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What Is What Is Malaria? Malaria?
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Page 1: 4314 Malaria

What Is What Is Malaria?Malaria?

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What Do We Know About Malaria?What Do We Know About Malaria?

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Malaria . . .Malaria . . . Malaria has been considered to be the Malaria has been considered to be the oldest disease in existence.oldest disease in existence. Ancient writings refer to the disease in Ancient writings refer to the disease in

Greece, India, China, and Egypt.Greece, India, China, and Egypt.

In 12In 12thth century, malaria was common in century, malaria was common in Europe.Europe.

European settlers and African slaves European settlers and African slaves brought malaria to North and South brought malaria to North and South America.America.

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What Is Malaria?What Is Malaria?

A disease caused by a parasiteA disease caused by a parasite

An organism that lives inside another An organism that lives inside another organism and causes harm.organism and causes harm.

The parasite is called The parasite is called PlasmodiumPlasmodium

Four kinds of Four kinds of PlasmodiumPlasmodium::falciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariaefalciparum, vivax, ovale, and malariae

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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1466.htm

This is a microscopic view of red blood cells infected with Plasmodium spores. Black arrows and letters point to the infectious spores.

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How Does Malaria Work?How Does Malaria Work?The The Plasmodium Plasmodium is transmitted from an is transmitted from an infected female infected female AnophelesAnopheles mosquito to a mosquito to a human by way of spores.human by way of spores.

The saliva from the mosquito contains a The saliva from the mosquito contains a substance to thin the human blood and substance to thin the human blood and keep it flowing.keep it flowing.

When the human is bitten by the mosquito, When the human is bitten by the mosquito, the the PlasmodiumPlasmodium spores are transmitted to spores are transmitted to the human.the human.

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www.sciam.com/media/inline/812BE32A-F705-A8B2...www.sciam.com/media/inline/812BE32A-F705-A8B2...

This AnophelesAnopheles mosquitomosquito is having a tasty meal of human blood. The blood is stored in the abdomen of the mosquito. At the same time, spores can be transmitted to the human.

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http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/07/malaria/finkel-text

An electron microscope view of an Anopheles mosquito.

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http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/Mahttp://www.biochem3d.com/animations/Mal01.mpgl01.mpg

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How Does Malaria Work?How Does Malaria Work?

The malaria spores move from the mosquito to The malaria spores move from the mosquito to the human blood stream.the human blood stream.

In the blood stream, the spores travel to the liver In the blood stream, the spores travel to the liver where it reproduces at a rapid rate.where it reproduces at a rapid rate.

http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/Mal02.mpgMal02.mpg

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In the human liver, the spores divide many In the human liver, the spores divide many times and produce large numbers of times and produce large numbers of spores.spores.

These spores break out of the liver cells These spores break out of the liver cells and invade red blood cells.and invade red blood cells.

Spores grow, develop, and multiply in the Spores grow, develop, and multiply in the red blood cells.red blood cells.

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Eventually the spores burst out and destroy the Eventually the spores burst out and destroy the red blood cells.red blood cells.

http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/Mal03.mpgMal03.mpg

These attacks create the fever and other These attacks create the fever and other symptoms of malaria.symptoms of malaria.

http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/http://www.biochem3d.com/animations/Mal04.mpgMal04.mpg

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icmrt.org/images/MalariaImages/malaria_blood.jpgicmrt.org/images/MalariaImages/malaria_blood.jpg

Red blood cells under attack by Plasmodium spores.

In this picture, the spores have destroyed the red blood cells.

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The cycle continues to repeat until:The cycle continues to repeat until:

A natural immunity develops, orA natural immunity develops, or

Anti-malaria remedies or medicine stops the Anti-malaria remedies or medicine stops the cycle, orcycle, or

Death occurs.Death occurs.

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The red blood cells travel through the The red blood cells travel through the human’s blood.human’s blood.

If the human is bitten by another mosquito, If the human is bitten by another mosquito, the spores are transmitted to the mosquito the spores are transmitted to the mosquito who then transmits the spores to its next who then transmits the spores to its next bite.bite.

