1 Affective Disorders
Jan 21, 2016
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Affective Disorders
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Affective Disorders
U.S. Canada
Anxiety Disorder
BR12 18% 12%
LTR 30% 20%
Mood Disorder
BR12 9%+ 6%+
LTR 17%+ 12%+
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Affective DisordersIssues
1. Emotional states: adaptive and non-adaptive negative emotionality
2. Feelings: the experience and expression of emotional states
3. Misattribution: confusing content and cause of emotional states
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Normal and clinical depression
Primary and secondary affective disorders (e.g. “dual diagnosis”)
Comorbidity (especially with Anxiety disorders)
Affective DisordersIssues
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Affective DisordersDifferential Diagnosis
Mood disorder due to General Medical Condition
Substance-induced Mood Disorder
Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
“Negative emotion disorder”
“Pseudodementia”
“Manic Depression”
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Affective Disorders
Types: BR12 Lifetime risk
A. Unipolar
1. Major depression 4+% 12% 12+%
2. Dysthymia 2+% 3+%
B. Bipolar
3. Manic depression 1% 1% 2+%4. Cyclothymia 1% 1%
Canadian Totals 6+% 12+%
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Affective DisordersDysthymia
Clinical picture
Personality: from “neurosis” to “temperament”
“Double depression”
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Affective DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder
Descriptive features symptoms severity single & recurrent episodes incidence course
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Affective DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder
Treatment chemotherapy (“antidepressants”) Spontaneous remission and ...
Old researchNewer researchNewest research
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Affective DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder
Distinctionsa. exogenous/endogenous (distal causes?)b. major/minor (severity)?c. psychotic/neurotic (severity → cause)?d. melancholic/non-melancholic (proximal causes)
Note: depression with “psychotic” features
depression with “atypical” features
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Affective DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder
Signs of “melancholia”: family history early onset insidious onset normally not
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Affective DisordersMajor Depressive Disorder
Symptoms of “melancholia”: vegetative appetite and weight loss early morning wakening pleasures of the chase and the feast
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Affective DisordersExplanations
A. Biogenesis1. Genetics
concordance rates, old and new adoptions, old and new
prospective retrospective
possibilities direct influence of genes indirect influence of genes interactive influence of genes
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Affective DisordersExplanations
A. Biogenesis
2. Biology of negative emotionality
The original theory The monoamine hypotheses, old and new
Catecholamines : Dopamine + Norepinephrine Idoleamine : Serotonin (5-HT)
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Biology of negative emotionality:
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A. Biogenesis
2. Biology of negative emotionality The “first generation” antidepressants
tricyclics and their anticholinergic “side effects” MAOIs and “the cheese effect”
The “second generation” antidepressants SSRIs (eg Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft) Atypicals (eg Asendin, Effexor, Wellbutrin) Dual action (eg Serzone, Remeron) Others (eg SNRIs, reversible MAOIs, herbs)
Affective DisordersExplanations
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Do antidepressants work? The controversy, revisited
The new numbers
The drug alternatives Cocaine : dopamine reuptake Ecstasy : serotonin release Amphetamines : monoamine release
The suicide risk
Affective DisordersExplanations
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Biological factors, continued genes age experience gene/experience interactions
Affective DisordersExplanations
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3. Developments1. Body: cortisol and the DST2. Brain: lateralization of emotion
frontal involvement of glutamate involvement of memory : hippocampus & amygdala neurobiology of sleep
Affective DisordersExplanations
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B. Psychogenesis
1. Psychodynamic theory Freud’s “anaclitic” depression Bowlby’s Attachment theory: “working models” Klerman’s Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Affective DisordersExplanations
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2. Learning theory
RewardsRewards : “Response contingent positive
reinforcement” rewards activities Behavioural Activation Treatment
Affective DisordersExplanations
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PunishmentsPunishments : “Learned Helplessness” and beyond Cognition : “Pessimistic Attributional Style”
(internal, global, stable) Learned Helplessness: “The negative triad”
(helplessness and hopelessness)
thoughts emotions Psychological immunization
(helplessness and hopelessness)
Modern Cognitive Therapy “Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy”
Affective DisordersExplanations
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Some research: “The Dodo Bird Verdict”
... and beyond
1. drugs2. IPT3. cognitive therapy4. placebo
Affective DisordersExplanations
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2. Phenomenological theory Humanistic perspective : actualization The alternative (and the Existentialists) Logotherapy
Affective DisordersExplanations
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C. Sociocultural aspects
Cause: sociogenesisContent: autonomous and sociotropic peopleCourse: interpersonal factors in prognosis
Affective DisordersExplanations
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Affective DisordersSummary
Major Depressive Disorders:melancholic and non-melancholic:
personality factors & disorders?
Dysthymiaprimary and secondary:
melancholic and non-melancholic?
