CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION We are living in a world of science .Science makes our life more beautiful than the most. Modern world is shrinking due to the development of science and its technology. Technology has detached the word “impossible” form real world. Over the years, wireless telecommunications market has long been recognized as one of the most dynamic and fastest growing segments of the global telecommunications industry. We are existing in an innovative world of science where technologies are matured enough to fulfill human desires. But requirements of human being augment day by day. Individual is ready to set up all sort of possible technologies to fulfill his necessities. Outcome is what we have today as Nanotechnology, All IPs Cloud computing, LTE. These are some of the technologies used by human to balance his needs. But “Nothing is sufficient for the person who finds sufficiency too little”. However further modernization will be on convergence of this existing technology in to a single platform. This paper too deals the same, here we have tried to converge some of the existing technologies (i.e) Nanotechnology, Cloud Computing, All IP, and LTE in to a single core network “The Nanocore” Which could be a possible 5G Wireless network. The fourth and fifth generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known as 4G and 5G, are expected to provide global roaming across different 1
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
We are living in a world of science .Science makes our life more beautiful than the most.
Modern world is shrinking due to the development of science and its technology. Technology
has detached the word “impossible” form real world. Over the years, wireless
telecommunications market has long been recognized as one of the most dynamic and fastest
growing segments of the global telecommunications industry.
We are existing in an innovative world of science where technologies are matured enough to
fulfill human desires. But requirements of human being augment day by day. Individual is
ready to set up all sort of possible technologies to fulfill his necessities. Outcome is what we
have today as Nanotechnology, All IPs Cloud computing, LTE. These are some of the
technologies used by human to balance his needs. But “Nothing is sufficient for the person
who finds sufficiency too little”. However further modernization will be on convergence of
this existing technology in to a single platform. This paper too deals the same, here we have
tried to converge some of the existing technologies (i.e) Nanotechnology, Cloud Computing,
All IP, and LTE in to a single core network “The Nanocore” Which could be a possible 5G
Wireless network. The fourth and fifth generation wireless mobile systems, commonly known
as 4G and 5G, are expected to provide global roaming across different types of wireless and
mobile networks, for instance from satellite to mobile networks and to Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs). 4G is an all IP-based mobile network using different radio access
technologies providing seamless roaming and providing connection via always the best
available network [1]. The vision of 4G wireless/mobile systems is the provision of broadband
access, seamless global roaming, and Internet/data/voice everywhere, utilizing for each the
most "appropriate" always best connected technology [2]. These systems are about integrating
terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands ([3], [4]). 4G systems
are expected to offer a speed of over 100 Mbps in stationary mode and an average of 20 Mbps
for mobile stations reducing the download time of graphics and multimedia components by
more than ten times compared to currently available 2 Mbps on 3G systems.
The fifth generation communication system is envisioned as the real wireless network,
capable of supporting wireless World Wide Web (www) applications in 2010 to 2015 time
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frame. There are two views of 5G systems: evolutionary and revolutionary. In evolutionary
view the 5G (or beyond 4G) systems will be capable of supporting wwww allowing a highly
flexible network such as a Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Network (DAWN). In this view advanced
technologies including intelligent antenna and flexible modulation are keys to optimize the
adhoc wireless networks. In revolutionary view, 5G systems should be an intelligent
technology capable of interconnecting the entire world without limits. An example application
could be a robot with built-in wireless communication with artificial intelligence. The 4G
system is still a predominantly research and development initiative based upon 3G, which is
struggling to meet its performance goals.
1.1 WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
Wireless communications is the transfer of information between
two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few
meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for
deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable
two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless
networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, Garage door openers
or garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and Headset
(telephone/computer),headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television
and cordless telephones.
1.1.1 TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS:
1.1.1.1 Cellular Network:
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called cells, each
served by at least one fixed-location transceiver known as a cell site orbase station.
When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area.
This enables a large number of portable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.)
to communicate with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere
in the network, via base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving through
more than one cell during transmission.
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1.1.1.2 Wireless Local Area Network:
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually
providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users
the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the
network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under
the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in
commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free.
Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities: New York
City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five
boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.