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http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/xfiles/malariawhatis.html

This diagram shows the cycle of the Plasmodium spores. The mosquito bites a human, and the spores develop and reproduce. When another mosquito bites the same human, the spores are transmitted to a different human when the 2nd mosquito bites a new human.

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Malaria – The DiseaseMalaria – The DiseaseHuman develops a high fever (about 105Human develops a high fever (about 105OO F) from 9 F) from 9 days to 30 days from bite.days to 30 days from bite.

Patient feels cold and develops goose bumpsPatient feels cold and develops goose bumps

Fever returns to normal, patient sweats a great dealFever returns to normal, patient sweats a great deal

Patient begins to feel betterPatient begins to feel better

Disease returns anywhere from 48 hours to 6 to 8 Disease returns anywhere from 48 hours to 6 to 8 weeksweeks

Quinine is current treatment.Quinine is current treatment.

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Preventing MalariaPreventing Malaria No vaccine and no cure for malaria.No vaccine and no cure for malaria.

Take anti-malaria medicine from your doctor Take anti-malaria medicine from your doctor before going to a tropical area where malaria is before going to a tropical area where malaria is present.present.

Sleep under mosquito netting at night.Sleep under mosquito netting at night.

Use insect repellant where malaria is Use insect repellant where malaria is present.present.

Wear long sleeves and long pants in tropical Wear long sleeves and long pants in tropical areas. areas.

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PreventionsPreventionsIn 1940’s and 1950’s many countries sprayed In 1940’s and 1950’s many countries sprayed DDT, a pesticide, with airplanes in areas where DDT, a pesticide, with airplanes in areas where malaria could be present. malaria could be present.

Marshes were sprayed with a paraffin or waxy Marshes were sprayed with a paraffin or waxy substance to coat mosquito larvae.substance to coat mosquito larvae.

Stagnant water in marshes were drained to Stagnant water in marshes were drained to prevent mosquito larvae from developing. prevent mosquito larvae from developing.

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In this picture a plane spreads In this picture a plane spreads insecticide on the Tennessee River to insecticide on the Tennessee River to destroy malaria-carrying mosquitoes.destroy malaria-carrying mosquitoes.

Library of Congress LC-USW3- 003975-D [P&P] LOT 151

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Another view of the aerial spraying on the Tennessee River

Library of Congress LC-USW3- 003974-D [P&P] LOT 151

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PreventionsPreventionsAvoiding areas of standing water.Avoiding areas of standing water.

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?pp/fsaall:@field(NUMBER+@band(fsa+8c32749))

Standing water is a source of mosquitoes.This ditch in Tennessee was drained of standing water where mosquitoes bred and laid eggs.

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In 1960’s countries stopped spraying.In 1960’s countries stopped spraying.

In 1970’s number of reported cases of In 1970’s number of reported cases of malaria were on the rise.malaria were on the rise.

Increasing areas of travel has brought the Increasing areas of travel has brought the malaria back.malaria back.

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MedicinesMedicines

In 1934 a German pharmaceutical In 1934 a German pharmaceutical company successfully manufactured company successfully manufactured quinine as a medicine to treat malaria.quinine as a medicine to treat malaria.

In 1943 American companies began In 1943 American companies began manufacturing chloroquine, another manufacturing chloroquine, another quinine based drug to treat malaria.quinine based drug to treat malaria.

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Scientists used this method to collect mosquitoes to study malaria.

Library of Congress LC-USW3- 003961-D [P&P] Lot 151

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Companies manufacturing quinine would advertise their product on the sides of buildings in areas where malaria was present.

Advertisements for popular malaria cure, Natchez, Mississippi

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Advertisements for popular malaria cure, Natchez, Mississippi

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The Future of MalariaThe Future of Malaria Researching new medicine alternatives.Researching new medicine alternatives.

Researching a vaccine to prevent malaria. Researching a vaccine to prevent malaria. Test trials are underway in Africa.Test trials are underway in Africa.

Countries are urged to control mosquito Countries are urged to control mosquito populations.populations.

Educating people on the disease and Educating people on the disease and how to prevent becoming infected.how to prevent becoming infected.

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Questions? Questions?

The EndThe End