Age of industry in america

AGE OF INDUSTRY IN AMERICATRAINS, STEEL, CORPORATIONS

ANDUNIONS

WHAT IS A NETWORK? ◦A SYSTEM OF CONNECTED LINES USED FOR BUILDING RAILROADS Brought benefits to shippers in the U.S.

How did Train companies help train schedules? ◦Railroads setup a system of standardized

time zones in 1883.

RAILROADS AND INDUSTRY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDWHM00sZJc

THE TIME ZONES

Here we go: ◦ Q: If you were living in Pennsylvania and wanted to call

your brother in California during his lunch break (Noon), what time would you call from in Pennsylvania?

◦ A: 3:00pm

◦ Q: If you were in Chicago and you wanted to call your buddy in Las Vegas, NV at 9:00pm his/her time what time would you call?

◦ A: 10:00pm

A LITTLE FUN WITH TIME ZONES

GEORGE PULLMAN◦ INVENTOR OF THE RAILROAD SLEEPING CAR

INCLUDED: BATHROOMS, DINING CARS, BEDS

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE◦ INVENTOR OF THE AIR BRAKE

ALLOWED TRAINS TO STOP ON A DIME AND CAUSED LESS CRASHES TO HAPPEN ON THE RAILS.

IMPROVEMENTS IN THERAILS

PROBLEM: ◦ TO MANY COMPANIES EQUALED LESS PROFITS

ANSWER:◦ CONSOLIDATE OR COMBINE

RAILROAD COMPANIES COMBINED TO FORM LARGE COMPANIES

HURTING THE FARMERS: ◦ COMPANIES GAVE REBATES TO LARGE COMPANIES FOR

SHIPPING LARGE ITEMS◦ FARMERS WERE GIVEN LESS REBATES BECAUSE THEY

SHIPPED LITTLE

HURTING THE FARMERS, HELPING THE

CORPORATIONS

WHAT ARE POOLS? • DUE TO THE LARGE NUMBER OF COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES• COMPANIES CONSOLIDATED

•PROBLEM: • COMPETITION WAS HARSH AND “CUT THROAT”

•ANSWER: • COMPANIES SEPARATED INTO REGIONS AND CHARGED AND

“POOLED” THEIR PRICES TOGETHER TO CHARGE ONE PRICE.

• HURT FARMERS BECAUSE THEY HAD TO PAY HIGH PRICES FOR LITTLE SUPPLIES, WHEREAS CORPORATIONS PAID THE SAME PRICE FOR LARGER BULK ITEMS.

HOW DO WE MAKE STEEL? ◦ BESSEMER PROCESS

ENABLED STEELMAKERS TO PRODUCE STRONG STEAL AT A LOWER COST.

WHO WAS ANDREW CARNEGIE? ◦ STEEL MOGUL ◦ STARTED THE IDEA OF VERTICAL INTEGRATION

ACQUIRING CONTROL OF ALL THE STEPS REQUIRED TO CHANGE RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCTS

GOSPEL OF WEALTH ◦ BELIEF THAT THE RICH HAD A DUTY TO HELP THE POOR

AND IMRPOVE SOCIETY

GROWTH OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY

ANDREW CARNEGIE: MAN OF STEEL

WHAT IS A CORPORATION? ◦ A BUSINESS THAT IS OWNED BY INVESTORS

WHAT IS A STOCK? ◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATION

WHAT IS A DIVIDEND? ◦ SHARES OF A CORPORATIONS PROFIT

RISE OF CORPORATIONS

WHO WAS J. PIERPONT MORGAN?

◦ THE MOST POWERFUL BANKER OF THE LATE 1800’S

◦ USED BANKING PROFITS TO GAIN CONTROL OF MAJOR CORPORATIONS

THE BANKING INDUSTRY

WHO WAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER?

◦ PENNSYLVANIAN OIL TYCOON WHO USED OIL TO MAKE KEROSENE USES

HEATING, LIGHT FUEL John D. Rockefeller

◦ CREATED THE CALLED STANDARD OIL USED PROFITS FROM HIS REFINERIES TO BUY UP ALL

OTHER REFINERIES Conspiracy of Standard oil

ROCKEFELLER’S STANDARD OIL

WHAT IS A TRUST? ◦ A GROUP OF CORPORATIONS THAT ARE RUN BY A SINGLE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

WHAT IS A MONOPOLY? ◦ WHEN A CORPORATIONS CONTROLS ALL OR NEARLY ALL

THE BUSINESSES INAN INDUSTRY.

HOW DID GOVERNMENTS COMBAT TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES? ◦ SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT OF 1890

COMBATTING TRUSTS AND

MONOPOLIES

1866◦ Cyrus Fields runs cable underwater in the Atlantic

Ocean

◦ Impact: The United States and Europe was brought together

through this invention.

