3.4U - Underwater Inspection Controller

CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR WELDING AND INSPECTION PERSONNEL

DOCUMENT NO. CSWIP-DIV-7-95 - Part 2

Requirements for the Certification of ROVInspectors and Underwater Inspection Controllers

Categories of certification

ROV Inspector - Grade 3.3U Underwater Inspection Controller - Grade 3.4UConcrete Endorsement - Grades 3.3UC and 3.4UC

1st Edition January 1996

For details of 3.1U and 3.2U Underwater (Diver) Inspectors, please refer to Part 1 of thisDocument.

Incorporating additions and amendments as approved by the Underwater Inspection Management Committee asconstituted on 30 November 1995

Issued under the authority of the Governing Board for CertificationAll correspondence should be addressed to:TWI Certification, Abington Hall, Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AL, UK.Tel: Cambridge 01223 891162, Fax: 01223 894219.

Scottish National Test Centre, University of Paisley, High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE, Renfrewshire,Scotland, UK.Tel: 0141 848 3666, Fax: 0141 848 3663.

CSWIP is administered by TWI Certification LtdThe use of the NACCB Accreditation Mark indicates accreditation in respect of those activities covered by

Accreditation Certificate No 025

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FOREWORD

The Certification Scheme for Welding and Inspection Personnel (CSWIP) is a comprehensivescheme which provides for the examination and certification of individuals seeking todemonstrate their knowledge and/or competence in their field of operation. The scope ofCSWIP includes Welding Engineers, Welding Technicians, Welding Inspectors, WeldingSupervisors, Welding Instructors and Underwater Inspection personnel.

CSWIP is managed by the Certification Management Board, which acts as the Governing Boardfor Certification, in keeping with the requirements of the industries served by the scheme. TheCertification Management Board, in turn, appoints specialist Management Committees tooversee specific parts of the scheme. All CSWIP Boards and Committees comprise memberrepresentatives of relevant industrial and other interests.

The CSWIP Underwater Inspection Management Committee is one such ManagementCommittee and is representative of offshore operators, diving contractors and classificationsocieties.

1 GENERAL

1.1 Scope

This document describes the procedures by which personnel may be examinedand if successful, certificated in relation to underwater inspection and non-destructive testing. The scheme is intended to meet the majority of users'requirements to provide industry with an assured minimum standard ofproficiency. The specialist user may add specific tests or requirements related tohis own needs. The examination procedure is designed to test the candidate'sgrasp of the methods and techniques, and his/her understanding of the operationshe/she performs. The examination procedure involves written, oral and practicaltests, where appropriate.

Specimen written examination questions and syllabuses for the guidance oforganisations and individuals preparing for certification are included asappendices to this document.

The policy of the CSWIP Underwater Inspection Management Committee is tokeep all technical requirements under regular review to ensure that currentindustrial needs and new technology are adequately covered. It is thereforeimportant for users of the scheme to ensure that they are aware of anyamendments to, or re-issue of, this document.

This document covers two grades of activity: These apply to topside personnelinvolved in underwater inspection, 3.3U and 3.4U. A concrete endorsement isavailable for all holders of underwater inspection certification.

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Certification categories are also available for divers who are involved inunderwater structural inspection: 3.1U and 3.2U. A separate document(Reference CSWIP-DIV-7-95 Part 1) is available on these categories.

1.2 Vision requirements

All candidates must provide evidence of unaided or corrected near visual acuityin at least one eye, such that the candidate is capable of reading N5 TimesRoman type at a distance of not less than 30cm on a standard reading test chart.That evidence to have been provided within the two years preceding theexamination.

1.3 Health requirements

Candidates need to be in satisfactory physical condition and the personcompleting the application form will be required to signify that the candidate'shealth and eyesight are adequate to enable him/her to carry out his/her duties.

1.4 Job responsibilities

GRADE 3.3U

The candidate will be expected to be able to demonstrate his/her ability to carryout inspection by means of ROV or manned submersible, using visual andselected NDT techniques. The candidate must have a knowledge of theinspection and testing methods included in the 3.1U syllabus; the capabilities ofother relevant non-destructive testing methods in current use; the modes offailure, cracking and deterioration in steel and concrete structures (including therelevance of various inspection methods); and protection systems. He/She willhave a knowledge of QA relevant to underwater inspection and an appreciationof the abilities and limitations of remotely applied inspection systems, ROV'sand submersibles. They should be capable of maintaining appropriate jobrecords, of preparing written reports and of producing an adequate oralcommentary on their work as and when required.

GRADE 3.4U

The candidate will be expected to have a knowledge of all aspects of the ROVInspector (3.3U) Grade and of the inspection and testing methods included in the3.2U examination. The candidate must have a knowledge of the capabilities andlimitations of diving, ROV's and submersibles, and an understanding ofinspection planning and briefing. He/She must have an appreciation of the rolesand responsibilities of other personnel and organisations, including the OffshoreInstallation Manager, Master, Diving and ROV Supervisors, client'srepresentatives, certifying authorities and government departments.

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1.5 Evidence of experience - all candidates

Candidates should provide evidence of experience in Grades 3.1U or 3.2Usatisfying the entry requirements using appropriate log book entries (thecandidate's red AODC underwater inspection log book or other official log bookgiving specific details of inspection work, each entry being signed by thecandidate, diving supervisor and client representative).

Experience offshore, experience of application of NDT methods and subseaengineering related work can be provided by letter from the candidate'semploying organisation or suitably endorsed authenticated CV. Photocopies ofentries may be required as supporting evidence of experience when makingapplication to CSWIP for examination. Any original log book, etc should beavailable for inspection by CSWIP if required.

