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TITLE PAGE DESIGN AND CONTRUCTION OF A FOUR-WAY TRAFFIC LITHENING SYSTEM A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING WRITTEN BY UBAH STEPHEN U. 08EH / 0076 / EE UBANI INNOCENT U. 08EH / 0074 / EE 1
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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONTRUCTION OF A FOUR-WAY TRAFFIC LITHENING SYSTEM

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

WRITTEN BY

UBAH STEPHEN U. 08EH / 0076 / EE

UBANI INNOCENT U. 08EH / 0074 / EE

IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC

NEKEDE, OWERRI.

SUPERVISED BY: ENGR.

AUGUST, 2010

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CERTIFICATION

This project has been accepted and approved by the Department

of Electrical/Electronics Engineering of Federal Polytechnic

Nekede, in fulfillment of the award of Higher National Diploma

(HND) certificate.

…………………………………… ………………………….. ENGR.(LADY) M.I ARIRIGUZO(MNSE) SIGNATURE/DATE PROJECT SUPERVISOR

………………………………….. ……………………………ENGR. OKONKWO CHARLES SIGNATURE / DATEHEAD OF DEPARTMENT

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DEDICATION

This project work is dedicated to God Almighty for his mercy and

empowerment throughout the accomplishment of this piece of

work.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With heart full of joy, we acknowledged the Almighty God for his

wonderfully protection and mercy throughout this work.

We will also forever remain indebted to our lovely parents and

other members of our families and friends for their immeasurable

financially and morally.

Our profound gratitude also goes to our supervisor Engr

(Lady) M.I Aririguzo (MNSE) for her pain-staking efforts and

guidance throughout this project and also to all the

Electrical/Electronics Engineering Department Lectueres.

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ABSTRACT

Four-way traffic lighting system is a signaling device positioned at

road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to

control competing flows of traffic. Traffic Lights assign the right

way to road users by the lights in standard colours; Red, Amber

(or yellow) and green. In a typical cycle illumination of the green

light allows traffic to flow in the directions denoted, illumination of

the Amber light denoting prepare to stop while the illumination of

the red signal prohibit any traffic from proceeding.

This project work is composed of Five Chapters: Chapter one

introduction, traffic light location, types of traffic lights,

implementation and warrants for traffic signals. Chapter Two is on

literature review. Chapter Three is on the description of

components used, construction, circuit diagram and its

description and circuit operation. Chapter Four is on Result

analysis, testing analysis and safety rule observed when building

the system. Chapter Five is on conclusion, Recommendation and

References.

TABLE OF CONTENT

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Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction 1

Traffic Light Location 2

Types of Traffic light 2-3

Implementation 4

Warrants For traffic Signal 4-5

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 6-7

CHAPTER THREE

Description of Companies Used 8-12

Circuit Diagram 13

Power Supply Unit 14

Circuit Operation 14-15

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Parts List 15-16

Power Supply Parts list 16

Circuit Description 17-18

CHAPTER FOUR

Result Analysis 19

Test Analysis 19-20

Safety Rule Observed when Building the System 20-21

Components Precaution 22-23

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion 24

Recommendation 24

References 25

CHAPTER ONE

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INTRODUCTION

Traffic lights also known as stoplights, traffic lamps, stop-and-go

lights, robots or semaphore are signaling devices positioned at

road intersections, pedestrian crossing and other locations to

control competing flow of traffic. They assign the right way to

road users by the lights in standard colours (Red, Amber or Yellow

and Green).

Typically, traffic light consists of a set of three coloured light: red,

amber (yellow) and green in a typical cycle;

Illumination of the green light allows traffic to proceed in the

direction denoted.

Illuminations of the amber light denoting prepare to stop.

Illumination of the red signal prohibits any traffic from

proceeding.

In traffic light system, different countries have different

colours wit different meanings, but our major concern will be on

Nigeria Traffic Lightening system.

TRAFFIC LIGHT LOCATIONS

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Places where traffic light is needed are:-

Road Intersections.

At the landing-stage of a ferry and aboard a ferry.

At a ramp meter.

Before a drawbridge.

Before a narrowing of the road.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Traffic light can have several additional for filter turns or bus

lanes. Traffic lights are in types namely:-

Single Aspect lightening system:- This traffic light

comprises either a single or a pair of colour ed aspects that

warns any user of the shared light of a possible collision or

danger, i.e. when the lightening system is flashed Red, it

means a stop sign while when it flashes an amber sign, it

means caution, crossing or road hazard ahead.

Dual Aspects

Three or more aspects:- The universal standard is for the

red to be above the green and the amber place in between.