Treatmentdrugs and the alternatives:
specific patient-symptom & non-specific approaches
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Affective DisordersNotes
1. ECT (“Shock Therapy”) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation
2. SAD (“Depression with a Seasonal Pattern”) Melatonin and the Pineal Gland Light Therapies
3. PDD (“Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder”) Premenstrual Syndrome The controversy
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4. Post-Partum Syndromes: “Maternity Blues” “Post-Partum Depression” “Psychotic Depression in the Postpartum Period”
5. The Sex Difference Predisposing factors Reinforcing factors
Affective DisordersNotes
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Affective DisordersBipolar Disorder and Cyclothymia
A. Descriptive factors: 1. Manic and depressed episodes
Mixed and rapid cycling Bipolar I and II Suicide
2. Cyclothymia Personality Controversy
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A. Biogenesis1. Genetic
Concordance rates, then and now Adoptions, retrospective and prospective
Possibilities:direct influence of genes?
2. Biology of mania The hypotheses
B. Psychogenesis cause and content
Affective DisordersBipolar Disorder and Cyclothymia
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C. Therapy
Lithium and its alternatives Anticonvulsants (e.g. Tegretol, Valproate, Lamictal) Atypical Antipsychotics (e.g Risperadol, Zyprexa, Abilify) What else?
Affective DisordersBipolar Disorder and Cyclothymia
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Affective DisordersSchizoaffective Disorder
Differential Diagnosis
Depression with “mood congruent delusions” Schizophrenia with “secondary depression” A perspective, and a treatment (Symbyax)
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Affective DisordersSuicide
Social problems and psychiatric ones
Rates, worldwide and Canadian
Trends in Canada
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Reasons:1. Disinhibitors: “social involvement and identity”
egoistic altruistic anomic
2. Motivations: “escape from self” / ”psychache” standards and expectations stresses, setbacks and self-blame unbearable self-awareness
Affective DisordersSuicide
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Affective DisordersSuicide
Summary:“Why people die by suicide”:
“Disconnectedness and Ineffectiveness”
Issues:1. Ambivalence
“to be” “not to be” “maybe”
2. Intervention passive suicide assisted suicide euthanasia
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Affective Disorders
Issues:3. Prevention
societal solutions imitation and contagion (“The Werther Effect”) the biology of suicide
4. Prediction predicting rare events predicting in practice the predictors
• past attempts (the best predictor)• present plan (availability of lethal means)• person (social support)
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Somatoform & Dissociative Disorders
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Somatoform disorder
What is happening here?
1. Conversion (“hysteria”)
– Sensory and motor symptoms– Over and under-diagnosis– Purpose?– Compare: “self serving bias” and “self-handicapping”– Notes: “La belle indifference” and lateralizatoin – Conversion, selective attention and dissociation
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Somatoform disorder
2. Somatization
– Diagnosis– Theory– Therapy– Chronic Conversion?
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Somatoform disorder
3. Hypochondriasis (and “cyberchondria”)
– Medical preoccupations– Other needs (and “medical offset”)?
“a disorder of cognition and perception”
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Somatoform disorder
4. Somatoform pain
– Painful preoccupations– Primary and secondary gains?
5. Body Dysmorphia
– Physical preoccupations– Some possibilities (and “muscle dysmorphia”)?
Group forms, old and new
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Somatoform disorder
MalingeringMalingering: deceit with a purpose
Factitious disorderFactitious disorder:
Munchausen syndrome
Note: self-induced and “proxy” forms
How do you know?
What do you do?
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Dissociative disorder
What is happening here?
Hypnosis and the study of “dual consciousness”
“Pre-attentive Processing”1. “Dry”: the research in the lab
... the how of “implicit perception and memory”
2. “Wet”: the experience of everyday life
... the why of “intentional not-thinking”
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Dissociative disorder
AutobiographiesAutobiographies: “deep” and “superficial” memories
... the facts, feelings and fictions
Demonstrations of dissociationDemonstrations of dissociation: group & personal ones
... the Dissociative Experiences Scale
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Dissociative disorder
1. Dissociative Amnesia Motivated lack of awareness Recovered Memories
1. “Dry”: the learning theory view of memory
... how learning and memory serve external, adaptive needs
2. “Wet”: the psychodynamic view of memory . .. how learning and memory serve internal, personal needs
The lesson from life:The lesson from life: “the complexity of awareness about highly traumatic events”
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Dissociative disorder
2. Dissociative Fugue
Motivated lack of awareness and movement Episodic, declarative and procedural memory
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Dissociative disorder
3. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Over and under-diagnosis:“Multiple Personality Disorder” and its problems
Post-traumatic Theory (and “asymmetrical amnesia”)
Sociocognitive view (and “iatrogenic illness”)
Notes: suggestibility and dissociation-proneness
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Dissociative disorder
4. Depersonalization Disorder
Derealization:“where am I?” and “out-of-body” experiences
Depersonalization:“who am I?” and “partial dissociation”
Note: The story of “Possession/trance disorder”
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Eating Disorders and Obesity
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Eating Disorders and Obesity
