Camera Basics - Light Path Light and emulsion (Light sensitive gelatin and silver- halide crystals) or sensor Light Source Object Lens Emulsion or sensor in body
Sep 03, 2014
Camera Basics - Light Path
Light and emulsion (Light sensitive gelatin and silver-halide crystals) or sensor Light Source Object Lens Emulsion or sensor in body
Camera Basics •The Camera Body
•Light Proof Box
•Stores Film or Sensor
•Advances Film / Captures series of images
•Houses lens and shutter
Camera Basics - Body
Camera Basics -Controls
Camera Basics - The ShutterThe shutter is a small sliding door like object that opens and closes to allow exposure for an exact amount of time. Controls time that light hits sensor. Is read according to reciprocal seconds. (2 =
1/2 second) Fast shutter speed (high number) used for
high light and stop action. Slow shutter speed used for low light and still
shots.
Camera Basics - The Shutter
AS A GENERAL RULE, TO AVOID BLURRING,
NEVER SHOOT BELOW “60”.
Camera BasicsThe Lens- Quantity of light The aperture (lens
opening) can be opened or closed to allow enough light to reach the film.
A small aperture (or F-stop) is needed for bright light.
A large aperture is needed for dim light.
The larger the F-stop, the smaller the lens opening
F 1.4
F 2
F 2.8
F 4
F 5.6
F 8
F 11
F 16
F 22
Camera BasicsThe Lens- Depth of Field The distance between the closest and farthest parts
of a picture that are reasonably sharp. Determined by:
aperture size Focus distance Focal length of lens
Camera Basics - ISOControls the sensitivity of the sensor. High ISO = High Numbers (800 +)
Necessary for low light / high action Low ISO = Low Numbers (200 -)
Best for high light situations
Understanding Light
QualityQuantityDirection
Light Quality (Hard vs. Soft)Hard light is caused by direct, intense light hitting the subject It creates distinct shadows and hot
spots While it is often not desired because
it can cause loss of detail and distracting areas that are over or under exposed, when used properly, it can have a dramatic effect.
Good use of hard lighting
Isolating the subject When hard light is
directed at a subject and the camera is set to expose the subject properly, the background and other elements will be underexposed and therefore the composition will be simple
Good use of hard lightingDramatic shadows Shadows can give
your subjects a sense of depth and mystery.
Be careful to not put an important part of your subject in a shadow
Good use of hard lightingDramatic shadows Shadows can give
your subjects a sense of depth and mystery.
Be careful to not put an important part of your subject in a shadow
What Causes Hard Lighting
Direct sunlight On a cloudless day
In the morning, long shadows will be cast from the East
At noon, short shadows will be cast from above
In the afternoon, long shadows will be cast from the West
Strong, direct light from bare bulbs Hard light will travel in a straight line
and fan out from bare bulbsDirect flashes (YUCK)
Light Quality (Hard vs. Soft)Soft Light is created by indirect or diffused light hitting the subject Soft light tends to wrap around a
subject and cause no hard shadows It is often used by photographers to
show the full details of a subject and to achieve good, even exposure
Good use of soft lightingSoft lighting can be found outsideIf it is a cloudy, overcast day, there will be nice soft light everywhereAlso, a photographer can shoot with the entire subject in a large shadow such as one cast by a building
Good use of soft lightingIf indoor lighting is indirect, mounted far enough away, or well diffused, the effect can be a nice soft lighting
Light Quantity (Low and High)
In order to achieve a proper exposure, a camera must be set or set itself to compensate for the level of light entering the lens. Light quantity therefore affects aperture size, shutter speed, and ISO, settings, all of which affect the final look of the image
Low Light Effects – Shutter Speed
Low light often leads to the need for long exposures (slow shutter speed). If there is low light, the shutter has to stay open longer to create a proper exposure.This leads to: Blurred action Light source burn in
Good use of blurPanning - If you are forced to shoot action at a low shutter speed, choose one moving object, and move the camera with the object. When done properly, this will “freeze” the main object while everything else is blurred, leading to an interesting sense of movement.
Good use of burn inHalo effect – If the shutter is open a long time, any light source in the frame will appear to glow or radiate. Properly positioning these lights can actually add to the interest of the photo, or it can destroy it.
Good use of burn inLeading Light Lines – If the shutter is open a long time, any light source in the frame will appear to glow or radiate in streaks. Properly positioning these streaks can lead to a dynamic photo.
Low Light Effects – ApertureLow light often leads to the need for a large aperture (low f-stop). If there is low light, there needs to be a larger opening to let more light in to create a proper exposure. This leads to: Shallow depth of field
Good use of shallow depth of field
Selective focus - A shallow depth of field means that only a very small area in front of the lens will be in focus. As long as you focus is on the right thing, this can actually be an advantage as it greatly simplifies the image.
Low Light Effects – ISOLow light often leads to the need for a high ISO (fast film or digital pickup setting). A high ISO setting means the digital capture chip registers light and creates an image faster than a low ISO. This leads to: Graininess / Noise Loss of detail
Light Direction EffectsLight From Above – Common indoors and during mid-day outdoors. Has “normal lighting” effect.Light from below – Unusual. Has “spooky” effect.Light from side – Common in front of windows, at in early morning and sunset.Can have interesting effects, but watch the shadows.Light from front – Common with flash. Has “deer in headlights” , washed out effect.Light from back – Very common when people stand in front of windows. Leads to silhouette if there is not enough light bouncing off of front.
Back Lighting
While usually avoided because of loss of detail, silhouettes can make a dramatic impact.
Here the photographer metered the glowing video screen properly leading to the person in the foreground being drastically under exposed.
Rim Lighting-Back lighting done right
If the shot is properly metered and there is enough light bouncing off of the subject, light from the back can define the edges
Exposure should be metered very close to the subject and locked before moving away, or shot should be bracketed until right exposure is found. Avoid getting the light source directly in the frame.
Photojournalism Composition
Which of these shots is better and why?A
B
PhotojournalismThe art and technique of telling a story or reporting timely events by use of pictures and words.Not PosedNot StagedMust have human subject or angleFollows composition rules
Basic Composition RulesFill the frame. Close detail of
FACES and HANDS tell a story.
Basic Composition RulesGet candid shots
NO POSED PICTURES NO PICTURES WHERE SUBJECT IS LOOKING AT CAMERA
Basic Composition RulesPeak of Emotion / Action
Capture thoughts and emotions.