A Preschool Teacher’s Guide to Speech and Language Intervention Presented by: Sarah Tidmore, M.S. CCC-SLP.

A Preschool Teacher’s Guide to Speech and Language

Intervention

Presented by: Sarah Tidmore, M.S. CCC-SLP

What is Speech Language Pathology:

A health profession that evaluates, diagnoses, and treats speech, language, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders.

Language VS. Speech

Language is made up of socially shared rules that include: What words mean How to make new words How to put words together What word combinations are best in what situations

Speech: The actual act of producing the sounds

http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/language_speech.htm

Language is made up of socially shared rules

3 Subtypes of Language:

Receptive Language- How the child understands and processes what is being said to them.

Expressive Language- How the child shares thoughts, ideas, and feelings using speech.

Pragmatics- The social and emotional use of language


Speech: The actual act of producing the sounds Components of Speech include:

Articulation: the movement of the lip, tongue, and jaw to produce the sounds of speech

Intelligibility: The percentage that you are able to understand what the child is saying

Dysfluency (Stuttering): The many forms of interruptions in the production of speech that prevent easy, effortless, and smooth flow of speech.

Voice: The use of vocal folds and breathing to create sounds

Oral Motor: How the child uses oral strength and coordination to produce adequate articulatory precision, and swallow safely and efficiently.


Speech and Language Milestones

Adapted from the American Speech-Language - Hearing Association’sHow Does Your Child Hear and Talk? (http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm)

Birth to 3 months

Receptive Language:

Startles at loud sounds

Quiets or smiles when spoken to

Seems to recognize familiar voices and quiets if crying

Increases or decreases sucking behavior in response to sound

Shared attention with another person

Expressive Language:

Makes pleasure sounds (cooing and gooing)

Cries differently for different needs

Smile when he/she sees you

(http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm) http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm

4-6 months:

Receptive Language

Moves eyes in direction of sounds

Responds to changes in tone of your voice

Notices toys that make sounds

Pays attention to music

Emerging two-way engagement (peek-a-boo)

Responds to name

Expressive Language

Babbling sounds more speech-like with many different sounds including /p/,/b/,/m/

Chuckles and laughs

Vocalizes excitement and displeasure

Makes gurgling sounds when left alone and when playing with you

http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm

7 months to 1 year:

Receptive Language

Enjoys games like pat-a-cake

Turns and looks in direction of sounds

Listens when spoken to

Recognizes words for common items like "cup", "shoe", "book", or "juice“

Begins to respond to requests (e.g. "Come here" or "Want more?")

Expressive Language

Babbling both long and short groups of sounds ex: "tata upup bibibibi“

Uses speech/non-crying sounds to get/keep attention

Uses gestures to communicate (waving, holding arms to be picked up)

Imitates different speech sounds

Has one or two words (hi, dog, mama) around first birthday.


What can I do to help? Birth to 1 year Check the child's ability to hear. Pay attention to ear problems and

reoccurring infections.

Reinforce the baby's communication by making meaningful eye contact, and imitating vocalizations.

Repeat/Imitate laughter and facial expressions.

Teach the baby to imitate actions, such as peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake, or waving bye-bye.

Talk while you are doing things ex: dressing or feeding

Talk about where you are going, what you are doing, and who or what you'll see.

Talk about colors, practice counting, teach animal sounds


1 to 2 YearsReceptive Language:

Points to a few body parts when asked.

Follows simple commands and understands simple questions ("Roll the ball," "Kiss the baby," "Where's your shoe?").

Listens to simple stories, songs, and rhymes.

Points to pictures in a book when named.


Says more words every month.

Uses some one- or two- word questions ("Where kitty?" "Go bye-bye?" "What's that?").

Puts two words together ("more cookie," "no juice," "mommy book").

Uses many different consonant sounds at the beginning of words.

At 19-24 months should be 25-50% intelligible

Participates in back and forth two way engagement and communication.


What can I do to help? 1-2 years Talk while doing things/going places. Point to familiar objects and

say their names.

Use simple but grammatical speech that is easy for the child to imitate. Ex: More cookie

Remember OWL: Observe what the child is interested in

Wait 10-15 seconds for the child to initiate

Listen to what the child has to say

Expand on words.

Read to the child everyday, talking about the pictures on each page

Have the child point to and/or name pictures and objects.


2-3 Years

Receptive Language:

Understands opposites ("go-stop)

Follows two requests ("Get the book and put it on the table").

Listens to and enjoys hearing stories for longer periods of time


Has a word for almost everything.

Uses two- or three- words to talk about and ask for things.

Uses /k/, /g/, /f/, /t/, /d/, and /n/ sounds.

Speech is understood by familiar listeners most of the time.

Asks for/directs attention to objects by naming them.

Speech is 50-75% intelligible


What can I do to help? 2-3 years

Use clear, simple speech that is easy to imitate.

Show interest, repeat what the child has said and expand on it.

Ask the child to repeat things that you do not understand and model correct production.

Expand on the child's vocabulary by reading books with simple sentences.

Name objects and describe the pictures in books, stating synonyms for familiar words.