When mounted vertically, red is on top and when mounted

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horizontally, red is on the left. In addition to the standard

red, amber and green aspects, other aspects are usually

mounted when intersection requires more control i.e. Public

transport and Remissive turns. Traffic lights in this

configuration tends to have a delay between any entry

points to allow any residual traffic in the intersection to

clear. The delay can be dependent upon the type of

intersection, traffic and road conditions.

Pedestrian Scramble: - This is a special traffic light that

stops all vehicle traffic. Pedestrians then have exclusive

access to the intersection and can cross diagonally across

the intersection. They are useful when there is a heavy

diagonal pedestrian traffic in general. In intersections with

heavy pedestrian traffic, pedestrians have the right of

blocking drivers from turning. A pedestrian scramble gives

vehicles exclusive access to the intersection for a period of

time as well.

IMPLEMENTATION

According to transportation engineers, traffic light has both

positive and negative effects on traffic safety and traffic flow. The

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separation of conflicting streams of traffic in time can reduce the

chances of right-angle collisions. But also the frequency of rear-

end crashes can be increased by the installation of traffic lights

and they can adversely affect the safety of bicycles and

pedestrian traffic. They can increase the traffic capacity at

intersections but can also result in excessive traffic delay.

WARRNTS FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Criteria have been developed to help ensure that new

signals are installed only where they will do more good than

harm. These criteria are called ‘WARRANT’. Warrants for traffic

signals are:-

Pedestrian Volume:- If the traffic volume on a major street

is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delay in

attempting to cross it.

Coordinating Signal System:- For places where adjacent

traffic control signals do not keep traffic grouped together

efficiently.

Roadway Network: - Installing a traffic control signal at

some intersections might be justified to encourage

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concentration and organization of traffic flow on a roadway

network.

Intersection near a Grade Crossing:- A traffic control

signal is often justified at an intersection near a railway

crossing in order to provide a pre-emption sequence to allow

traffic queued up on the tracks an opportunity to clear the

tracks before the train arrives.

School Crossing: - If there are not enough safe gaps in

traffic for school children to safely cross the street.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

In1903, J .P Knight was the first inventor of the first traffic light.

He is a British. He was a railroad Engineer that came up with it. It

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was a lantern with red and green signals. It was put up to make

sure none would get into wrecks. It could be found in http:// www.

Answer.ask.com/consumer-electronics/ dictionaries.

William L. Poths in 1920, who was a police officer in Detroit,

Michigan. He had the idea of the first four- way, three coloured

traffic light. This could be found on http://

answer.ask.com/vehicle/other/who-invented-tra.

Alexander E. Becquerel, a French physicist, experimented with an

early type of fluorescent lighting in 1901; Peter Cooper Hewitt

received a patent for a mercury-vapour type.

Gareth Morgan and in early 1922, African-American inventor.

Gareth designed a cross-shape traffic signal, for which he

submitted a patent application on February 27, 1931.

“1886 in London” the very first traffic light was a revolving gas

lantern with red and green lights installed in a London

intersection in 1868, before the advent of automobiles. A later

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version of thee traffic light base on railroad. Http:

www.askville.amazon.com/traffic-light-invented-1868.

CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

The components used and their descriptions are as follows:-

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT: This is a semiconductor device

which is composed of transistors, resistors and many other

liner devices. Semiconductor ICs used are 555 timer and

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1

2

3

4 5

6

7

8

CD4017BP decade counter. The typical symbol of IC is

shown below:

BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR: - This is an active device that

consists of two semiconductor diodes. They are use in

switching circuit and in amplifying circuits. It has three

terminals; the emitter, collector and the base. In the circuit

above, NPN type is used as a switch, the symbol is shown as

follows;

B

E

C

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+ -

+ -

SEMI-CONDUCTOR DIODE: - This is an active device that

conducts in one direction when the anode is anode is

typically less than positive with respect to the cathode.

Semi-conductor diode have voltage barrier of 0.70 for silicon

diode and 0.3v for Germanium. In the circuit above, silicon

diodes are used to prevent reverse bias which can destroy

the IC if it is allow occurring. The physical appearance and

the symbol is shown below;

CAPACITORS: - This is a device made up of two parallel

conducting plates separated by insulating material called a

‘DIELECTRIC’. The unit of capacitor is Farad. In this project, it

is used to control frequency or to set up an oscillation of the

circuits and also to maintain a steady voltage through the

Pin 5 of the 555 timer (IC1). Two different types of capacitor

While the symbol is

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are used in the circuit above, i.e. electrolytic and ceramic

type. Their symbols are as follows:

