A male mouse is called a buck. A female mouse is called a doe. A baby mouse is called a pinky, or a kitten. Mice are fond of hard bread. Mice are.

A male mouse is called a buck. A female mouse is called a doe. A baby mouse is called a pinky, or a kitten. Mice are fond of hard bread. Mice are constant eaters - and will eat almost anything. Mice are prolific breeders, producing six to ten litters

continuously throughout the year Mice will nurse babies that are not their own. Baby mice curl up when they are being carried. You can keep mice on a table without a cage because

mice are afraid to jump off high vertical drops.

To this day some people believe that fried mice or mouse pie is a cure for bed wetting.

The greatest loss from mice is not due to how much they eat, but what must be thrown out because of damage or contamination.

Each year, rodents cause more than one billion dollars in damage in the US alone.

Mice have tails that are as long as their bodies. You should never pick a mouse up by its tail.The tip of the tail may

come off. Mouse tails have scales that help with climbing. Some mice don't have any hair at all. Mice have been domesticated for hundreds of years. The National Mouse Club of Britain was formed in 1895. Mice are able to see some colors; however, they do lack the pigment

that allows them to see red. They see shades of black and white and may be able to distinguish blues.

Though generally classified as herbivores and eat a regular diet of grains and fruit, mice will eat almost anything they encounter

Rat and mouse bones have been found in caves where cavemen lived.

Mice can make their own vitamin C. People worshipped mice in temples.

(You can see this in India) The Hindu god Ganesha rides a

mouse

A mouse can jump down 12 feet without injury. Mice are nocturnal creatures. The name mouse comes from "mus", a Sanskrit word

that means thief. Mouse urine has a fluorescent glow. Mice see best in dim light. Mice travel the same path time and time again, leaving

a smudge mark - a buildup of dirt and oil from their fur - along walls, pipes and holes.

Mice can chew through anything that is softer than their teeth.

Mice can transmit salmonellosis (bacterial food poisoning) when food is contaminated with infected mouse feces

Mice Mouse pleural (mice) is a

rodent The best known species

is the house mouse (mus musculus)

Live up 2 years In wild life 5 months due

to heavy predation by dogs, cats, birds,snakes,

Breathing dust from feces dangerous

The original motivation for cat to be domesticated is mice

Genetics Outbred

stocks Inbred stocks Athymic nude

mice and (SCID) mice

F1 hybrid Transgenic

mice

Ecology Germ free or

axenic Specific germ free Gnotobiotics conventional

Uses Make good pet Proficient breeder Musty odor More mice used in

research Genetics.virology.

teratogenecity.

Behavior They are social

animals Curioius but not

aggressive Female mice rarely

fight Dominant

hierarchy They are nocturnal

and diurnal

Anatomic and physiologic features Dental formula 2(1/1

incisors, 0/0 canine, 0/0 premolar. 3/3 molar)

The incisors are open rooted

Divided stomach The lung has one large

left lobe and four small large lobe.

Brown fat is present Mice have 5 pairs of

mammary gland

Biologic and reproductive data Adult body weight Male 20-40gr Female 25-40gr Body temperature 36.5-38 c Life span 1.5-3 y Respiratory rate 60-220 Heart beat 325-725 Estrus cycle 4-5 d Breeding onset 50d Gestation period 21d Postpartum estrus fertile Litter size 6-12 Weaning age 21-28 Breeding duration 7-9 mo Chromosome 40

Breeding and reproduction Polygamous and monogamous Bred 7 to 8 weeks Phremones is important Whitens Bruce affect Mating can be confirmed by

plug Gestation period 19-21 days In lactating mice is prolonged

by 3-10 days Altricial Called pinkies By day 10 their body has hair

ears open and the eyes open by 12

They eat solid food at 14

Husbandary Housing in a shoe box

cages made of plastic or polycarbonate.minimal space required 97cm2

Pine or cedar chips should not be used

Temprature 18-26c Humidity 30%-70% 10-15 change air in hour 12-14 hours light The frequency of cage

