Academic Integrity in Scientific Publishing Mariann Burright Scholarly Communication Librarian Northwestern University Library.

Academic Integrity in Scientific Publishing

Mariann BurrightScholarly Communication Librarian

Northwestern University Library

Scholarly Communication @NU

• Help with scholarly publishing:

– Evaluating journal rankings in your field– Reading your copyright transfer agreement– Using your work after publication– Submitting your theses or dissertation– Publishing open access – Academic integrity

Academic Integrity

• "Red Flags" of Academic Dishonesty (NU Guide)CheatingPlagiarismFabricationObtaining Unfair AdvantageAiding and Abetting Falsification of Records and Official Documents Unauthorized Access to academic/ administrative records

Plagiarism

• Definition : The deliberate and knowing presentation of another person's original ideas or creative expressions as one's own (Black's Law Dictionary, 8th edition, 2004).

• Ethical but not a legal offense

• Different from copyright infringement which is a legal offense

• Direct copying, with minor alterations Remedy: use quotes around exact words and cite source

• Paraphrasing, expressing same idea with different wordsRemedy: use quotes, cite author

• Improper attribution, giving only partial credit to the author Remedy: cite source after conveying the whole idea

Fabrication

"falsifying or inventing any information, data or citation; presenting data that were not gathered in accordance with standard guidelines defining the appropriate methods for collecting or generating data and failing to include an accurate account of the method by which the data were gathered or collected."

From the Northwestern University Academic Integrity: A Basic Guide. September 2010.

Copyright Infringement• Definition: violating any of the exclusive rights of a

copyright owner to:

(1) reproduce (2) prepare derivative works (3) distribute (4) publicly perform (5) display publicly

From Copyright Act of the United States, 17 USCA Section 106

What that means to you…• Anticipate future uses of your work after

publication

• Know your rights and responsibilities in signing a copyright transfer agreement

• Consider open access publishing options

• Always keep all copies of copyright transfer agreements signed

The 'fair use' exemptionThe Four Factors 17 USC Section 107

…for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.

(1) purpose and character of the use(2) nature of the copyrighted work(3) amount of the work used(4) market effect on the work

What that means to you…• You can rely on fair use to some extent in

reproducing, distributing, displaying, performing, and making derivative works in your research and teaching

• Do a "fair use" analysis before exercising these rights

• Fair use is a set of guidelines, not strict procedure. Not all academic use is fair use, and not all fair use is academic

Resources for help

• Style Manuals help you avoid plagiarism by providing proper procedure for citations and formatting – The ACS Style Guide, 3rd Edition – The Council of Science Editors Manual for Authors,

Editors, and Publishers 7th Edition– The American Medical Association Manual of

Style: a guide for authors and editors

Resources for help

• Professional Codes of Ethics– "The Chemist's Creed", The Chemical

Professional's Code of Conduct– ACS Ethical and Professional Guidelines– National Institutes of Health (NIH) Bioethics

Resources on the Web – American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICHE)

Code of Ethics

Resources for help

• Fair Use Checklists help you avoid copyright infringementColumbia University Copyright Office:www. copyright.columbia.edu/copyright/fair-use/

Purdue University Libraries: www.lib.purdue.edu/uco/CopyrightBasics/

fair_use.html

Resources for Help

• Northwestern University Resources– The Northwestern University Academic Integrity:

A Basic Guide. September 2010.

– The Office of Sponsored Research Policies

– The Graduate School

Questions

• Contact Mariann Burright, Scholarly Communication Librarian

[email protected]

www.library.northwestern.edu/services/faculty-graduate-students/scholarly-communication