For electrolytic and For Ceramic

RESISTORS: - Resistors are used to limit the flow of current

in a circuit but in this project, it is used to limit current in IC2

and to control frequency in IC1. Their physical appearance

and symbol are shown bellow;

RELAY: - This is an electromagnetic device that has an

ability to open and close its contact when energized. In this

project, it is used as a switch. The symbol is shown below:

+ -

While the symbol is

N/C

Pole

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N2N1

220VAC LAMP: - This is a transducer which converts

electrical energy to light energy. In this project, it is used as

an indicator which controls the flow of traffic. The symbol is

as below:

TRANSFORMER: - This is a device that is used to transform

electrical energy. It can be step up or step down. Step down

is used in this project. The symbol is as below:

REGULATOR: - This device is used to regulate dc voltage.

12V regulator numbered LM7812 is used. The symbol is

shown below:

78xx

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LED: - Light emitting diode is used as an indicator. In this

project, it is used as a power indicator. The symbol is shown

below:

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Green Lamp OrangeLamp or Amber

RedLamp or

Green LampOrangeLamp or Amber

RedLamp or

AC Neutral

AC +220 LIVE

RL1 RL2 R4 R5 R6R3

+ Cr Cr

0.1uF

- 22uf

GND

Q1 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

D7

3 2 4 7 1013 8 5 15

16

14

50K555Timer

43 8

Set Switch

(NPN)

D1 – D8 = IN4007R1 – R6 = 330S2Q1 – Q6 = 2N2222

Green allows the traffic to proceed Orange (yellow) denoting prepare to stop Red denoting stop

CD4017BP

62

15

12V

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POWER SUPPLY UNIT

CIRCUIT OPERATION

The 4017 is a CMOS decade counter with 10 decoded outputs,

inputs include a clock (Pin14), a RESET (Pin 15), and a clock

INHIBIT (Pin13). The clock input drives an internal Schmitt trigger

circuit for pulse shaping and allows for unlimited clock rise and

fall times. The counter is advanced count at the rising edge of the

clock signal if the clock INHIBIT line is low. A high RESET signal

resets the counter to the zero count. This circuit is configured for

counts less than 10, 6 counts was used in this project. This was

18V240V 15A Switch

7812

+

-

1000uf35V

GND

Regulator12

Full WaveRegulator

Transformer Secondary = 9 – 0 -9

Primary 240V

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achieved by connecting Pin15 (RESET) to Pin 5 which is the 5th

count. Small signal NPN transistors are used to increase the

output current for the relays to about 20mA which is set by the

330Ώ resistors. Other NPN transistors may be substitute for the

2N2222. The 555 times generates the chock signal, the frequency

being determined by the 22uf capacitor and 50k variable resistor

which is approximately

══ 1.44 ═ 1.44

2VRC 2x50kx22x10-6

PARTS LIST:DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURING

PART NNUMBER QUANTITY COST

555 timer Lm555 1 60

4017 decade CD4017BP 1 120

50kΏ variable 50k 1 30

0.1 and 22uf cap

2 40

transistors 2N2222 6 180

330Ώ resistor 6 60

Jumper wire 2 yards 60

12volts relay 6 300

Momentary

switch

Press-make-

contact

1 50

220VAC 25W

lamp

12 720

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Lamp holder 12 720

Rectifying

diode

6 60

Flexible wire 12 yards 360

casing 1 1500

Total #4,260

POWER SUPPLY PARTS LIST

DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURING PART NUMBER

QUANTITY COST

18V

transformer

1 350

12V regulator Lm7812 1 50

Mains lead 1 50

220VAC 15A

switch

1 60

Full wave

rectifier

4 40

1000uf/35V

capacitor

1 50

1KΏ resistor 1 10

Red LED 1 10

TOTAL 620

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

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This circuit is used to illuminate four-way traffic lightening

system which is used to control traffic flow. In this operation, a

linear 3 volt (Peak to Peak) ramping waveform is generated at

Pin3 of the 555 timer IC. The 3volt waveform is transferred to

Pin14 of the CD4017BP IC which is decade counter IC. This IC has

one input Pin 10 outputs which delay its output sequentially. In

this project only 6 outputs are used, one output is used to display

or illuminate two lamps which is at opposite direction and vice

versa. The 22uf capacitor and 50k variable resistor connected to

Pin 6 and 2 of the 555 timer is used to establish the frequency

which is about 0.5HZ. This frequency is variable because of the

presence of the capacitor. Also time for the output to display is

also adjustable. The frequency and time is calculated using the

formulas;

T═ 0.69 X VR XC2

F═1.44/2VRC2

The circuit consists of two integrated circuits (ICs), that is, 555

timer and CD4017BP decade counter. 555 timer is for frequency

generation and CD4017BP is for lamp illumination of the

indicators. The illumination is carried with the help of the

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transistors which act as a switch and a relays which when

energized trigger – ON the lamps. The time and frequency can be

lengthen or alter by changing the value of VR and or C2 to higher

values for long time while lower values for lower values of VR and

C2.