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2 GRADE 3.3U

NOTE: a) Experience

To be eligible to attempt Grade 3.3U the candidate must:

i) be a manned submersible pilot or observer, havingcompleted a minimum of 15 operational dives,

or

ii) be an ROV pilot or observer having completed aminimum of 100 logged hours of underwater inspectionwork experience as pilot or observer,

or

iii) have a qualification in a relevant engineering or sciencesubject which should not be less than HNC level orequivalent and a minimum of 12 months subseaengineering related work, including a minimum of 60days spent at an offshore site,

or

iv) be a current or previously approved CSWIP 3.1U or 3.2UDiver Inspector who has held such certification for aminimum of three years, with a minimum of 100 loggedhours of underwater inspection work,

or

v) be a surface NDT Practitioner, certified underPCN/CSWIP in ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle orpenetrant testing or equivalent approval accepted by theCSWIP Underwater Inspection Management Committee,who has a minimum of three years documentedexperience in the application of NDT methods related tooffshore facilities and to have spent a minimum of 30days at an offshore work site gaining familiarity withunderwater inspection techniques.

b) Training course

All candidates will be required to have satisfactorily completed aCSWIP approved training course on the methods in which they

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are to be examined.

c) Dispensation of entry requirements

Personnel who satisfy most but not all of the other entryrequirements specified and who may have alternative attributeswhich they consider should be taken into account, may have theirindividual cases assessed by the CSWIP Underwater InspectionManagement Committee or its nominees. There is nodispensation from training requirements.

2.1 Approval Procedure

Candidates will be required to satisfy the examiners in all parts of theexamination.

2.1.1 Theory examination - The written examination will consist of twoparts, A and B, in one three hour paper:

Paper A 25 multi-choice questions

Paper B General inspection principles and applications dividedinto two sections.

Section A: One mandatory detailed written answer fromtwo questions on Underwater Visual Inspection of a riser,pipeline or structure.

Section B: Six short written answer questions, viz onequestion to be attempted from two given in each of thefollowing six sub-sections:

i) Underwater visual inspectionii) Recording methodsiii) Corrosion protection systemsiv) Remotely applied inspection systemsv) Care and calibration of equipmentvi) Recording and reporting of data.

2.1.2 Practical examination - The test will consist of the following parts:

i) Data recordingii) Commentating on video of an inspection task

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iii) Written reportsiv) Description (written)

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2.1.3 Concrete endorsement

For those seeking an endorsement in the inspection of concrete, theendorsement examination may be taken at the same time as the initialexamination, or as a separate (endorsement) examination on a lateroccasion, providing the candidate holds a valid 3.3U or 3.4U certificate.An endorsement examination may not be taken at the same time as a fiveyear renewal examination.

The examination will consist of a 20 multi-choice question paper, theinterpretation of eight photographs of typical concrete blemishes andreporting the possible cause, type and classification.

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3 GRADE 3.4U

NOTE: a) Experience

To be eligible to attempt Grade 3.4U the candidate must:

i) have a qualification in a relevant engineering or sciencesubject which should not be less than HNC level orequivalent and a minimum of 12 months subseaengineering related work, including a minimum of 60days spent at an offshore site,

or

ii) be a current or previously approved CSWIP 3.3U ROVInspector who has held such certification for a minimumof one year, with a minimum of 300 logged hours ofunderwater inspection work,

or

iii) be a current or previously approved CSWIP 3.1U or 3.2UDiver Inspector who has held such certification for aminimum of three years, with a minimum of 100 loggedhours of underwater inspection work,

or

iv) be a surface NDT Practitioner, certified underPCN/CSWIP in ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle orpenetrant testing or equivalent approval accepted by theCSWIP Underwater Inspection Management Committee,who has a minimum of three years documentedexperience in the application of NDT methods related tooffshore facilities and to have spent a minimum of 30days at an offshore work site gaining familiarity withunderwater inspection techniques.

b) Training course

All candidates must have successfully completed a CSWIP 3.4Uapproved training course.

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c) Dispensation of entry requirements

Personnel who satisfy most but not all of the other entryrequirements specified and who may have alternative attributeswhich they consider should be taken into account, may have theirindividual cases assessed by the CSWIP Underwater InspectionManagement Committee or its nominees. There is nodispensation from training requirements.

3.1 Approval procedure

Candidates will require to satisfy the examiners in all parts of the examination.

3.1.1 Theory examination - The written examination will consist of threeparts, A, B and C. Parts A and B will be one three hour long paper andpart C will consist of one paper for which 3 hours 10 minutes will beallowed.

Part A 50 multi-choice questions

Part B General inspection principles and applications - six writtenanswer questions, viz one question to be attempted fromthe two given in each of the following five sections, plusone question from any section in part B:

i) Magnetic particle inspectionii) Ultrasonic inspectioniii) Corrosion protection systemsiv) Underwater visual inspectionv) Non-destructive testing (general knowledge).

Part C Application aspects - eight written answer questions, vizone question to be attempted from two given ineach of the following seven sections, plus onequestion from any section in part C:

vi) Remotely applied inspection systemsvii) Recording and processing of dataviii) Quality Assuranceix) Inspection planning and briefingx) Capabilities and limitations of diversxi) Capabilities and limitations of ROV's and

submersiblesxii) Care and deployment of equipment.

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3.1.2 Practical examination - The test will consist of the following parts:

i) Data recordingii) Commentating on video of an inspection taskiii) Written reportsiv) Description (Written)v) Technical drawing evaluationvi) Telex précisvii) Work schedulingviii) Oral (interrogation).

3.1.3 Concrete endorsement

For those seeking an endorsement in the inspection of concrete, theendorsement examination may be taken at the same time as the initialexamination, or as a separate (endorsement) examination on a lateroccasion, providing the candidate holds a valid 3.3U or 3.4U certificate. An endorsement examination may not be taken at the same time as a fiveyear renewal examination.

The examination will consist of a 20 multi-choice question paper, theinterpretation of eight photographs of typical concrete blemishes andreporting the possible cause, type and classification.

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4 GENERAL INFORMATION

4.1 Examination equipment, specimens and test centres

3.3U and 3.4U examinations do not involve practical underwater examinationparts and all necessary video equipment/tapes, audio equipment/tapes andphotographs will be provided at the Test Centre.

Examinations may be taken at any one of a number of Test Centres in the UKand overseas. Lists are available on request.

4.2 Application for examinations and fees

Applications must be made on the appropriate application form to the examiningorganisation, details of which are given at the end of this document. Applicationforms ask for specific details of experience, training and health and must besigned, confirming that these details are correct and supported by such otherdocuments as may be necessary to confirm that the candidate is eligible forexamination. No applications can be confirmed until receipt of a correctlycompleted application form and the full fee. In the event of a false statementbeing discovered any certificate awarded as a result of the test will be null andvoid.