What can I do to help? 2-3 years (cont.) Make a scrapbook to practice naming pictures, use gestures and

speech to teach object function.

Look at family photos and name the people. Write simple phrases/sentences to describe what is happening in the pictures.

Ask the child questions that require a choice, rather than simply a "yes" or "no" answer. Ex: Do you want milk or juice?

Continue to sing songs, play finger games to introduce the child to the rhythm and sounds of language.

Help the child group objects into categories.


3-4 years

Receptive Language:

Hears you when you call from another room.

Hears television or radio at the same loudness level as other family members.

Answers simple "who?", "what?", "where?", and "why?" questions.


Talks about activities at school or at friends' homes.

Unfamiliar listeners understand child's speech.

Uses sentences with 4 or more words often.

Talks easily without repeating syllables or words.

Masters 50% of consonant and blends

Speech is 80% intelligible



Make silly pictures and help the child explain what is silly about the picture.

Sort pictures and items into categories, increase the challenge by asking the child to point out what is different

Expand vocabulary and the length of the child's utterances by: reading, singing, saying rhymes, talking about the surrounding environment


What can I do to help? 3-4 years (cont.)

Read books that have a simple plot, talk about and reenact the story with the child.

Look at family pictures; have the child explain what is happening. Take turns asking questions about each picture.

Expand on social communication and storytelling skills by "acting out" everyday activities. Ask the child to repeat what they said if you do not understand.


4-5 years

Receptive Language:

Pays attention to a short story and answers simple questions about them.

Hears and understands most of what is said at home and in school.


Uses sentences that give details ("The biggest peach is mine").

Tells stories that stay on topic.

Communicates easily with other children and adults.

Says most sounds correctly except a few /l/, /s/, /r/, /v/, /z/, /ch/, /sh/, /th/.

Says rhyming words.

Names some letters and numbers.

Uses the same grammar as the rest of the family.



Talk about spatial relationships (ex: in, on) and opposites

Offer a description or clues and have the child identify what you are describing.

Work on forming and explaining categories (Ex: sorting pictures of animals, foods, etc.)

Follow the child's directions as she or he explains how to do something.

Give full attention and praise to the child when he or she is speaking.

Build on the child' s vocabulary, provide definitions and use new words in context.

Encourage the child to ask for an explanation if he or she does not understand what a word means.



Expand on the child' s language skills by taking turns, ex: playing "I Spy“

Give the child two-step directions

Encourage the child to explain how they have done something. Draw a picture, and write down the child's story. The child will

soon grasp the power of storytelling and written language.

Play age-appropriate board games with the child.

Have the child help you plan and discuss daily activities, asking for their opinion.



Play games incorporating things that are the same or different.

Sort items into categories, having the child point out more subtle differences between objects.

Expand on social communication and narration skills (telling a story) by role-playing.

Read and act out stories with easy-to-follow plots. Help the child predict what will happen next. Ask "wh" questions


Stuttering

Adapted from Zebrowski, Patricia M., Ellen M. Kelly. Manual of Stuttering Intervention. Clifton Park: Singular Publishing Group, 2002.

Zebrowski & Kelly, 2002

Normal Disfluencies

Types of Stuttering Phrase Repetitions (I love..I love school) Interjections (I , um, love school) Word Repetitions (I..I love school)

During their preschool years children are rapidly acquiring language and speech sounds.

A child acquires receptive concepts before expressive concepts often leading to the child knowing what they want, but not how to express it.

Many children will begin to display characteristics of disfluencies, as the child's speech and language improve, the child's disfluencies improve.


Disordered Dysfluencies

Types of stuttering Part Word Repetitions (W.W.Wow, I love school) Prolongations (WWWWow, I love school) Blocks ({ silent pause}...I love school)

Frequency: More than 10% of the conversation consists of dysfluencies

Duration: Stuttering events last longer that 1 second

There are secondary characteristics with stuttering instances: Eye blinks Facial tension Labored or heavy breathing

You must look to see if it's frequent or inconsistent and if there is noticeable struggle when speaking


Bibliography

Guitar,Barry Ph.D., University of Vermont, Edward G. Conture, Ph.D., Vanderbilt University. “7 Tips for Talking with Your Child.” The Stuttering Foundation. April 2008. Stuttering Foundation of America. http://www.stutteringhelp.org/Default.aspx?tabid=632

“How Does Your Child Hear and Talk?” American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 02 June 2010. <http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/chart.htm>

Shipley, Kenneth G., Julie G. McAfee. Assessment in Speech-Language Pathology: A Resource Manual Second Edition. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, 1998.

Templeton, 1957; Wellman et al., 1931, in Sanders- Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1973.

“What is Language? What is Speech?” American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. 02 June 2010. http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/language_speech.htm)

Zebrowski, Patricia M., Ellen M. Kelly. Manual of Stuttering Intervention. Clifton Park: Singular Publishing Group, 2002.

A Preschool Teacher’s Guide to Speech and Language Intervention Presented by: Sarah Tidmore, M.S. CCC-SLP.

Documents

american speech language

speech language pathology

sounds http

sounds components of

language intervention

subtypes of language

language milestones

months receptive language