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NAZE CMMUNITY ROAD

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULT ANALYSIS

The construction is aimed at controlling traffic of a four-way

system. It is to be positioned at the center of a four-way, for an

example ‘POLY- OWERRI JUNCTION’ which is describe as below:

TEST ANALYSIS

We use 220VAC 25W lamp as an indicator, it consist of twelve

indicators. Three indicators of each side of the system is timed,

each of the indicator has its own time of display which is carried

out along with the one in opposite direction. Each display is timed

ABA ROAD

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NEKEDE ROAD

OWERRI TOWN ROAD

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10seconds i.e. more indicators will stay ON for 10seconds before

the yellow indicator will indicate and vice versa.

Practically, indicators in opposite direction are connected directly

to each one with the same meaning of indication. That is RED to

RED, AMBER to AMBER and GREEN to GREEN to the one in

opposite direction. That means they will display at the same time

allowing the traffic to flow in one direction. After the construction,

the system is compose of 12 indicators, one 220VAC , 15A

switch, one reset switch, main lead (or AC cord) and a cone-

shaped casing. To test, the system when it is powered, the reset

switch is pressed to make the indicator start from more indicator.

SAFTY RULE OBSERVED WHEN BUILDING THE SYSTEM

Safety rule have been taken when the circuit was laid on the

project board first in order to achieve satisfactory result before

transferring it to the Vero board. The safety rule observed is as

follows:

a) When laying the components on the Vero board, it is

essential to keep in mind the physical size of the

components.

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b) The component must not be over crowed to avoid mistakes

in locating the component wire to the appropriate holes,

c) During the placement of the component on the Vero board,

we ensured that it was strictly placed according to the circuit

diagram and also observing the number op lead out wires

meeting at the junction in the circuit.

d) For polarized component, their polarities in the circuit

diagram must correspond to that of the layout.

e) We made sure that components used work in their non-

linearly Formby applying voltage and current which are

equal to the component rating such as 12V supply is used for

the sake of the 12V relay.

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COMPONENS PRECAUTION

Components precaution observed when building this system are:

FOR RESISTORS

Excess heat should not be applied to it as there is risk of

damaging it.

The legs of the resistors should not be over stressed in order

not to introduce internal break down.

FOR CAPACITORS

The legs should not be over stressed.

The temperature of the soldering iron should not be too high

in order not to cause damage to it such as going high in

value or leaking.

For electrolytic type, the polarity should be considered when

fixing it to vero board to avoid damage.

FOR ICS

The amount of heat used in soldering it should be considered

in order not to introduce internal distraction on it, for that

reason, socket should be applied.

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The copper foil between the legs of each pin should be open

circuited after the fixing to avoid improper operation.

FOR TRANSISTORS

* The temperature of the soldering must be considered in

order not to cause damage to it.

The configuration of the transistor must be considered.

Before the system is cased, there are other precaution we

observed, these are as follows;

It must be installed into the casing by a qualified student.

It must not be exposed to heat and moisture.

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CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

Four-way traffic lighting system is though complex, but has in

long way help to provide desired traffic flow control for local, state

and federal roads

The idea of carrying out this project by student is a right step in

the right direction which should be encouraged.

RECOMMENDATION

Since this project is much useful to our society, which need more

attention and research. Hence, we recommend that this project

should be given to students earlier like in the beginning of the

semester to avoid much stress and pressure.

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REFERENCES

1. The man who introduce traffic lights’. BBC. 2009-07-16.

http://www.bbc.co.uk.

2. Day, Lance; LAN MCNEIL (1996). ‘Biographical dictionary of

the history of technology’. Taylor & Frances. PP 404.5.

3. Mary Bellies (1952-02-05) . The History of Roads and

Asphalt’.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blasphalt. Htm.

4. Sessions, Gordon m. (1971). ‘Traffic devices: historical

aspects thereof Washington; institute of traffic Engineers PP.

27-28.

5. New Traffic signal installation’. www.traffic.Inst.co.uk.

6. Moyer, Sheldon (March 1997). ‘Mr. Traffic light’ motor news

(Automobile club of Michigan): 14-15, 27,

http://www33.brukster.com

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