Aerospace Propulsion Lec 1 Intro

Aerospace Propulsion (MEC 4280/4740)Dr. Raed Kafafy

Aerospace PropulsionAerospace PropulsionMEC 4280 / 4740MEC 4280 / 4740

Semester I2009/2010

Lecture (1)

IntroductionIntroduction

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Course OutlineCourse Outline

InstructorDr. Raed KafafyOffice hours: Mon/Tue/Wed/Thu (10:00 AM – 11:00 AM)Office: E1-2-16.5

Class ScheduleMon – Wed (8:30 AM – 9:50 AM)Attendance will be taken every class

Course WebsiteCourse notes and assignments on LMS

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EvaluationQuizzes (4): 20%Assignments (8): 10%Midterm Exam: 30%Final Exam: 40%

MidtermTBD

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ReferencesRequired1. Archer, R.D. and Saarlas, M. (1996). An Introduction to Aerospace

Propulsion, Prentice Hall Inc.

Recommended1. J. D. Mattingly (2006). Elements of Propulsion: Gas Turbines and Rockets,

1st Edition, AIAA Education Series.2. Hill, P. and Peterson, C., (1992). Mechanics and Thermodynamics of

Propulsion, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesly Publishing Company, Inc.3. Cohen, H., Rogers, G.F.C., and Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., (1998). Gas Turbine

Theory, 4th Edition, Longman Ltd.4. Mattingly, J.D., (1996). Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, McGraw-Hill.5. Sutton, G. P. and Biblarz, O., (2000). Rocket Propulsion Elements, 7th

Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.6. Turner, M.J.L., (2000). Rocket and Spacecraft Propulsion: Principle, Practice

and New Developments, Springer & Praxis Publishing.7. Others …

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Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives

To understand the different types of propulsion systems and their suitable applications.

To understand the basic principles behind the operation of common propulsion systems.

To clearly understand the basic components and performance of gas turbine jet engines.

To understand the basic elements of rocket propulsion.

To appreciate the environmental impact of aerospace propulsion systems.

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Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

By the end of this course, you will be able to …Explain how thrust is generated in air-breathing engines and rockets.Perform thermodynamic analysis of aerospace propulsion cycles.Analyze the overall performance of turbojets, turbofans and turboprop engines. Describe the different types of gas turbine components and their functions.Design and analyze a propeller preliminarily.Analyze the performance of turbomachinery components of gas turbine engines (fans, compressors, turbines).Analyze the combustion system of gas turbine engines.Describe the various types of liquid and solid propellant rockets and their components. Analyze the performance of liquid and solid propellant rockets.Describe the environment impact of various aerospace propulsion systems.

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What is …What is …

Propulsion?In Latin, pro means forward and pellere means to drive.In English, propulsion means to push or drive forward.

Aerospace Propulsion System?A device which is used to produce thrust to drive an aerospace vehicle (aircraft, missile, launch vehicle, or a spacecraft) in a preferred direction.

Th

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Thrust Drag

Thrust is needed to accelerate or sustain the motion of an aerospace vehicle.

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The Principle of Jet PropulsionThe Principle of Jet Propulsion

Thrust?The propulsive force which is generated as a reaction to the change in the momentum of a working fluid (propellant).A practical application of the third law of motion (Isaac Newton, 1643–1727)

“For every force acting on a body there is an opposite and equal reaction.”

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Classification of Aerospace PropulsionClassification of Aerospace Propulsion

Use air as an oxidizer as well as a working fluid.Piston engines, Gas turbines, and Ramjets

Carry on their own propellant (fuel and oxidizer) internallyRockets

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Piston EnginePowered the first successful flight of an aircraft in 1903Dominated aircraft propulsion for 40 yearsComplexity, limited power, and large weight Usage limited to small aircraft

V-type engine Radial engine

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Classification of Piston EnginesCooling method: air-cooled, liquid-cooledCylinders arrangement: inline-type, V-type, X-type, H-type, radial-type, or opposed-typeNumber of cylinders: 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, …Mechanical cycle: two-stroke or four-strokeFuel type: gasoline, diesel, …Other classifications

V-type engine Radial engine

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Gas TurbineAircraft gas turbine is adapted in many ways for aerospace propulsionIt is also used for land and marine propulsion as well as industrial applications

Classification of Gas Turbine Aircraft EnginesTurbojet

A gas turbine attached to a diffuser and a nozzle

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Classification of Aerospace Propulsion Classification of Aerospace Propulsion

TurbopropA propeller driven by a gas turbine which is also attached to a diffuser and a nozzle

TurboshaftA helicopter rotor is driven by a gas turbine through a reduction gear.

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Classification of Aerospace Propulsion Classification of Aerospace Propulsion

TurbofanA fan is driven by a gas turbine which is attached to a diffuser and a nozzle. A separate nozzle may also attached to the fan.A turbofan engine may be ducted or unducted (unducted fan).

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RamjetSupersonic flight where ram compression can replace mechanical compressionScramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) and pulsejet

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RocketsUsed within or outside the atmosphere (an oxidizer should be carried on)Liquid propellant rockets: higher thrust, higher specific impulse, restartable (booster stage)Solid rockets: simpler in design (emergency thrust, missile propulsion, …etc)

Classification of RocketsChemical Rockets

Solid-Propellant RocketsLiquid-Propellant RocketsHybrid-Propellant Rockets

Non-chemical RocketsElectric rocketsNuclear rockets

Combined TypesTurbo compound piston engine, turboramjet, turborocket, ramjet-rocket

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A Brief History of PropulsionA Brief History of Propulsion

The Idea of Jet PropulsionThe credit goes to Hero who lived in Egypt about 150 B.C !

The Principle of Jet PropulsionThird law of motion developed by Isaac Newton in the 17th century !

Hero’s aeolipile

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Rocket EnginesThe Chinese, Mongols, Arabs, and Indians developed solid rockets by trial and error (1100 – 1800).The technology transferred to Europe then US between 1800 and 1900Development of liquid propellant rocket in US and GermanySpace exploration programs in US, Russia, Japan, China, and India, …etcDevelopment of non-chemical rockets

Saturn VThe V2 Rocket

Fire-arrow

Atlantis Space Shuttle

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Reciprocating (Piston) EnginesDevelopment of the internal-combustion engine during the 19th centuryDevelopment of the four-stroke and two-stroke engines (Germany)The four-stroke gasoline engine (US and Germany)The Wright brothers airplane engine in 1903 (US)Development of aircraft piston engines during WW-I and before WW-II

Radial engine Wrights’ engine

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Gas Turbine EnginesThe need for faster flight during WW-IIDevelopment of the gas turbine (turbojet) engine by Frank Whittle (1941) and von Ohain (1939)Further development of the gas turbine into other types:

Turboprop, Turbofan, Turboshaft, Unducted fan, Very-high bypass turbofan, Very-high bypass ducted propeller

Whittle engine Von Ohain engine

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Aerospace Propulsion Lec 1 Intro

Documents

elements of propulsion

lms aerospace propulsion

spacecraft propulsion

marine propulsion

thermodynamics of propulsion

rocket propulsion elements

dominated aircraft propulsion

aerospace vehicle aircraft