TRANSATLANTIC CABLE

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL◦ SCOTTISH BORN TEACHER OF THE DEAF◦ WANTED TO TRANSMIT SOUND◦ CREAT ION OF THE TELEPHONE

SPILLED BATTERY ACID ON HIMSELF AND CALLED FOR HIS ASSISTANT TO COME HELP HIM AND “Mr. Watson come here, I want you!”

THE TELEPHONE

THOMAS EDISON◦ ‘THE INVENTION FACTORY”

MENLO PARK, NEW JERSEY

◦ INVENTIONS: MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Short Story of Thomas Edison

THOMAS EDISON

HENRY FORD ◦ CREATOR OF THE “AFFORDABLE “AUTOMOBILE

◦ ASSEMBLY LINE CREATED IN 1913 METHOD OF PRODUCTION, WORKERS ARE

STATIONED IN ONE PLACE AS PRODUCTS EDGE ALONG ON A MOVING BELT

◦ MASS PRODUCTION MAKING LARGE QUANTITIES OF A PRODUCT

QUICKLY AND CHEAPLY

BECOMING MOBILE

THE ASSEMBLY LINE

ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT◦ EXPERIMENTED WITH ANOTHER NEW METHOD OF

TRANSPORTATION FLYING!

◦ TESTED FIRST FLYING MACHINE ON DECEMBER 17, 1903 CALLED THE “FLYING MACHINE” FLEW FOR 12 SECOND WITH A DISTANCE OF 120 FEET

LET’S ALL GO AIRBORNE!

Gonna FLY NOW!!!

LABORERS IN THE LATE 1800’S◦ WORKERS

MOSTLY NATIVE BORN WHITE MEN LEFT THE FARMS FOR LUCRATIVE JOBS IN THE CITIES

◦ OTHER TYPES OF WORKERS: AFRICAN AMERICAN-MIGRATED FROM SOUTH IMMIGRANTS-LARGE NUMBERS

EUROPE ASIA MEXICO

EARNED LESS WAGES THAN NATIVE BORN WHITE-MEN

LABOR IN THE AGE OF INDUSTRY

WORKPLACE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR◦ FACTORIES WERE SMALL AND FAMILY RUN

AFTER THE WAR CIVIL WAR THINGS CHANGED◦ WORKERS STOOD ALL DAY AND WORKED◦ LOUD NOISY MACHINES ◦ WORKED FOR WAGES FIXED BY BOSSES

SWEATSHOP WORKPLACE WHERE PEOPLE LABOR LONG HOURS

IN POOR CONDITIONS FOR LOW PAY

WORKERS AND EMPLOYERS

CHILD LABOR

◦ CENSUS BUREAU REPORT: NEARLY 2 MILLION CHILDREN UNDER AGE 15 WORKED

THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY

◦ PROBLEMS WITH WORK LACK OF SCHOOLING=NO CHANCE TO BETTER THEIR LIFE

DANGERS OF THE WORKPLACE

◦ Dust filled the air hurting the lungs◦ Cave-ins and gas explosions◦ Owners more concerned with profit than

safety Example: one year 195 workers killed in Pittsburgh alone!

CHILD LABOR AND DANGER

KNIGHTS OF LABOR http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SteWSnKVhOE◦ UNION OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY◦ TERENCE POWDERLY WAS FIRST PRESIDENT

OPENED MEMEBERSHIP TO WOMEN BLACKS IMMIGRANTS UNSKILLED WORKERS

AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR◦ LED BY SAMUEL GOMPERS◦ OPENED TO SKILLED WORKERS ONLY◦ LIMITED GOALS

SHORTER HOURS, IMPROVED WAGES, COLLECTIVE BARGAINING:

RIGHTS OF UNIONS TO NEGOTIATE WITH MANAGEMENT FOR WORKERS AS A GROUP.

WORKERS ORGANIZE

HAYMARKET RIOTS◦ MCCORMICK HARVESTER COMPANY WORKERS

GO ON STRIKE◦ COMPANY HIRES STRIKEBREAKERS

REPLACEMENTS FOR STRIKING WORKERS WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE

4 WORKERS WERE KILLED

◦ NEXT DAY: WORKERS CLASH WITH POLICE IN HAYMARKET

SQUARE-CHICAGO ANACRCHISTS

PEOPLE WHO OPPOSE ALL FORMS OF GOVERNMENT; SETOFF A BOMB THAT KILLS MANY AND WOUNDING OTHERS

RESULT: KNIGHTS OF LABOR LOSE MEMBERSHIP

EVENTS OF THE INDUSTRY

IN 1911,

◦ FIRE BROKE OUT IN THE TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY IN CHICAGO

◦ WORKERS RACED FOR THE DOORS TO FIND THEM LOCKED! RESULT:

WORKERS RAN INTO DOORS BLOCKING THE DOORS WITH THEIR BODIES

OVERALL RESULT: NEARLY 150 PEOPLE, MOSTLY WOMEN LOST THEIR LIVES

EFFECT: IMPROVED SAFETY LAWS ENACTED

THE TRIANGLE FIRE

THE TRAGEDY OF THE FIRE