cleaning

Feeding and watering

Mice usually consume 3-5g of solid food

16%protein, 4% fat Adult mice drink 6-7 ml of water Mice are coprophage

Identification

Ear punching, ear tagging, microchip, dyes

Handling and restraint To transfer mouse

from cage to cage hold the animal from base of the tail

restraint Restraint of the

mouse using one grip handfor intraperitoneal injection

Blood collection

Retroorbital sinus Lateral veins on the tail Cardiac puncture

Hematology

Total blood 1.6-3.2ml Single sample 0.2-0.3

ml Exanguination 1-1.5ml

Drug administration

Medication is frequently administered orally

Small gauge needle 23 and 25 is used

Subcutaneously 2-3ml Im 0.2ml Intraperitoneal 2-3 ml

Anesthesia

Dilution of all injectable anesthesia is recommended

The combination of ketamine and xylazine

Isoflurane , halothane, methoxyflorane

Bacterial diseasePneumonia and respiratory disease

Mycoplasma pulmonis,Klebsiela pneumoniae, corynebacterium kutscheri,

Clinical signs , labored respiration, weght loss, conjunctivitis

Ampicilline, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicole,sulfamerazine

Helicobacter infection Mice rat guinea pig rabbit

ferret dog Causes chronic active

hepatitis A/jcr are susceptible to

tumor H.hepaticus cause

inflammatory bowl disease

H.bilis, h.muridarum, h.rappini

Gross lesion foci of necrosis in liver,

Treatment amoxicillin, tetracycline

Tyzzers disease Mice, rat , hamster,

guinea pig, rabbits, dog, cat.

Caused by Clostridium piliforme

Immunosuppressive animals or newly weaned

Clinical signs include diarrhea, dehydration and anorexia

Colonic hyperplasia disease Citrobacter freundii

biotype 4280 Entrocolith, diarrhea, Thichening of the

colon Mucosal hyperplasia Treatment neomycin Tetracyclin

sulfamethazine

Coryneform hyperkeratosis

Corynebacterium psuedodipheriticum

Hyperkeratosis in nude mice and high mortality in suckling

Dry white flaky skin, priritis Affected animals should be

euthenized

Staphylococcus aureus

Abscess Conjunctivitis Superficial pyoderma Furunculosis is a problem in nude

mice

Streptococcus spp

Drmatitis, cervical lymphadenitis, bacteremia

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Water born infection Mice that immunologically weak Listlessness, anorexia and death

Viral diseases Sendai virus Mouse hepatitis virus Epizootic diarrhea of

infant mice Murine retroviral

infection lymphocytic

choriomeningitis Ectromelia

Sendai virus

Is a parainfluenza I virus Fatal in weanling cerbation of

pnumono Supress the normal antibacterial of

lung Exacerbation of pnumonia Hunchrd poture, ruffled feather,

dyspnea, and teeth chattering

Mouse hepatitis virus

It has two forms of enteric and respiratory pattern

Clinical sign in suckling, diarrhea,encephalitis, tremor,empty stomach

Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice

Less than two weeks

Murine retroviral infection

All mice harbor both endogenous murine leukemia virus and endogenous murine mammary tumor virus

Parasitic diseases

Mites Myobia musculi Rodfordes affini Mycoptes musculinus Psoregatus simplex

Pinworm

Syphacia obvelata, Aspicularis tetraptera cause anal pruritis and diarrhea ,rectal prolapse

Tapworm

Hymenolepsis nana Hymenolepsis diminuta

Flagellates

Spirunucleus muris Giardia muris

Miscellaneous conditions

Bite wound Dehydration Hair loss malocculation

Hamster

Family Cricetidiae.ther are over 50 species, subspecies and varieties.

They are found in any significant number

It weighs 120 grams

Syrian or golden (Mesocricetus auratus)

Russian hamster !. Campbell dwarf,

brownish white in color belly, dorsal stripe

Siberian or roborovski Grey in color

white in winter

Chinese (Cricetulus griceus)

Mouse like hamster smaller, 30gr

Uses They are popular as pets Research animal, because they have small

size, ease of taming, low care requirments and few diseases

Syrian hamster is used in infectious diseases, cancer, immunology, hypothermia, dental caries, reproductive , physiology,cardiomyopathy

Chinese is used in diabetes, and cytogenetic studies

Both are used in rodiobiology

Behavior Solitary animals Group housing is stressful Aggressive especially to unfamiliar of

either sex The females are more aggressive They make tunnel They are sound sleeper They walk long distance Hibernate 2 to 3 days