4.3 Certification

4.3.1 Results notices

All candidates will be sent a results notice. This notice will also be sentto the organisation paying the examination fee, if not paid by thecandidate.

4.3.2 Successful candidates

A certificate of proficiency will be issued to the successful candidate andhis/her sponsor (if applicable). Both copies will be sent to the candidateif self-employed.

Duplicate certificates to replace those lost or destroyed will be issuedonly after extensive enquiries, and a fee will be charged.

4.3.3 Unsuccessful candidates

Initial 3.3U or 3.4U examination

Brief details of the reasons for failure will be given in the results notice

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sent to the candidate and the organisation paying the fees.

Candidates who fail part(s) of the initial examination may attempt ONERETEST of the failed part(s) provided such retest is completed within16 weeks of the initial examination. Candidates who do not completethe retest within the specified time or those who are again unsuccessful,will be treated thereafter as initial candidates. In these circumstances

CANDIDATES ARE STRONGLY ADVISED TO ARRANGESOME INDIVIDUAL REFRESHER TRAINING THROUGH ONEOF THE RECOGNISED TRAINING ESTABLISHMENTS.

4.3.4 Validity of certificates

Certificates will be valid for five years from the date of completion of theoriginal test. The renewal procedure after five years is described insection 4.4.

Certificates which are issued as a result of previously failed parts of theexamination will be valid from the date of completion of the original testas described above.

Certificates are only valid provided:

a) they are within certification periodb) they are on standard cream CSWIP paper bearing the CSWIP

logo black on gold, signed by an officer of CSWIP and embossedwith the CSWIP stamp

c) they have been signed by the individual to whom the certificate isawarded

d) they are accompanied by a valid official CSWIP identity carde) all fees have been paid.

PHOTOCOPIES ARE UNAUTHORISED BY CSWIP ANDSHOULD ONLY BE USED FOR INTERNAL ADMINISTRATIVEPURPOSES.

4.3.5 Complaints and appeals

Any `party' which considers itself to have reasonable grounds forquestioning the competency of a CSWIP qualified person may petitionthe Underwater Inspection Management Committee for withdrawal ofthat person's certificate. Such a petition must be accompanied by allrelevant facts and if, in the opinion of the Committee, an adequate primafacie case has been presented, a full investigation of the circumstancesunder dispute will be initiated. If the petition is substantiated to the

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satisfaction of the Committee, the person's certificate will be withdrawnand a further test will be required.

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Appeals against failure to be certified, or eligibility to attempt anexamination or against non-renewal of a certificate may be made by theperson concerned or the employer upon application in writing to theCSWIP Underwater Inspection Management Committee.

4.4 Renewal

4.4.1 Five year renewal

To ensure continuity it is desirable for five year retests to be carried outup to six months prior to the final expiry of the original certificate. Ifsuccessful the certificate shall be dated five years from the originalexpiry date.

It is not possible to combine a concrete endorsement test with a five yearrenewal test.

Candidates who fail the five year renewal test will be treated as initialcandidates. Therefore it is strongly recommended that they consider arefresher course as no retests are permitted.

If for any reason it is not possible for the candidate to complete therenewal test before expiry of the original certificate, then the periodduring which the renewal test can be taken may be extended. Requestsfor extra time should be made in the first instance to the CSWIPSecretariat, TWI Certification. It should be noted that this extra timedoes not change the expiry date on the certificate and work carried outbeyond the expiry date has no certificate cover.

4.4.2 Five year renewal procedure for 3.3U and 3.4U

Certificate holders will be required to take a five year renewal testconsisting of the theoretical parts of the applicable examination. Thetheory will consist of the multi-choice paper and the questions requiringlonger written answers, parts A and B for 3.3U and parts A, B and C for3.4U.

Certificate holders must demonstrate that they have maintained theircompetence by providing evidence of continuous work activity inrelevant underwater inspection work within the previous five years byletter from their employers, or for self-employed personnel by lettersfrom those companies they have been contracted to over the previousfive years.

4.5 Concrete endorsement examination

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This examination may be attempted by existing 3.3U or 3.4U certificateholders,provided the necessary requirements are met. Failure in theseexaminations will not affect the validity of the existing 3.3U or 3.4U certificates.

Successful endorsement examinations do not affect the period of validity of theoriginal certificate, nor do they extend the expiry date of the original certificate.

The concrete endorsement remains valid as long as the candidate maintainshis/her 3.3U or 3.4U certificate.

4.6 Records

Records of all successful and unsuccessful candidates are maintained. Theserecords are accessible to the Underwater Inspection Management Committee orits nominees at all reasonable times.

At all times the rules of CSWIP current at the time of the examination apply. The Underwater Inspection Management Committee will not be responsible forfailure of candidates or their sponsors to inform themselves of these rules.

Additional information:

CSWIP SecretariatTWI Certification LtdAbington HallAbington, Cambridge CB1 6AL

Phone 01223 891162Fax 01223 894219

For examination enquiries:

TWI Examination Services (For all examinations. Note: practical examinationsAbington Hall are conducted at TWI North, Middlesbrough)Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AL

Phone 01223 891162Fax 01223 891630

Scottish National Test Centre (For 3.3U, 3.4U and all written retests)University of PaisleyHigh StreetPaisley PA1 2BERenfrewshire

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Phone 0141 848 3666Fax 0141 848 3663

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CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR WELDING AND INSPECTION PERSONNEL

Requirements for the Certification of ROV Inspectors and Underwater Inspection Controllers

APPENDICES TO DOCUMENT CSWIP-DIV-7-95 Part 2

Appendix 1: Examination Syllabus

Appendix 2: Specimen Written ExaminationQuestions

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APPENDIX 1: EXAMINATION SYLLABUS

Any aspect of the syllabus may be included in the written and oral examination. Items whichwill be specifically included in the practical examination have the suffix `P.'

The level of knowledge required by the candidate varies according to topic. To ensurecomprehension by all parties the following terms have been defined to demonstrate anincreasing level of knowledge.

DEFINITIONS

OUTLINE KNOWLEDGE: The candidate must be familiar with the subject in outlineterms. He/She should know that the topic exists and whatit is applied to. In the context of inspectionmethods/techniques the candidate would be expected toknow the "what it is, what it does" but would not beexpected to know the finer points of application of thetechnique.

