you torture the innocent; for, in the eye of the law, every man is innocent whose crime has not been proved.”

Fordham.edu

Aim: To what extent did the Enlightenment have global effects?

Enlightened DespotsIs this term an oxymoron?

Frederick II: Essay on Forms of Government

“Rulers should always remind themselves that they are men like the least of their subjects. The sovereign is the foremost judge, general, financier, and minister of his country, not merely for the sake of his prestige. Therefore, he should perform with care the duties connected with these offices. He is merely the principal servant of the State. Hence, he must act with honesty, wisdom, and complete disinterestedness in such a way that he can render an account of his stewardship to the citizens at any moment. Consequently, he is guilty if he wastes the money of the people, the taxes which they have paid, in luxury, pomp and debauchery. He who should improve the morals of the people, be the guardian of the law, and improve their education should not pervert them by his bad example.”

Fordham.edu

Social studies school service

• 13. What is the true End of Monarchy? Not to deprive People of their natural Liberty; but to correct their actions, in order to attain the supreme Good.

• 33. The Laws ought to be so framed, as to secure the Safety of every Citizen as much as possible.

• 34. The Equality of the Citizens consists in this; that they should all be subject to the same Laws.

Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)

Draft of a Russian law code by Catherine in 1767 Fordham.eduSocial studies school service

Q: Based on what we have learned about Catherine the Great, do you believe she was truly enlightened?

• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780

• Joseph’s reforms• Religious

toleration• Control over the

Catholic Church• Abolition of

serfdom

Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)

Social studies school service

• CLOSED COUNTRY EDICT OF 1635• 1. Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

2. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.

3. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. 4. If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation. 5. Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of the priests must be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking priest, he must be given one hundred pieces of-silver. For those of lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly. 6. If a foreign ship has an objection (to the measures adopted) and it becomes necessary to report the matter to Edo,1 you may ask the Omura2 domain to provide ships to guard the foreign ship. . . . 7. If there are any Southern Barbarians3 who propagate the teachings of the priests, or otherwise commit crimes, they may be incarcerated in the prison. . . .8. All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the priests.

Japan

Wfu.edu

The Western Influence on Japan

• Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.

• Except for books on Christianity, a ban on western books was removed in 1720.

• In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch literature on astronomy were ordered by the shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.

• There were translations of western books on physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, navigation and military tactics.

http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/APM/TXT/low-m-02-96.html

• Hsieh Ch 'ing kao (1765-1822) was illiterate and went blind during the course of his travels. Thus the places he had seen were deeply etched in his memory. Toward the end of his life, he dictated his account to one of the local schoolboys. While it is possible that he traveled to America, as his excerpt suggests, it is more likely that he heard tales of the invention of the steamship rather than saw.

• (Portugal) "Religion plays a dominant part in the lives of these people. Whenever anyone would commit a crime, he would go to the priest in the church and confess his sins and repent, after which he would be absolved by the priest. The priest is strictly forbidden to tell others what he has heard; he would be hanged if he did so. When a king ascends the throne, he does not take a new reign title, but follows the Christian calendar. There are also womenfolk who withdraw from the world and live apart in convents.

• (America) is a small isolated island in the middle of the ocean. It could be reached by sailing west for about ten days from England. Formerly it was part of England but now is an independent country, although the customs and practices of the two countries still remain alike.

Q: Why is it likely that Hsieh had not visited America?

A Chinese account of the West

http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/hai-lu.html

• Olaudah Equiano, an Ibo from Nigeria, was just 11 years old when he was kidnapped into slavery. He was held captive in West Africa for seven months and then sold to British slavers, who shipped him to Barbados and then took him to Virginia. After serving a British naval officer, he was sold to a Quaker merchant from Philadelphia who allowed him to purchase his freedom in 1766. In later life, he played an active role in the movement to abolish the slave trade.

• “My father, besides many slaves, had a numerous family, of which seven lived to grow up, including myself and a sister, who was the only daughter. As I was the youngest of the sons, I became, of course, the greatest favourite of my mother, and was always with her; and she used to take particular pains to form my mind. I was trained up from my earliest years in the arts of agriculture and war; and my mother adorned me with emblems, after the manner of our greatest warriors. In this way I grew up till I was turned the age of eleven, when an end was put to my happiness in the following manner:--Generally, when the grown people in the neighbourhood were gone far in the fields to labour, the children assembled together in some of the neighborhood's premises to play; and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our parents' absence, to attack and carry off as many as they could seize.”

Africa

Newsreel.org

Diagram of the slave shipBrooks

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter5.shtml

http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/his3487/lembrich/seminar52.html

TRIANGLE TRADE

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

• http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/students/his3487/lembrich/seminar53.html

The Plight of Africans is revealed to the West

• http://courses.wcupa.edu/wanko/LIT400/Africa/Equiano.htm

How were women affected by the Enlightenment?

• On Julie de Lespinasse • From Memoir of Baron de Grimm • Her circle met daily from five o'clock

until nine in the evening. There we were sure to find choice men of all orders in the State, the Church, the Court,-military men, foreigners, and the most distinguished men of letters. Every one agrees that though the name of M. d'Alembert may have drawn them thither, it was she alone who kept them there. Devoted wholly to the care of preserving that society, of which she was the soul and the charm, she subordinated to this purpose all her tastes and all her personal intimacies…Politics, religion, philosophy, anecdotes, news, nothing was excluded from the conversation, and, thanks to her care, the most trivial little narrative gained, as naturally as possible, the place and notice it deserved. News of all kinds was gathered there in its first freshness.

http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/classes/cluster21/wiki/index.pl?SalonLife

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT

“It would be an endless task to trace the variety of meannesses, cares, and sorrows, into which women are plunged by the prevailing opinion, that they were created rather to feel than reason, and that all the power they obtain, must be obtained by their charms and weakness”

http://www.bartleby.com/144/

• More precious in a woman is a virtuous heart than a face of beauty. The vicious woman's heart is ever excited; she glares wildly around her, she vents her anger on others, her words are harsh and her accent vulgar. When she speaks it is to set herself above others, to upbraid others, to envy others, to be puffed up with individual pride, to jeer at others, to outdo others,--all things at variance with the "way" in which a woman should walk. The only qualities that befit a woman are gentle obedience, chastity, mercy, and quietness.

Kaibara Ekken or Kaibara Token: Greater Learning for Women in

Japan (1762)

Fordham.edu

Which areas of the world were affected by the ideas of the Enlightenment?