D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 1 [701-0662-00 L] Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and Health Effects Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020) Mark Brink ETH Zürich D-USYS Homepage: http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 1
[701-0662-00 L]
Environmental Impacts, Threshold Levels and
Health Effects
Lecture 11: Noise Part 5 (13.05.2020)
Mark Brink
ETH Zürich
D-USYS
Homepage:
http://www.noise.ethz.ch/ei/
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 2
• Noise annoyance
• Aircraft noise annoyance
• Noise contours
• "Change effect"
• Physiological activations due to noise
• Stress model of non-auditory effects of noise
• Noise coping
• Pathogenetic pathways
• Sleep disturbances due to noise (introduction)
Topics covered in the previous lecture
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 3
• Question 1: When noise is such a negative factor for
sleep and health related effects, why is there the
concept of white noise, where people need some kind
of noise to sleep better?
• White noise can help to mask environmental sounds
(sound events) that could lead to sleep disturbances,
via increasing acoustical arousal threshold.
• Auditory masking occurs when the perception of one
sound is affected by the presence of another sound.
Student questions from previous lecture
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 4
Masking with narrowband noise
Narrowband noise 420-620 Hz
Masked tone (510 Hz)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 5
low frequency masking tone high frequency masking tone
1: frequencies close to each other
2: frequencies wide apart
20 40 80 200 400 800 2k 4k 6k8k 20k60
100 1k 10kFrequency [Hz]
0
20
40
60
80
100H
ea
rin
gth
res
ho
ld[d
B]
250Hz, 60dB
1kHz
4kHz, 60dB
20
40
60
80
100dB
Hearing threshold at calmness
Frequency masking
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 6
• Question 2: White noise is I believe a synchronisation
(constant/static form) of noise & thus brain sound
waves. Therefore it can help construct & maintain a
constant acoustic environment (hear: no interruptions).
• Some evidence for effects of white noise on brain
functions (e.g. cognitive performance, memory)
• White or pink noise may also influence the brain
electrical activity and improve sleep quality by reducing
sleep onset latency and promoting slow wave sleep
(SWS). Exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated. First
results point to a role of the dopaminergic system.
Student questions from previous lecture
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 7
► Sleep disturbances (cont'd): study types and methods
► Polysomnography (PSG)
► Actimetry / Actigraphy / Seismosomnography
► Sleep disturbances: Awakening probability
► Countermeasures / noise abatement in the night
► Long-term health effects of noise (Part 1)
► Cardiovascular effects
Lecture overview for today
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 8
Research methods: Polysomnography (PSG)
EEG → Sleep stages
EOG (Eye movements) → REM sleep
EMG (Muscle tone)
Breathing activity
ECG (Heart rate)
• Allows differentiation of sleep stages
→ wake | sleep (Detection of awakening reactions)
• very sensitive, detects even very tiny reactions
• Complex, expensive
• Not always pleasant for test persons
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 9
Awakening
Arousal
30 sec
EEG
EOG
EMG
ECG
Research methods: Relevant PSG signal characteristics
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 10
ActiWatch(tm)
Basic idea
• Increased movements are
a sign of disturbed sleep
Disadvantage
• Less suitable for event-
related analyses
Research methods: Actimetry / Actigraphy
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 11
Changing force
distribution because of:
• Movements of arms/legs
• Recoil movement of the body
at each heartbeat
(cardioballistic effect)
• Lifting and lowering of the
thorax per inhalation/ex-
halation cycle
Measures Actimetry, Heart rate, Respiration rate with
only one type of transducer (here: force sensor)
Research methods: Seismosomnography (SSG)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 12
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
203040506070
Zeit (1-Minuten Epochen)
Bett-
Schwerpunkt
(quer/längs)
Simulierte Flüge
(LAS,max 50 dB)
Herzrate
Atemrate
Schallpegel
Aussen
Innen
Aktimetrie
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
20
40
60
80
20000
40000
60000
80000Start of recording End of recording
Time of gone to bed Time of rise
Center of gravityacross/along
Actigraphy
Heart rate
Breathing rate
Simulated aircraftnoise events
SPL
outdoor
indoor
SSG recorded data
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 13
Aircraft
Road traffic
Railways
no noise...
Awakening
probability according
to EEG!
