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AGING OF BITUMEN
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Page 1: Aging of bitumen

AGING OF BITUMEN

Page 2: Aging of bitumen

INTRODUCTION Latin origin ‘gwitu-men’.

Earliest recorded use of bitumen by Sumerians.( 3500 to 2000 BC)

Since then used as adhesives , water proofing agents.

Manufactured from fractional distillation of crude oil.

The use of bitumen in road construction dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century.

Bitumen is claimed over 80% of the 100 million tonnes of the annual bitumen consumption is used for paving applications in the construction and maintenance of roads.

It is used cause relatively inexpensive and generally provide good durability in paving mixtures

In addition, bituminous pavements are generally characterized by their immediate serviceability, good riding quality and absence of joints.

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OCCURRENCE AND SOURCES Bitumen can be obtained from various sources. It occurs naturally, but for most purposes it is petroleum on which the world relies for its supplies of bitumen.

Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae and other living things.

Under the heat (above 50°C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum

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COMPOSITION It varies widely according to the source of the crude oil from which the bitumen originates.

Mainly composed of a large amount of hydrocarbons with minor amounts of structurally analogous heterocyclic species.

Some functional groups (heteroatoms) containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms and trace quantities of metals such as vanadium, nickel, iron, magnesium and calcium, which occur in the form of inorganic salts and oxides or in porphyries structures.

Carbon 82% - 88%

Hydrogen 8% - 11%

Sulphur 0% - 6%

Oxygen 0% - 1.5%

Nitrogen 0% - 1%

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TYPES OF BITUMEN Paving grade bitumen

Cutback bitumen

Bitumen emulsions

Modified bitumen

Polymer modified bitumen

Multi grade bitumen

Industrial bitumen

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PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN Hardness : Penetration greater than 40 are used for road construction.

Softening point : property which make us to know whether given bitumen can be used at the particular place i.e. softening point value should be higher than pavement temperature.

Ductility : Formation of the film and coating would be proper.

Viscosity : At low or high viscosity of bitumen coating of binder around aggregates will not be proper.

Flash and Fire point : Flash point 175 degrees and,fire point usually 15 degree higher than flash point.

Durability : excessive rates of hardening (poor durability) can lead to premature binder embrittlement and surfacing failure resulting in cracking and chip loss.

Specific gravity : lies between 0.97 to 1.02.

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AGINGComplex process based on chemical composition pavement structure and climate.

Bitumen must be resistant to change in properties over time

Based on hardening or stiffening of asphalt material

1. short-term ageing.

2. long-term ageing.

Aging produces polar species that can form structures.

The main mechanisms of aging of bitumen are oxidation and loss of volatiles.

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FACTORS AFFECTING AGING

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FACTORS AFFECTING AGINGLoss of oily components of bitumen by volatility or absorption by porous aggregates.

Change in chemical composition of bitumen molecules from reaction with atmospheric oxygen, and

Molecular structuring that produces thixotropic effects (steric hardening).

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OXIDATION AND LOSS OF VOLATILES

Occurs due to loss of lower molecular weight volatiles.

This loss rate depends on the concentrations, temperature, and environment.

As bitumen age they incorporate oxygen at reactive sites. 1. hetero-atoms

2. benzyclic carbonic groups

Hetero atoms in unaged bitumen may be polar or nonpolar.

Oxidation may be catalysed by components in the bitumen and by some metal compounds in the aggregates.

The level of carbonyl or sulphoxide groups is not affected.

This mechanism is free radical and is initiated by peroxide formation.

The predominant materials formed in oxidation are oxygen polar functionalities.

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FUNCTIONALITIES PRODUCED BY AGING

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGING ON BITUMEN PERFORMANCE

EFFECT OF THERMAL AND ULTRAVIOLET AGING

Because of the differences in air composition and the length of the solar radiation path between plateaus and low-altitude plains, plateaus have unique climatic and environmental features due to their more intense radiation, longer daylight hours, and especially their much higher UV percentage, which ranges from 20% to 25% of the total solar light.

This is five times more than that on plains. Such intense UV radiation causes serious aging of bitumen, which influences its performance. As a result, the durability of the pavement decreases. Therefore it is important to study specifically the influence of UV radiation on bitumen performance.

Three types of base bitumen from different sources with the same penetration grade are taken as A ,B ,C.

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COMPARISON OF THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGED BITUMEN.

After UV and Thermal aging penetration and ductility value decreased while softening point is increased.

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DEGRADATION RATES OF PHYSICAL INDICES OF AGED BITUMEN. Figure shows the changes to physical indices of bitumen A and B caused by aging.