KNOWLEDGE: The candidate must have a working knowledge of thesubject and be able to apply it.

DETAILED KNOWLEDGE: The candidate must have a depth of knowledge sufficientto enable him/her to exercise judgement.

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3.3U ROV INSPECTOR

INTRODUCTION

The candidate will be required to demonstrate their KNOWLEDGE in the following generalareas:

The need for inspection and the requirement for `Certificate of Fitness.'

Basic terminology of steel/concrete structures, risers, pipelines, wellheads and protection frames(igloos).

The modes of failure and deterioration experienced in steel/concrete structures, risers andpipelines.

An appreciation of how an operator's inspection programme attempts to detect and assess suchfailure and deterioration by the use of various Diver or ROV inspection techniques, includingNDT.

The importance of documentation, record keeping and good communications.

An appreciation of the capabilities of commonly used vehicles.

The need for appropriate levels of personnel qualification and equipment certification.

The need for written procedures for all activities.

1 UNDERWATER VISUAL INSPECTION

AN OUTLINE KNOWLEDGE OF:

Cleaning for the purpose of inspection, by ROV (LP air, water jet, grit entrainment, etc.)and safety aspects. Standards of surface finish.Weld structures plus risers and concrete terminology.Pipeline features and terminology.Marine growth species identification, percentage coverage (estimates of each type),growth thickness measurement techniques, the effects of marine growth and reasons forremoval.

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A KNOWLEDGE OF:

Welds and structures plus risers and concrete terminology. `P'Pipeline features and terminology. `P'Marine growth species identification, percentage coverage (estimates of eachtype), growth thickness measurement techniques, the effects of marine growthand reasons for removal. `P'Types of visual defects and their likely location in steel/concrete structuresand risers. `P'Types of defects and areas for concern on pipelines. `P'

2 RECORDING METHODS

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The philosophy of criteria of non-conformance.Optimum light placement and intensity for photography and video recording.The principles of photogrammetry.The care, in use, and deployment of recording equipment.The importance of (size) references and record keeping.Methods for setting up identification markers, size, references and data chambers.Terms and definitions used in photography and the relationships between the correct useof CCTV and video to give optimum results.Types of video recording equipment.The advantages, limitations, capabilities and operation of various types of videoequipment.

3 CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS


The general principles of corrosion and how corrosion protection is effected byprotective coatings and cathodic protection systems.Modes of deterioration and the typical inspection requirements for sacrificial anode andimpressed current systems.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The visual inspection of protective coatings including Monel and othercladding. `P'

A DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF:

Potential measurement methods and the typical values obtained and the effects ofexternal factors, such as debris and seabed material on corrosion protection systems.

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4 REMOTELY APPLIED INSPECTION SYSTEMS


The methods, limitations and capabilities of NDT weld inspection techniques.The principles of wall thickness measurement (using ultrasonics).The principles of FMD techniques (ultrasonics, gamma radiation and thermalapplications).Pipeline inspection methods and equipment, e.g. pipetrackers, sonar and cross profilers,etc.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The methods of application by ROV of ultrasonic, gamma radiation and thermal FMDtechniques.


The methods of application by ROV of CP monitoring techniques and the constraints inusing the contact technique (e.g. problems associated with establishing good contactthrough paint and/or marine growth), the factors affecting the dip technique (e.g.problems associated with the positioning of the electrode and establishing goodelectrical continuity to the structure) and the use of current density measurements (e.g.the influence of positioning and orientation on accuracy).The measurement of wall thickness using digital wall thickness meters, the necessity andstandard of surface preparation, alignment, calibration and the effects of surfacedcoatings and corrosion.The effects on performance of video and still-photography systems when remotelydeployed, the influence of access, positioning, stand-off and set-up constraints. Theimportance of the correct selection of systems and settings to suit the task anddeployment method constraints, cleaning limitations and location and referencinglimitations.

The effects on divers of currents, tides, wind, waves and water turbulence.The capabilities and limitations of underwater vehicles which will enable them toidentify which inspection tasks a particular vehicle is capable of, i.e:

ROVs: Thruster configurations, speed, manoeuvrability, launching methods, umbilicalmanagement systems, range of size and types of vehicles, power at the vehicle,manipulators, range of functions and sensory feedback, etc.

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5 CARE AND CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

Still-photographic equipment, loading and unloading of film, presetting cameras,charging batteries and checking the correct charge has been applied to both the cameraand strobes.The care of in use and the need for calibration of photographic equipment and digitalultrasonic wall thickness meters.


The necessity for taking care of, and the application of calibration procedures for,cathodic potential measurement systems.The necessity for and correct application of specific video standards, video assessmentsystems and assessment procedures.

6 RECORDING AND REPORTING OF DATA


The interfacing of sensors, data telemetry systems, topside and subsea navigationsystems.The principles of report writing. `P'

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The function of data sheets, logs, videos, photographs and samplingrecording media. `P'


The standard of recording required to enable a meaningful report tobe prepared. `P'The principles of workscopes, specifications and procedures. `P'The location, the references and the data on structures and pipelinereference systems (KP numbers). `P'The importance of using standard terminology, the need for accuracy,consistency, clarity and a methodical approach to data collection andcompiling reports and logs. `P'The correct method of setting-up time and data generators and video typewriters.

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3.4U UNDERWATER INSPECTION CONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION

The candidate will be required to demonstrate their KNOWLEDGE in the following generalareas:

The need for inspection and the requirement for `Certificate of Fitness.'

Basic terminology of steel/concrete structures, risers, pipelines, wellheads and protection frames(igloos).

The modes of failure and deterioration experienced in steel/concrete structures, risers andpipelines.

An appreciation of how an operator's inspection programme attempts to detect and assess suchfailure and deterioration by the use of various Diver or ROV inspection techniques, includingNDT.

The importance of documentation, record keeping, good communications, planning andbriefing.

An appreciation of the abilities and limitations of commonly-used ROV's and divers for thecollection of data.

The need for appropriate levels of personnel qualification and equipment certification ofconformity.

The need for written procedures for all activities.

An appreciation of the roles and responsibilities of others, such as: the offshore installationmanager, the master diving supervisor, the ROV superintendent, the client's representative, thecertifying authority and government departments, etc.