1.2 HISTORY
In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by
transmitting the three-dot Morse code for the letter ‘S’ over a distance of three kilometers
using electromagnetic waves. From this beginning, wireless communications has developed
into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio and television
broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone, wireless communications has
revolutionized the way societies function. The evolution of wireless begins here.
1.2.1 1G (First Generation):-
The 1st generation was pioneered in early 1980’s. First generation cellular mobile telephones
developed around the world using different, incompatible analogue technologies. It support
speed up to 2.4kbps. Major contributors were AMPS (Advance mobile phone system) was
first launched by the US, NMT, and TACS. In terms of overall connection quality, 1G
compares unfavorably to its successors. Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.
1.2.1.1 Drawbacks:-
1. It has low capacity,
2. Unreliable handoff,
3. Poor voice links,
4. No security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers, and
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making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties.
Figure 1.1:-Block diagram of evaluation of wireless network.
1.2.2 2G (Second Generation):-
The 2nd generation was accomplished in later 1990’s. 2G mobile
telephones used digital technology. Group Special Mobile (GSM) was first developed in the
1980s and was the first 2G system. Mainly used for Voice communication and supports speed
up to 64kbps. Another advantage of 2G over 1G is that the battery life of a 2G handset lasts
longer, again due to the lower-powered radio signals. Since it transmitted data through digital
signals, 2G also offered additional services such as SMS and e-mail. Major prominent
technologies were GSM, CDMA, and IS95. Traditional phone networks are used mainly for
voice transmission, and are essentially circuit-switched networks.
1.2.2.2 Drawbacks:-
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1. In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell
tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher
frequencies.
2. Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under
slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has
occasional dropout. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by
dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a
call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
1.2.3 2.5G (GPRS):
In term "2.5G" usually describes a 2G cellular system combined with General Packet Radio
Services (GPRS), or other services not generally found in 2G or 1G networks. A 2.5G system
may make use of 2G system infrastructure, but it implements a packet-switched network
domain in addition to a circuit-switched domain. they use circuit switching for voice and
packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching
utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each user’s packets compete for
available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
.It can support data rate up to 144kbps.GPRS, EDGE, & CDMA 2000 were the focal 2.5G
technologies. This does not necessarily give 2.5G an advantage over 2G in terms of network
speed, because bundling of timeslots is also used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD).
1.2.42.75(EDGE):
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single
Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was
deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the
United States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a
potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves
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higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding
(8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.
CHAPTER 2
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3G (Third Generation)
In simple terms, third generation (3G) services combine high speed mobile access
with Internet Protocol (IP)-based services. But this doesn’t just mean fast mobile connection
to the World Wide Web. Rather, whole new ways to communicate, access information,
conduct business, learn and be entertained - liberated from slow, cumbersome equipment and
immovable points of access.It was first implemented in Japan on October 1, 2001 and is now,
serving over 40 countries in Asia, Europe and USA.
With access to any service anywhere, anytime, from one terminal, the old boundaries between
communication, information, media and entertainment will disappear. Services will truly
converge "Mobility" will be offered with many services that we currently regard as "fixed" –
indeed, Mobile operators believes that mobility will become the norm for many
communication services. We’ll be able to make video calls to the office and surf the internet,
or play interactive games with friends at home - wherever we may be. But 3G is not just about
applications that require high speed data rates. It’s about convenience and speed of access.
2.1 SPEED AND FEATURES:
In this fast moving world, to test our patience much less, it offers the fastest broadcasting
facility with a minimum speed of 2 Mbps and maximum speed of 14.4 Mbps. This means that
to download a 3 minute MP3 song, it will take merely 15 seconds. When compared to a 2G
cell phone’s broadcasting speed, which would take about 8 minutes, 3G will make you save
around 7 and half minutes. Pretty fast, isn’t it? With this fast speed, we can call/consider a 3G
enabled phone to be no less than a mini laptop with an awesome internet connection as it will
enable one to easily browse whatever desired and can also undertake all the e-commerce
activities like share trading, stock transactions and every other broadband application, even
when one is travelling.
2.2 SERVICES INCLUDE:
1. Global roaming.
2. Superior voice quality and video conference
3. Data always add–on services (e-mail, personal organizer, etc.)
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4. Information for web surfing, music, news, corporate intranet, transportation service