A is more UV radiation sensitive. Its penetration decreased by 42%.ductlity decreased by 77.6% and the softening points increased by 22.6%,showing poor anti –UV ability.

B is not very sensitive to UV but is more thermally sensitive .as only small changes caused by UV radiation but greater changes in ductility and softening points caused by thermal aging can be seen .

Variations in the physical indices indicate than bitumen has different sensitivities due to Thermal and UV aging.

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TESTS ON AGING OF BITUMENThin film oven test Rolling thin film oven test Pressure aging vessel

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Thin film oven test (TFOT) The TFOT was firstly introduced by Lewis and Welborn (1940).

A 50 ml sample of bitumen is stored at 163oC for five hours in a layer of 3.2 mm thick.

Adopted by AASHTO in 1959 and by ASTM in 1969 (ASTM D1754, 1995a) as a means of evaluating the hardening of bitumen.

The bitumen is not agitated or rotated during the test, there is a concern that ageing (primarily volatile loss) may be limited to the ‘skin’ of the bitumen sample.

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Rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT)

Developed by the State of California Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, in 1963.

Eight glass containers each containing 35 g of bitumen are fixed in a vertically rotating shelf, hot air is blown into each sample bottle.

The bitumen flows continuously around the inner surface of each container in a relatively thin film at a temperature of 163oC for a period of 75 minutes.

The vertical circular shelf rotates at a rate of 15rpm and the air flow is set at a rate of 4000 ml/min.

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Pressure aging vessel (PAV) The SHRP-A-002A research team developed a method using the PAV to simulate the long-term.

The method involves hardening of bitumen in the RTFOT or TFOT followed by oxidation of the residue in a pressurised ageing vessel.

The PAV procedure entails ageing 50 g of bitumen in a 140 mm diameter within the heated vessel, pressurised with air to 2070 kPa for 20h at temperatures between 90 and 110oC.

It was found that 5 hours of PAV ageing at 100oC and 2070 kPa was equivalent to standard RTFOT ageing, and that 25 hours of PAV ageing at 100oC and 2070 kPa was equivalent to standard RTFOT+PAV ageing.

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REJUVENATION TREATMENT Rejuvenation in principle is simple ,replace the oils lost and rebalance the bitumen composition so it is no longer brittle . It would require sophisticated extraction testing and remodelling of binder in the road. The controlling factor in rejuvenation is diffusion, to ensure a positive result, the level of diffusion must be controlled by careful choice of rejuvenator and the delivery method .

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EMULSION Rejuvenation needs to be contact with the aged binder , ability to penetrate this binder. Emulsifier choice is needed. Emulsion must coat and wet adhere to stone quickly. It must provide a Rejuvenation sealer, an enrichment emulsion or a chip sealing emulsion. Bitumen emulsion is a liquid product in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition .in an aqueous medium and stabilized by means of one or more suitable materials.

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EFFECT OF FILLERFiller is a fine material which passes a 0.63 mm sieve, derived from aggregate or other granular material. The greater the amount of filler added the less the bitumen ages. Increasing the content indicates a smaller decrease in penetration a smaller increase in the softening point and smaller increase in the bitumen indicator that ,aging is less.The addition of filler to the mixture can improve adhesion and cohesion. The effects of addition of filler are directly related to the characteristics and degree of concentration of filler in the bitumen filler system.

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ADVANTAGES OF BITUMEN OVER CONCRETE IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION Cost: Asphalt is usually about 30 to 40 percent cheaper than concrete.

Speed of Construction: To lay a new asphalt driveway it usually takes 1 - 2 days depending on the size and scope of work. Where concrete can take up to several days longer to complete.

Cracking: All asphalt or concrete pavements can get lineal cracks this does not mean the pavements are failing. The most common reason for this is expansive soil (clay). Asphalt is a flexible pavement which means it is less likely to crack than concrete. That is why concrete has control joints in it (scored lines/saw cut lines) to deal with any cracking.

Repairs and Maintenance: Generally asphalt is cheaper to repair than concrete due to the cost of the material.

Asphalt is 100% recyclable.

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References Tom Wieringa and John Tailby,(2005), Rejuvenation Treatments for Aged Pavements (2005) Aging of bitumen Tan yi-qiu, Wang Jia-Ni1, Feng Zhong-Liang2 and Zhou Xing , (2005). Influence and mechanism of ultraviolet aging on bitumen performance. Wu, Jiantao (Jed) thesis 15-6-09 - University of Nottingham. The Shell Bitumen Handbook ,By John Read, David Whiteoak.