1 UNDERWATER VISUAL INSPECTION

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

Cleaning for the purpose of inspection by Diver and ROV (LP air, water jet, gritentrainment, etc.) and safety aspects. Standards of surface finish.Welds and structures plus risers and concrete terminology. `P'Pipeline features and terminology. `P'Marine growth species identification, percentage coverage (estimates of eachtype) growth thickness measurement techniques, the effects of marine growthand reason for removal. `P'

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Types of visual defects and their likely location in steel/concrete structures and risers.Types of defects and areas of concern for structures/pipelines. `P'Dimensional checking of welds and measurements underwater.

2 RECORDING METHODS


The principles of photogrammetry, the care in use, and the deployment of recordingequipment.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The use of CCTV, mono, stereo and colour recording equipment. Both hand held andremote.Types of video equipment.The operation of various types of video equipment. `P'


Methods for setting up identification markers and recognition of the need for fixedrepeatable reference/datum points.Optimum light placement and intensity for photography and video recording.Terms and definitions used in photography and the relationship between film speed,aperture, shutter speed, focus and depth of field, etc.The correct use of CCTV and video to give optimum results.The importance of references and record keeping, including data chambers. `P'

3 CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEMS


The general principles of corrosion and how corrosion protection is effected byprotective coatings and cathodic protection systems.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

Modes of deterioration, types of corrosion and the typical inspection requirements forsacrificial anode and impressed current systems. `P'The effects of external factors such as debris and seabed material on CP systems.

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Potential measurement methods, the typical values obtained and the calibrationprocedures of equipment/instruments.The visual inspection of protective coatings including Monel and othercladding. `P'

4 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNIQUES

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The methods, capabilities and limitations of magnetic particle, ultrasonic, radiographic,eddy current and AC potential drop inspection techniques.


The NDT techniques particularly applicable underwater.

NOTE: Approved training courses for 3.4U certification includes the practicalapplication of NDT techniques by the trainees, therefore the certificationexamination shall be limited to written questions and/or oral examination of thepractical aspects of NDT. The following sections, 5 to 8, in the syllabi cover NDTtechniques particularly applicable underwater.

5 MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (MPI):


The principles and terms/definitions specific to magnetism such as magnetic poles,magnetic field, lines of force, longitudinal magnetisation, horseshoe magnet, vectorfield, consequent field, consequent poles, distorted field, permeability, reluctance, fluxdensity, residual magnetism, ferromagnetic materials and leakage field, etc.The generation of circumferential and longitudinal flux.Hysteresis loops and their relevance to demagnetisation/magnetisation methods.Inspection equipment (the types available and their use) including fixed and portableinstallations and ancillary equipment and lighting such as UV-A illumination, viewingaids, marking devices, demagnetisation equipment, contrast aids and consumables.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The reasons for, and the methods used for demagnetisation.Testing for demagnetisation.The problems associated with the magnetic particle inspection of partially completedweldments.The methods used to assess the sensitivity of an MPI technique.Methods for recording defect indications.Surface preparation.

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The problems associated with component geometry and shape.The correct choice of a magnetic technique.


Functional and performance checks, calibration equipment and appropriate testpieces.Magnetic inks (fluorescent and non-fluorescent), concentrates, wetting agents, contrastpaints, cleaning agents and inhibitors and the preparation and testing of inks and otherconsumables.The types and causes of surface breaking and near-surface discontinuities and theirindications.The types, causes and visible features of non-relevant and false indications.Methods of reporting.Surface grinding methods used to confirm indications.The advantages and limitations of applying magnetisation using permanent magnets,electromagnets, coils, parallel conductors, flexible cables and prods.

6 ULTRASONIC TESTING:


The physical principles of sound, the relationship between ultrasonicfrequency/wavelength/velocity, the propagation mode of compressional waves and thenature of sound.The behaviour of ultrasonic waves.Ultrasonic terms and definitions such as reflection, attenuation, acoustic impedance,mode conversion, scattering and Snell's law, etc.The types and properties of transducers. The piezoelectric effect, pulse width, near/farfields, dead zones, the effect of frequency and sound velocity on near/far fields andbeam divergence. Compressional wave probes, single/twin crystal probes and theirconstruction.The flaw detector, block diagram, control functions, equipment performancecharacteristics, A-scan presentation, digital thickness meters and the decibel system.The selection of probes, frequency and scanning techniques.Setting and recording of test sensitivities, the principles of flaw detection and sizing andthe functional checks for compression probes (including dead zone estimation,resolution and sensitivity).The types and uses of calibration blocks.The assessment of time-base linearity, amplifier linearity and sensitivity comparison ofprobes.


Calibration methods prior to inspection and the types of calibration and reference blocksavailable for use.A-scan wall thickness and lamination testing.Surface condition requirements of materials and weldments prior to scanning.Methods to determine wall thickness, material quality and determination of the presence

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of internal corrosion.Application and the limitations and advantages of digital instruments for wall thicknessmeasurements.The principles of ultrasonic inspection report writing detailing probes, equipment,scanning, sensitivity, sizing methods and results of examination including the use ofsketches and diagrams to illustrate defect location/position/size.

7 RADIOGRAPHY


The principles and techniques for industrial radiography including its advantages andlimitations.Safety precautions and requirements when using ionising radiations (GS41).The principles of radiographic inspection report writing detailing examination methods,apparatus/equipment, sensitivity and results.

8 WELD TOE PROFILING

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The requirements and practical application of the grinding of weld toes/parent platematerial to a required profile.

9 CARE AND CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT


Still-photographic equipment, loading and unloading of film, presetting cameras,charging batteries and checking the correct charge has been applied to both the cameraand strobes.The care and calibration of video systems.The care and calibration of cathodic potential monitoring systems.The care and calibration of digital ultrasonic wall thickness meters.The care and calibration of MPI equipment.The care and calibration of ultrasonic flaw detection equipment.The care and calibration of other NDT equipment and apparatus.The deployment and recovery of NDT, recording and corrosion monitoringequipment/apparatus.The care of equipment after recovery.The care of damaged equipment.The safe use of electrical equipment relevant to approved codes of practice.