1. Anorexia1. AnorexiaDiagnosable and otherwise
2. Bulimia2. BulimiaPurging and non-purging
3.3. ““Binge-eating disorder”Binge-eating disorder”DSM – V controversies
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Eating Disorders and Obesity
Base rates, clinical and sub-clinical
A. Family context: “expressed emotionality”
B. Personal context: “Clusters B and C”
C. Cultural context: social expectations
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Eating Disorders and Obesity
Beyond the obvious, clinical and sub-clinical
The biological context
• causes, effects and correlates• comorbidities with eating disorder
Course and treatment
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Binge-eating Disorder
• The social problem• Beyond the BMI• Recognition and getting results• Blaming biology and beyond• Psychological, biological and social factors• Prevention
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
Old and new diagnostic practices:“Psychological factors affecting medical condition”
History
1. Psychodynamic (“psychological”) viewpoint:Personality Illness
2. Psychophysiological (“biological”) viewpoint:“Weak link” + stress Illness
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
History
3. Modern Behavioral Medicine and “Health Psychology”
Cause, course, care and cureComparisons of physical health
1900 { 45 – 50
dehydration, TB, pneumonia
2000 { 80+
coronary and cancers
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
1. Peptic UlcersDispositional and situational factors in duodenal ulcers... from monkeys to men to helicobacter pylori and beyond
2. ImmunocompetenceStress and the hypothalamus in immunosuppression and
autoimmune disorders... from the hypothalamus to hormones to neurons and
beyond
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
3. Cardiovascular disordersCoronary heart disease
Type A in causation and prognosis Beyond Type A: anxiety, depression and “Type D”
1. Exercise: the evidence2. Alcohol: the evidence
Dispositional and situational factors
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
3. Cardiovascular disorders
Essential hypertensionDiet, exercise, stress...Type A...
Factors: “repressed rage” and beyondImplications for treatment: constructive expression of anger
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PsychologicalFactors
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Psychological Factorsand Physical Illness (Axis IV)
The importanceThe importanceof prevention!of prevention!
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
• Why axes?• Why diagnosis?• Diagnostic criteria that don’t work:
1. Theoretical criterion: personality isn’t pathology
2. Personal criterion: ego syntonic vs. ego dystonic disorders
3. Social criterion: eccentricity isn’t pathology
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
• Base rates (and comorbidity)
• Prognosis
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
Cluster A: “Eccentric”
1. Schizoid (solitary)2. Schizotypal (idiosyncratic)3. Paranoid (vigilant)
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
Cluster B: Erratic
1. Borderline (mercurial)2. Narcissistic (self-confident)3. Histrionic (dramatic)4. Antisocial (adventurous)
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
Cluster C: “Anxious”
1. Avoidant (sensitive)2. Obsessive-compulsive (conscientious)3. Dependent (devoted)
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
In the appendix...
1. Passive-aggressive2. “Depressive”
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Personality Disorders (Axis II)
Note, also....
1. “Sadistic” 2. “Self-defeating”
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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History
Moral insanity, psychopathy and “The Mask of Sanity”
The DSM:
from “Sociopathic Personality Disorder”
to “Antisocial Personality Disorder”
- the problem in principle: no symptoms
- the problem in practice: no reliability
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The Modern Criteria ... and prevalence rates
The new problem: criteria
“too broad and too narrow”
The Psychopathy
Checklist
“Successful
Psychopaths”
ASPD (DSM III)
ASPD (DSM IV)
“psychopath”/”sociopath”
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Research
A. Biology, then and now
Concordances: monozygous and dizygous
Adoption: retrospective and prospective
Cross-fostering observations
Other longitudinal research:
“Deviant children grown up” : predictors (Robins)
Prognosis in adulthood
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Research
B. Psychological factors, then and now
Parents and their children:
Attachment Theory and the “affectionless psychopath” (Bowlby)
Adaptation to Life and “sociopathy” (Vaillant)
“Failed encounters” and the “fledgling psychopath” (Moffit et al)
Cross-cultural studies
Gene-environment interactions:MAO-A and maltreatment
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Theory
1. The (“primary”) Psychopath... and biological precursors
2. The Sociopath (or “secondary psychopath”)... and psychosocial precursors
e.g Two types of children (Frick)
The difference it makes remission prognosis treatment
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Theory
The nature of psychopathy
The context: “a mixed incentive task”
A B C D
Passive avoidance conditioning and the “low fear” model (Lykken)
wrong WRONG! RIGHT wrong
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Theory
The Theory: “an inhibitory deficiency”BAS (Behavioral Activation System)
BIS (Behavioral Inhibition System)
The Theory, updated:Emotional and cognitive components
“dual deficit” model “attention” model
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Theory
Successful psychopaths, revisited
The “two-edged sword” of antisocial behavior:
means and motives
... comorbidities and their implications
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Theory
C. Sociocultural factors, then and now
“The Psychopathic Society” (learning)
“The Psychopath within” (psychodynamics)
Beyond psychopathy:the nature of evil
the concept of “insanity”
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Impulse Control Disorders
1. Intermittent explosion
2. Kleptomania
3. Pyromania
4. Pathological gambling
5. Trichotillomania