Anatomic and physiologic features Short legs, bright beady black eyes Large amount of skin Cheek pouches Dental formula 2( 1/1 incisors, 0/0 canine, 0/0

premolars, 3/3 molars) The stomach has 2 parts long duedenum and jejunum Brown adipose tissue Two gland in the flanks Differention of sexes Female has 5 to 6 pairs of mammary glands

Biological data Male 85-120gr Female 95-150gr Life span 18-24 month Body temprature 37-38 c Heart rat 250-500 Respiratory rate 35-135 Food consumption 8-12gr/100/d Water consumption 8-10ml Breeding onset Male 10-14wk Female 6-10wk Estrus cycle length 4d Gestation period 15d Litter size 5-9 Weaning age 21d Breeding duration 10-14months Chromosomes 44

Breeding and reproduction Bred for the first time 6 and 8 weeks when they are 80

t0 100 g. Polyestrus except for winter Ovulation is spontaneous after 8 hours There is discharge The female usually attack the new male Signs of pregnancy Gestation is very short Litter size 5 to nine The ears open 4 to 5 days, eyes 14 to 16 days , eat food

7 to 10 days Cannibalism of young is common

Husbandary Housing, 123 cm2 and the cage

hight 15cm Caging material should be

carefully sellected Temperature 18-26 c Humidity 30-70% 10 to 15 air change per hour Fastidious

Feeding and wATERING

16 % PROTEIN 4-5% FAT 6 to 10 g /100 and 9 to 10 ml of

water Slot width 11mm They are coprophage

Adult blood volumes

Total blood 6.8 to 12 Single sample 0.5-1.2 Exanguination 3-5

Blood collection

Retroorbital bleeding Limbed vein or clipped toenail Cardiac puncture

Drug administration

Small scales are useful 5 ml of sugar or syrup can be added Subcutaneous 3-4ml Intraperitoneal 3-4 ml Im 0.1 ml Interavenou is made to cephalic

vein, jugular vein,

husbandary Prefers solid bottom- bottom cages Floor area of 123 cm with hight of 15cm Caging material should be carefully

selected Temperature 18-26 c Humidity 30 to 70% 14 hours light 10 to 15 changes per hour Feed should contain 16% protein 4 to 5%

fat They are coprophagic

Breeding and reproduction First time 6 and 8 weeks of age(80 -100) gr Female is contineously polystrus Cycling every 4 days White discharge 2nd day The female can be successfully mated On the 3rd days Ears open 4-5days Eyes 14 to 15 Eat food 7-10 Fertile 2-18d after weaning cannibalism

Baybys 4 weeks

Baybys 6 weeks

Baybys 12 days eyes are not open

Babys 17 eyes are open

10 days eyes not open

Young

young

Antibiotic Associated Entrocolitis Lincomycin, clindamycin,ampicillin,

vancomycin, erythromycin, cephalosprins, gentamycin,

Clost.difficile Cecal mucosa edematous and

hemorrhagic Diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia,

ruffled fur

Proliferative ileitis, or wet tail Most common spontaneous disease of

hamster caused by Desulfovibrio sp. Confined to young of 3 to 8 weeks Mortality is often high and is caused by

stress Unkempt hair coat, anorexia,moistened

perineal area. Necropsy, gas and yellow diarrhea,

ileum thickened and edematous

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Rabies Rabies is a virus that can cause a wide variety of

symptoms in hamsters. Once bitten by a rabid animal, hamsters will develop a nasty and irritable temperament within days and usually die with in a week of the first signs. As the virus progresses, the hamster will eventually experience paralysis of their lungs and throat causing the animal to suffocate and die.

Rabies is a virus that can be prevented through vaccination every three years. As rabies is common in both domestic and wild animals, most states in the US require pets to have rabies shots.

Tapeworms Hamsters can become infected with

tapeworms if they inadvertently eat contaminated food that contains tapeworm eggs. The tapeworm lives in the hamster’s intestines and competes with the hamster for nutrients and water. Generally hamsters will experience weight loss when carrying a tape worm.

Pinworm

Pinworms are a much less common parasite that resides in the large intestine of the hamster. Hamsters typically do not experience adverse side effects from carrying the parasite, although in some cases the parasite can cause extreme itching around the anus

Demodex

Demodex criceti Demodex aurati

Hamster care Abscess Allergy Bladder, kidney infection Broken limb Constipation Dehydration Eye problem Fur loss Heat stroke Hibernation Impacted cheeks Overgrown nails Old age Rectal prolaps infection shock