47892336 Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land mines are

causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The mines that are implanted during the

wartime may remain undetected for several decades and may suddenly be activated after

that. Also during wartime mines implanted by our enemy countries are to be detected

and diffused properly in order to save the lives of our soldiers. So we should say that

detecting landmines is important for every country today.

1


CHAPTER 2

MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES

The countries known to have severe landmine problems are

Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos,

Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka,

Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected countries besides other 100

countries.

2


CHAPTER 3

WHAT IS A LAND MINE?

The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an

explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command

detonated by electric wire or radio signals. Most land mines are laid on just

below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure or trip-wire.

Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts, which can

be made use of in their detection.

3


Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon

is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to

the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities

and psychological traumas that follow the blast- means these children will

have to be looked after for many years.

A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs

during there life time. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge sum to pay in

countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. . Between 1979

of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000 amputees with critical limbs and

the land mine problem in still growing. There for considering these factors

the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we

launches to 21st century.

4


CHAPTER 4

HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING

CONDUCTED?

PRINCIPLES USED

1. Metal detection

2. Explosive detection

4.1. METAL DETECTION

Essentially the two most common components of landmines are

metals and explosives. Manufactured mines have casting made from a

variety of materials including wood, metals, Plastic metal or other

synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the easier

component to detect.

5


Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now

capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal. However some

mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal. These non-metals

challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.

4.2. EXPLOSIVE DETECTION

The explosives are one common ingredient that is found in all mines.

Detecting explosives however is a complicated process. Modem airports

have explosive detecters, which can detect small traces of explosives in

suitcases and other containers.

Locating traces or the order of explosives is an open field demands

technology that can operate in an unlimited variety of environmental

6


conditions that are subjected to wind, water and soil changes and

variations.

Explosive detection under field conditions has recently become the

preview of mine detection dogs. A dog’s nose has proven to be a very

sophisticated and reliable sensor, however handling maid detection dog

teams and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied hazard scenarios is a

complicated and demanding tasks.

In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in close

proximity. That is detection is conducted after going very near to the mine.

This method can prove to be dangerous in many occations. So it is not

considered to be the safest method. A preferred method is to use detection

devices that locate land mines at a safe distance from the deminer. Using

7


detection devices that pinpoint land mines exploded from a distance either

overhead on at ground level in the best possible way to determine the actual

location of individual land mines. Ones the threat is located, that is mines

are pin pointed, we can deactivate it safely. This is where the importance of

mine detection using radar bullet comes.

CHAPTER 5

WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?

The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of radar

bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the ground. This consists

of firing a special bullet in to the ground from a helicopter, which could pin

point buried land mines.

The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This pulse

strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the

helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of finding land mines.

8


CHAPTER 6

RADAR PRINCIPLE

Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar

makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to

provide estimates of certain characteristics of its surroundings most

commonly the presence, position and motion of aircrafts, ships and other

vehicles.

Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the

surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of

this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the direction from which

reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated. .The

9


distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period

between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. In radar

bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into

consideration.

Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna

receiver, and display.

The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the

antenna, which will hit the target and reflects back. The same antenna and

10

TRANSMITTER

DISPLAY

RECEIVER

OBJECT


the time difference between the signal transmission and reception is

calculated, which will help up to measure the distance of the target from

the radar.

CALCULATIONS

T =time b/w signal transmission and reception .

2R = Total distance traveled.

c = Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec.

Velocity = distance / time

i.e.; C = 2R / T

or, R =CT /2

11

OBJECT

RADAR

R


So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the

radar.

CHAPTER 7

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP

First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from

a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The

bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio

waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio

waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines

within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the

helicopter.

12


Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there

exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact

positions are noted so that can be diploid later. And if the bullet hits it, it

would explode.

The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by a

process known as, “Magnetic flux compression.”

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

13


CHAPTER 814


MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION

Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded

coin of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a

magnetic field in the cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground ,the

sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The

sudden movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces

a large pulse of current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna

converting the pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.

MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION

15


CHAPTER 9

FIELD TESTS

After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona

desert. Using the same experiment set up, the radar bullet as able to detect

35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti personal mines, which are a

particular problem in northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid by

Saddam Hussein’s forces in their confrontation with the Kurds .

9.1. ADVANTAGES

The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun,

computer controls etc.

Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet

gives out a 4 kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power than a

standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down.

Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits

more radio wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating radar, little

radiation penetrates the soil, most is reflected by the ground because of

the sudden change in density between the air and the soil. Here the

radiation has to change the medium twice. First from air to ground, and

then after reflection, from ground into air. Therefore weak signals are

obtained. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change the 16


medium only once i.e.; from the ground into the air and hence stronger

signals are obtained.

9.2. DISADVANTAGES

It cannot detect plastic land mines, but researches are working hard

to overcome this.

Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of

operation is higher. But considering its future prospects and the static’s

released by red –Cross, cost can never be considered as a disadvantage.

9.3. APPLICATIONS

It can be used for detecting land mines.

It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: - Recently

an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmistan

has been discovered. Such type of illegal pipelines can be detected out

by using radar bullet.

17


CHAPTER 10

FUTURE PROSPECTS

As the UN has already implemented a worldwide ban on anti-

personal mines. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the

destruction of mines.

Ten thousands of anti - personal mines lied buried in the hilly

regions of Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according

to UN it would take more than 100 years to detect and destroy

these, if worked out manually. Mine clearance or demining is

normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal and Disposal.

Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground

penetrating radar infrared, magnetic resonance imaging] to biological

detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria ) to simple brute

forces detection methods (Rails, Rollers and plows) and use of hand-held

mechanical plodders .Most of these methods are very slow and/or

expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate. So with helicopter and

radar bullet, the mines can be cleared easily.

18


Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in

Combodia, Kosoro and in same African nations can be detected using radar

bullets.

This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a different

planet, in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect

mineral deposits and other deposits.

19


CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and

removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and

animals alike.

The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine

detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall

mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe

and effective.

With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using

radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the

world safer place to live in.

20


REFERENCES

BOOKS

S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN “ Late –time resonant frequencies

buried bodies of revolution”

L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. “Polarimatic SAR imaging

of buried land mines”

MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill

WEBSITES

www.sew_lexicon.com

www.altavista.com

www.google.com

www.nationalgeography.com

21

http://www.nationalgeography.com/

http://www.google.com/

http://www.Altavista.com/

http://www.Sew_lexicon.com/


ABSTRACT

Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of civilians,

especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan and Iraq .The mines

which are implanted during the war time may remain undetected for several

decades and may suddenly be activated after that. There are several

methods for detection of land mines, such as metal detection and explosive

detection. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done

very close to the mine.

A safe method for detecting land mines is “mine detection using

radar bullets”. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar Bullets

and hence can be done further away from the mine. Detection is usually

done from helicopters. Researchers are being conducted to overcome

certain inefficiencies of this method.

22


CONTENTS

CHAPTERS Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES 2

3. WHAT IS A LAND MINE? 3

4. HOW IS METAL DETECTION

CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED? 5

4.1 METAL DETECTION 5

4.2 EXPLOSIVE DETECTION 6

5. WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET? 8

6. RADAR PRINCIPLE 9

7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 12

8. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION 14

9. FIELD TEST 15

9.1 ADVANTAGES 15

9.2 DISADVANTAGES 16

9.3 APPLICATIONS 16

10. FUTURE PROSPECTS 17

11. CONCLUSION 19

12. REFERENCES 20

23

47892336 Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Documents

metal detection

explosive detection

radio detection

detection dogs

detection standpoint

radar bullets chapter

radar pulse

radar bullets conditions