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We will examine adaptive radiations in the context of the Hawaiian Islands Adaptive radiations Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations “Getting there is half the problem . . .but then they can’t go home again” Sherwin Carlquist, 1965 Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations “If one were to stand at the top of Mauna Loa, he could see all the climes of the world at a single glance of the eye” Mark Twain, 1866 Hawaiian archipelago - the example for adaptive radiations “Assume nothing in Hawaiian natural history” Frank Howarth, 1992
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Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Jun 20, 2018

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Page 1: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

We will examine adaptive radiationsin the context of the Hawaiian Islands

Adaptive radiations

Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations

“Getting there is half the problem . . .but then they can’t go homeagain”

Sherwin Carlquist, 1965

Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations

“If one were to stand at the top of Mauna Loa, he could see all the climes of theworld at a single glance of the eye”

Mark Twain, 1866

Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations

“Assume nothing in Hawaiian natural history”

Frank Howarth, 1992

Page 2: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian archipelago - the examplefor adaptive radiations

Most remote island system in the world• settled in 1st millenium byPolynesians

• made known to science byCaptain Cook in 1778

Hawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxa

• around 1,000 species of flowering plants

• 225 species of ferns and allies

Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxa

• nearly 5,800 species of insects

• 130 species of spiders

Kamehameha butterflyHappyface spider

Hawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxa

• 230 species of birds

• 800 species of terrestrial molluscs

Land snailsKauai O’o

Hawaiian Biota

Page 3: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian biota: most are found nowhere else in the world and exhibit traitsuncharacteristic of their taxa

• no amphibians

• no terrestrial mammals

Hawaiian monk sealHawaiian bat

Hawaiian BiotaHawaiian biota: extinction on-going process both in past and present

Hawaiian honeycreepersExtinct snail, flightless duck, lobeliad

Hawaiian Biota

Hawaiian Archipelago

• 132 islands, reefs, & shoals

• 2,580 km on SE-NW line

• 99% of land lies on 8 mainislands near the hot spotbelow Lo’ihi

Hawaiian Archipelago

• hot spot stationary relative toPacific Plate motion

• forms hot spot trace

• potassium-argon datingindicates oldest islands furthestfrom hot spot

• hot spot stationary relative toPacific Plate motion

Page 4: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian Archipelago

• plate motion changed 43 mya

• oldest seamounts subductedinto Aleutian Trench

• plate motion changed 43 mya

43mya

Hawaiian Archipelago

• Islands (and shoals) are simplyemergent tops of great underwatervolcanoes

• up to 10km above ocean floor

Mauna LoaUSGS ‘GLORIA’ side sonar

Hawaiian Archipelago

• actually double hot spot 30km apart

• Lo’ihi to Mauna Loa

• Kilauea to Mauna Kea

HawaiiOahu

Hawaiian Archipelago

• progressively older ages of islands well known

Page 5: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian Archipelago

• real estate signs on recent lavaflow (80 years) on Big Island

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Kauai Present

NihauKaula

Oahu

Maui

Loihi Seamount

Molokai

LanaiKahoolawe Hawaii

Hawaiian Archipelago

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Kauai

0.5 Million Years Ago

Nihoa

NihauKaula

Oahu

Maui

Mahukona

Hawaiian Archipelago

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Kauai

1 Million Years Ago

Nihoa

NihauKaula

OahuMaui

Hawaiian Archipelago

Page 6: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Kauai

2.5 Million Years Ago

Nihoa

NihauKaula

Oahu

Hawaiian Archipelago

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Necker

Kauai

5 Million Years Ago

Nihoa

NihauKaula

Hawaiian Archipelago

22°

20°

18°

160° 158° 156° 154°

Gardner Pinnacles

La Perouse PinnaclesNecker

Nihoa

7.5 Million Years Ago

Hawaiian Archipelago

Hilo (windward and wet) vs. Kona Coast in Hawaii (leeward and dry)

Hawaiian Climate• primary weather pattern is northeasterly trade winds• severe kona winds come from leeward side

Page 7: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian Climaterainfall patterns

• tall mountains have dry summit (eastMaui)

• shorter mountains have extremely wetsummits (Kauai)

• steep, windward mountains (Oahu) havewet summit but drier Pali cliffs

Hawaiian Climaterainfall patterns

• double mountain system (as in Oahu)sets up complex rainfall gradient and adiversity of ecosystems

Hawaiian Climaterainfall patterns

• Wai’ale’ale on oldest (most eroded)island of Kauai is wettest spot in Hawaiiand possibly in the world

• 11.5 m of rain and presence of theAlakai Swamp

Hawaiian Climaterainfall patterns

• Pu’ukukui (5788 ft) on west Maui is 2ndwettest spot; xeric summit of Haleakala oneast Maui is 10,023 ft

Greensword bog - west Maui

Page 8: Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago - for adaptive ...courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_422/Lecture/pdf/HawaiiA.pdf · Adaptive Radiations Hawaiian archipelago ... “If one were

Hawaiian Climaterainfall and porous soils

• fewer waterfalls (permanent)

Greensword bog

• fewer bogs than expected

• more pronounced deserts