10 RECORDING AND PROCESSING OF DATA

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The principles of report writing. `P'

28

The ability to develop report formats, including logs, and demonstratean ability to use visual aids such as photographs, graphs, histogramsand pie charts, etc. `P'The different report types, such as item, interim, summary, full technicalreports and operational reports. `P'The ability to prepare a report from inspection data. `P'The importance of using standard terminology and the necessity forgood communication. `P'The need for accuracy, consistency, simplicity, clarity and a methodicalapproach in all recording and data processing including report writing, workscheduling, telex preparation and the completion of logs, etc. `P'The skills and ability necessary to direct inspections and elicit furtherinformation by means of suitable questioning. `P'The importance of collecting and collating correct component identificationand location, correct references and data on structures and pipelinereference systems (KP numbers). `P'Data gathering. `P'The ability to use, understand and compile workbooks, data sheets, logs,using videos/photographs/sampling as a recording media. `P'How to recognise anomalies, and an understanding of "criteria ofnon-conformance" and an understanding of the difference between real time andretrospective data gathering. `P'The importance of original data and an ability to recognise routineversus urgent data. `P'The relevance of information, of the necessity to record/comment on testor survey restrictions, of the need to report and record areas or itemsinspected when no findings or anomalies apply, to restrict comments torelevant items, to include anomalies observed outside the scope of work, etc. `P'

Video editing, dubbing and photographic processing skills.The usage and methods for setting-up time and data generators and videotypewriters.

11 OBSERVATION, DESCRIPTION AND INTERROGATION

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

An understanding and ability to read engineering drawings and produceinspection drawings and sketches. `P'


The requirements of video commentary and an ability to add commentaryto a video in real-time using standard terminology. `P'The preparation of written reports from the information provided byvideos and photographs. `P'

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12 COMMUNICATION SKILLS:


The correct use of simplex and duplex communications systems.Communication discipline, standard phrases, the phonetic alphabet, the abilityto take dictation accurately, the ability to précis a report form which wouldinclude a drawing into one written paragraph suitable for telex. `P'

13 REMOTELY APPLIED INSPECTION SYSTEMS


The methods, limitations and capabilities of NDT weld inspection techniques.The principles of FMD techniques (ultrasonics, gamma radiation and thermalapplications).

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

Pipeline inspection methods and equipment, e.g. pipetrackers, sonar and cross profilers,etc.The methods of application by ROV of ultrasonic, gamma radiation and thermal FMDtechniques.


The methods of application by ROV of CP monitoring techniques and the constraints inusing the contact technique (e.g. problems associated with establishing good contactthrough paint and/or marine growth), the factors affecting the dip technique (e.g.problems associated with the positioning of the electrode and establishing goodelectrical continuity to the structure) and the use of current density measurements (e.g.the influence of positioning and orientation on accuracy).The measurement of wall thickness using digital wall thickness meters, the necessity andstandard of surface preparation, alignment, calibration and the effects of surface coatingsand corrosion.The effects on performance of video and still-photography systems when remotelydeployed, the influence of access, positioning, stand-off and set-up constraints. Theimportance of the correct selection of systems and settings to suit the task anddeployment method constraints, cleaning limitations and location and referencinglimitations.

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14 DIVING SYSTEMS


The capabilities and limitations of Divers.Human physiology with particular emphasis on the effects of pressure on the lungs andhearts, etc., nitrogen narcosis, air/gas mixtures, etc.Types of diving, the techniques and equipment for air diving, the techniques andequipment for mixed gas saturation diving, legislation and guidance and currentlegislation and guidance for commercial diving.The effects on Divers of currents, tides, wind, waves and water turbulence.The capabilities and limitations of underwater vehicles which will enable them toidentify which inspection tasks a particular vehicle is capable of, i.e:

ROVs: Thruster configurations, speed, manoeuvrability, launching methods, umbilicalmanagement systems, range of size and types of vehicles, power at the vehicle,manipulators, range of functions and sensory feedback, etc.

Manned submersibles:

a) Autonomous vehicles: range, endurance, payloads, Diver lockout systems,endurance of Divers, access to structures and attachment to structures, etc.

b) Tethered vehicles: flying bells, operating footprints, attachments to structures,microsubs, humanoid, vertically orientated, horizontally orientated, dual controlsystems and manipulators, etc.

Miscellaneous vehicles: Seabed crawlers, structure crawlers, towed units and Diversupport ROV's.

Operational considerations: Endurance, human risk, manning levels, real-time dataacquisition over recorded data, spatial awareness, human contact, dexterity, risk ofsnagging, access, operating radius and the simultaneous operation of ROVs and Divers,etc.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The deployment of Divers, the deployment methods for both surface and bell Divers, thesafe length of Diver's umbilicals, the restrictions on diving from DP vessels, thelimitations of diving inside a structure or around obstructions and the deployment ofequipment to the Diver, etc.

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15 INSPECTION PLANNING AND BRIEFING

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The basic philosophy of inspection with regard to offshore structures and pipelines.The legislation requirements and professional relationships existing between the client,certifying authority or government agency and the inspection contractor.The roles and responsibilities of the onboard client's representative, inspectionsupervisor, inspection controller, supervisor/superintendent and DSV personnel.


The need to maintain equipment and consumable inventories and to determineequipment logistics with regard to changing scopes of work.Operational restrictions which may affect the planning of works such as vesselmovements, platform priorities, diver and ROV limitations and capabilities etc. `P'

The necessity to maintain a system of progress charts and other reportingaids. `P'The necessity to brief and debrief Divers and ROV personnel for plannedandcontingency tasks.

16 QUALITY ASSURANCE RELEVANT TO UNDERWATER INSPECTION


The application of QA/QC systems.

A KNOWLEDGE OF:

The need for personnel qualification and the need for sufficient and adequate equipmentcertification. Written inspection procedures and documentation including checklists on the intentionof inspection procedures.The requirements for descriptions, technique statements and specifications in inspectionprocedures. The need for technical system audits and inspection cross-checks. Theeffects on quality of human relationships, communications, responsibility lines, liaisonand co-operation.The quality requirements from the design, the fabrication, the installation and thecommissioning through to in-service inspection, repair and maintenance.The value of documentation control systems.The value of general quality auditing principles as applied to the progress and recordingof results, sketches, photographic/video, status and anomalous findings.