LAS,max of noise event
Aw
aken
ing
pro
bab
ilit
y
Source: Basner et al., 2011
Awakening reactions (AWR)Exposure-effect relationships in the sleep laboratory
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 14
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
540
480
420
360
300
240
180
120
60
0
Lmax [dB(A)]
PA
WR
,zu
sä
tzli
ch
Min
ute
s a
fte
r s
lee
p o
ns
et
Pro
ba
bil
ity o
f a
dd
itio
na
l A
WR
3.5 dB / hour
Awakening probability increases with time asleep(Logistic regression model)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 15
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]Brink et al., Env Int, 2011
Exposure-effect relationships for awakening probability
Church bell noise / field study
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 16
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 17
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 18
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 19
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 20
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 21
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 22
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 23
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Au
fwach
wah
rsch
ein
lich
keit
LAF,max innen [dB]
Pa
dd
itio
na
l
LAF,max indoors [dB]
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 24
Number of noise events leading to one (1) additional AWR
LA
S,m
ax
of
even
t at
the e
ar
LAeq,8h ca. 46 dB (at the ear)
LAeq,8h ca. 22 dB (at the ear)
Source: Basner et al., 2005
Number of noise events leading to one additional AWR
(Aircraft noise)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 25
1 AWR per night due to aircraft noise
0.5 AWR
N
0 AWR>= 1
AWR
Practical application: Local prevalence of noise- induced awakenings
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 26
0P/ha > 100 P/ha
Practical application: weighting with population density
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 27
Bülach: 3552 AWR
Dielsdorf: 419 AWR
0 AWR > 80 AWR
Practical application: Counting the number of awakening reactions
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 28
Effect of slope of rise of an aircraft noise event
on motility (measured with SSG)
Landing (3.3 dB/s) Take-off (1.1 dB/s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Sch
all
dru
ckp
eg
el
[dB
(A)]
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Be
we
gu
ng
sa
kti
vit
ät
Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Sch
all
dru
ckp
eg
el
[dB
(A)]
0
1
2
3
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Bew
eg
un
gsakti
vit
ät
Zeit [s] nach Beginn des Fluggeräusches
Brink et al., Somnologie (2008)
Bo
dily
activity S
ou
nd
le
ve
l [d
B(A
)]
Time [s] after noise event onset Time [s] after noise event onset
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 29
Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG
Motility
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Motility during takeoff noise Motility during landing noise
Level of takeoff noise Level of landing noise
Mo
tili
ty u
nit
s
Seconds after onset of aircraft noise event
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Le
ve
l [d
B(A
)]
70
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 30
Effect of slope of rise of a noise event, measured by SSG
Heart rate
60.6
60.8
61.0
61.2
61.4
61.6
61.8
62.0
-16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88
steep
flat
Heartbeat intervals
Heart
rate
(b
pm
)
Onset of
event
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 31
Cortical arousals during noise events (SiRENE study)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 32
Source: Buxton et al., Ann Intern Med, 2012
Arousal reactions in the hospital
N2 N3 REM
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 33
Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)Survey questions about how noise affects sleep
WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 34
Self-reported %HSD (Percent Highly Sleep Disturbed)Survey questions not mentioning noise
WHO evidence review, Basner and McGuire, 2018
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 35
ReceiverSource Propagation path
• mufflers
• reduction of engine
noise
• casing of machinery
• Quieter arrival and departure operations
• Night Curfews – total ban of operations in the night (in CH: trucks
are banned from the roads during nighttime; aircraft operations
suspended during nighttime)
• passive sound
protection:
sound-proof
windows, triple
glazing etc.
• Noise barriers,
e.g. along
railway tracks
CountermeasuresOverview:
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 36
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%1
8.0
0 h
19
.00
h
20
.00
h
21
.00
h
22
.00
h
23
.00
h
0.0
0 h
1.0
0 h
2.0
0 h
3.0
0 h
4.0
0 h
5.0
0 h
6.0
0 h
7.0
0 h
8.0
0 h
9.0
0 h
10
.00
h
11
.00
h
12
.00
h
% asleep during working days
% asleep during weekends
% P
ers
on
s w
ith
in s
lee
p p
eri
od
Hour
Trucks
Aircraft
Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night:Night curfews – but when do people actually sleep?
Distribution of sleep/wake density in Switzerland 2015
Source: SiRENE-Survey, N=5592
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 37
Source: Griefahn et al., 2008
Countermeasures & noise abatement in the night:
Night curfews – When are they most effective?
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 38
• Number and acoustic characteristics of noise events affect the
impact noise has on sleep
• Maximum sound pressure level of a noise event is the best
predictor for awakening probability
• Slope of rise (dB/s) of noise events influences the magnitude of
bodily reactions, steeper slopes evoke higher awakening
probability (Most serious problems with landing aircraft and trains)
• Morning noise elicits stronger reactions than evening noise
• Different noise sources produce different exposure-effect
functions
• Average sound pressure level (Leq) is not a very good predictor of
immediate effects
• As concerns countermeasures: Curfews are effective, but
sleep/wake behavior of the population is important → “timing”
Sleep disturbances due to noise - Conclusions
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 39
Long term health effects of noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 40
"Cardiovascular" = having an effect on the
cardiovascular system (leading to "cardiovascular
disease" CVD)
Pathophysiological disease model:
noise is a stressor that impacts on the autonomic
nervous system
Cardiovascular effects:
- Heart rate increase
- Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Myocardial infarction
- Stroke
Long term cardiovascular effects of noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 41
Source: Jarup et al., 2008Aircraft noise
Women Men
Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseHypertension -- Aircraft noise
HYENA study: Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports
(Athens, Milan Malpensa, Amsterdam Schipol, Stockholm Arlanda,
Berlin Tegel, London Heathrow)
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 42
Source: Van Kempen & Babisch, 2012
Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseHypertension, Meta-Analysis -- road traffic noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 43
Source: Vienneau et al., 2015
Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseIschaemic heart disease, Risk increase per 10 dB
"Forest plot"
fatty
deposits
/ ath
ero
scle
rosis
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 44
Source: Huss et al., 2010
Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseMortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - Aircraft noise
D-USYS • M. Brink • Environmental Impacts - Noise Part 5 Slide 45
Source: Héritier et al., 2017
Long term cardiovascular effects of noiseMortality from myocardial infarction in Switzerland - SiRENE study
Noise sourceExcess risk
per 10 dB(%)95% CI
Lden Road 4.0 2.1 5.9
Lden Railway 2.0 0.7 3.3
Lden Aircraft 2.7 0.6 4.3