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REFERENCE LITERATURE/RECOMMENDED READING: 3.3U ROV INSPECTOR

Underwater Inspection Mel Bayliss, David Short and Mary Bax. E & F NSpon: 1988

A Handbook for Underwater Inspectors Editor: L K Porter, Dept of Energy Offshore OTI 88539 Technology report. Health and Safety Executive: 1988

An Introduction to ROV operations Compiled by George Last and Paul Williams, OPL

Handbook for ROV Pilot/Technicians Chris Bell, Mel Bayliss and Richard Warburton, OPL

An Introduction to Offshore MaintenanceOPL

Assessment of Materials for the repair of Prepared by Imperial College for the Department ofDamaged Concrete Underwater: OTH 90318 Energy Offshore Technology Report.

Appraisal of Marine Growth on Offshore The Marine Technology Directorate Ltd: 1992Installations

Pipeline Corrosion and Cathodic Marshall E Parker & Edward G Peattie: GulfProtection 3rd ed Publishing Co.

Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals John L Kennedy: Penn Well Books 2nd ed: 1993

Underwater Power Sources: a review of UEG Publication UR32: 1985current needs and availability

On-site Checks for Underwater Video The Marine Technology Directorate Ltd: 1992Picture Quality

Remotely Operated Vehicles of the World OPL: 1994

A Handbook of Terminology for the use of Operators' Advisory Committee on UnderwaterDivers and Inspectors on Offshore Structures Inspection. HMSO: 1988

Classification and Identification of Department of Energy Offshore Technology ReportTypical Blemishes Visible on the Surface HMSO: 1985of Concrete Underwater and SupplementOTM 84206

The Underwater Photographer's Handbook P Rowlands, MacDonald & Co.

33

REFERENCE LITERATURE/RECOMMENDED READING: 3.4U UNDERWATERINSPECTION CONTROLLER

Underwater Inspection Mel Bayliss, David Short and Mary Bax, E & F NSpon: 1988

A Handbook for Underwater Inspectors Editor L K Porter, Dept of Energy OffshoreOTI 88539 Technology Report. Health and Safety Executive:

1988

Underwater Inspection and NDT Dr Michael Haywood and Dr Nigel Mathers, Prodive

An Introduction to ROV Operations Compiled by George Last and Paul Williams, OPL

Handbook for ROV Pilot/Technicians Chris Bell, Mel Bayliss and Richard Warburton, OPL

An Introduction to Offshore MaintenanceOPL

Assessment of Materials for the repair of Prepared by Imperial College for the Department ofDamaged Concrete Underwater:OTH 90318 Energy Offshore Technology Report:HMSO: 1990

Appraisal of Marine Growth on Offshore The Marine Technology Directorate Ltd: 1992Installations

Pipeline Corrosion and Cathodic Marshall E Parker and Edward G PeattieProtection 3rd ed Gulf Publishing Company

Underwater Power Sources: a review of UEG Publication UR32:1985current needs and availability

On-site Checks for Underwater Video The Marine Technology Directorate Ltd, 1992Picture Quality

Remotely Operated Vehicles of the World OPL, 1994

A Handbook of Terminology for the use of Operators' Advisory Committee on UnderwaterDivers and Inspectors on Offshore Inspection; HMSO 1988Structures

Classification and Identification of Dept of Energy Offshore Technology ReportTypical Blemishes Visible on the Surface HMSO 1988of Concrete Underwater and SupplementOTM 84206

The Underwater Photographer's Handbook P Rowlands, MacDonald & Co

The Principles of Safe Diving Practice UEG: Report UR23

An Introduction to Diving Operations Paul Williams, OPLOffshore

34

Thermal Stress on Divers in Oxy-Helium CIRIA UEG: Technical Note 28, 1983Environments

Control and Monitoring of Carbon CIRIA UEG: Publication UR34, 1986Dioxide in Diving Bells

Quality Assurance in the Offshore Oil Editor J H Rogersonand Gas Industry Graham & Trotman, 1988

Total Quality Management for Engineers Mohamed ZairiWoodhead Publishing Ltd, 1991

Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing C E Betz, Magnaflux, 1967

Fundamentals of Ultrasonics Jack Bitz, Butterworths

Introduction to the Non-Destructive Testing R Halmshaw, Abington Publishing, 1988of Welded Joints

Handbook of Radiographic Apparatus IIW, The Welding Institute, 1973and Techniques, 2nd ed

Handbook on the Magnetic Examination of IIW, The Welding Institute, 1988Welds

Guidelines for Quality Assurance in IIW, The Welding Institute, 1988Welding Technology

Welding Inspection, 2nd ed American Welding Society, 1980

Guide to a Quality Manual Scottish Development Agency(Available from the Universityof Paisley Quality Centre)

The Ionizing Radiation Regulations SI 1985 No 1333 HMSO

STANDARDS

BS 4778: Part 2:1991 Quality Vocabulary; Quality concepts and relateddefinitions

BS EN ISO 9002:1994 Quality Systems; model for quality assurance inproduction, installatiosn and servicing

BS 7850: Part 1: Total Quality Management, guide to managementprinciples

BS 2704:1978 Calibration Blocks for use in Ultrasonic FlawDetection

BS 3923: Part 1:1986 Methods for Ultrasonic Examination of Welds,methods for manual examination of fusion welds in

35

ferritic steels

36

BS 4331: Part 1:1978 Methods for Assessing the PerformanceCharacteristics of Ultrasonic Flaw Detectionequipment, overall performance, on-site methods.

BS 3683: Part 4: 1989 Glossary of terms used in Non-destructive Testing,Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

ANSI/API RP 2X: 1988 Recommended Practice for Ultrasonic Examination ofOffshore Structural Fabrication and Guidelines forQualification of Ultrasonic Technicians

BS 3683: Part 2: 1985 Glossary of terms used in Non-destructive Testing,Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection

BS 6072: 1981 Method for Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection

BS 4069: 1982 Specification for Magnetic Flaw Detection Inks andPowders

PD 6513: 1985 Magnetic Particle Flaw Detection - A guide to theprinciples and practice of applying Magnetic ParticleFlaw Detection in accordance with BS 6072

ISO 3059: 1974 Non-destructive Testing - Method for indirectassessment of black light sources

BS 5044: 1973 Specification for Contrast Aid Paints used inMagnetic Particle Flaw Detection

BS 4489: 1984 Method for Measurement of UV-A Radiation (Blacklight) used in Non-destructive Testing

BS 1134: Part 2: 1990 Assessment of Surface Texture; guidance and generalinformation

BS 4094: Part 1: 1966 Recommendation for Data on Shielding from IonizingRadiation, shielding from Gamma Radiation

BS 5650: 1978 Specification for Apparatus for Gamma Radiography

BS 3683: Part 3: 1984 Glossary of terms used in Non-destructive Testing,Radiological Flaw Detection

ISO 557: 1985 Non-Destructive Testing - Radiographic Examinationof Metallic Materials by X- and Gamma Rays BasicRules

BS 499: Part 1: 1991 Welding Terms and Symbols, glossary for welding,brazing and thermal, cutting.

37

38

APPENDIX 2: SPECIMEN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

3.3U

Theory examination Part A: 25 Multi-choice questions (there is only one correct answer toeach question). Three examples are shown below:

A1 The reason for the importance of having the correct lighting at an inspection site is inorder to:

a) optimise full screen video data image a b) aid ROV navigation around the inspection site b c) distinguish the colour of any visible marine growth c d) enhance the ROV pilot's inspection experience d

A2 The highest rate of corrosion on a steel structure is expected to be found:

a) near the mud line a b) in the splash zone b c) below the tidal zone c d) in the continuously submerged zone d

A3 How many calomel electrodes will normally be required to calibrate a CP proximitycell?

a) 1 a b) 2 b c) 3 c d) 5 d

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Theory examination Part B, Section A: One mandatory written question from two questionson Underwater Inspection of a riser, pipeline or structure. One example shown below:

A1 You are instructed to conduct the following tasks:

1 A marine growth inspection of a vertical member between the elevations -75 and-90 metres

2 A CP survey of the member and a General Visual Inspection of a node on themember of an elevation of -75 metres.

You are using an "Eye Ball" ROV fitted with a SIT and colour video systems, a TVPcamera and a direct contact CP meter. Describe the CP calibration procedures youwould employ and detail the information you would include in your pre- and post-divebriefing and the methods you would use to carry out the inspections.

Theory examination Part B, Section B: Six short written answer questions, viz one questionto be attempted from two given in each of six sub-sections. One example from each sub-sectionshown below.

Section 1.0 Underwater Visual Inspection

B1.1 Discuss the advantage and limitations of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) as a basicmethod of intervention to inspect or to deploy inspection equipment on underwaterstructures.

Section 2.0 Recording Methods

B2.1 Discuss two permanent recording methods commonly used underwater and list each oftheir advantages and limitations.

Section 3.0 Corrosion Protection Systems

B3.1 Explain the proximity system deployed by ROVs for cathodic protection monitoring ofunderwater structures.

Section 5.0 Care and Calibration of Equipment

B5.1 Outline the topside checks which should be carried out to ensure correct cameraoperations.

Section 6.0 Recording and Recording of Data

B6.1 Explain the purpose of workscopes and workbooks and list the information that wouldbe contained in them.

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3.4U

Theory examination Part A: 50 multi-choice questions (there is only one correct answer toeach question). Four examples shown below:

A1 MPI indications can be recorded in which of the following ways?:

a) Magnetic transfer by rubberised tape a b) Photographic technique b c) Replication casts retaining the defect indication particles c d) All of the above d

A2 How long could you expect a fully charged Bathycorrometer Mark 5 to function in thewater?:

a) 15 hours a b) 30 hours b c) 60 hours c d) 120 hours d

A3 Which standard is commonly used for cleaning welds for close visual inspection?:

a) Sa 1 a b) Sa 1½ b c) Sa 2½ c d) Sa 4 d

A4 Photogrammetry is a technique for the measurement of:

a) dimensions a b) the spectral distribution of a light source b c) real-time radiography c d) the photographic density of a developed transparency d

Theory examination Part B, General Inspection Principles and Application: Six writtenanswer questions, viz one question to be attempted from the two given in each of five sectionsplus one question from any section in Part B. One example from each section shown below:

Section 1.0 Magnetic Particle Inspection

B1 Outline the component parts of a typical subsea MPI system and for each componentgive a short description of its use and main features.

Section 2.0 Ultrasonic Inspection

B2 Briefly describe the main application of ultrasonic testing of offshore structures.

Section 3.0 Corrosion Protection Systems

B3 With the aid of diagrams, explain the corrosion mechanism in relation to two methodsof protecting platforms.

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Section 4.0 Underwater Visual Inspection

B4 Note in order of priority the inspection procedure for a concrete inspection and outlinewhat you consider to be the significant requirements for reporting.

Section 5.0 Non-destructive Testing

B5 Briefly describe the theoretical workings and limitations of three NDT techniques usedunderwater.

Theory examination Part C, Application Aspects: Eight written answer questions, viz onequestion to be attempted from two given in each of seven sections plus one question from anysection in Part C. One example from each section shown below.

Section 6.0 Remotely Applied Inspection Systems

C1 Discuss the advantages and limitations of remotely applied inspection systems usingcurrent ROV's as a method to inspect underwater structures.

Section 7.0 Recording and Processing of Data

C2 Explain the significance of the essential data that must be recorded when takingultrasonic wall thickness measurements, taking cathodic potential measurements andperforming a magnetic particle inspection.

Section 8.0 Quality Assurance

C3 Explain the roles of the Certifying Authority, Inspection Controller and Diver Inspectorin the quality assurance of a diving and ROV inspection contract.

Section 9.0 Inspection Planning and Briefing

C4 Detail the job description for an Underwater Inspection Controller on a 24 Hoursaturation contract.

Section 10.0 Capabilities and Limitations of Divers

C5 As high pressure jetting systems can be extremely dangerous to Divers, detail theprecautions you would take during this operation to protect the Diver and those aroundhim/her.

Section 11.0 Capabilities and Limitations of ROV's and Submersibles

C6 Detail the advantages and limitations of the deployment and recovery of the ROV usingeach of the following launch systems:

i) Articulated HIAB type craneii) A-frameiii) Fixed deployment cursor/guide wire system.

Section 12.0 Care and Deployment of Equipment

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C7 Describe fully the procedure you would use for the pre-dive and post-dive checks on anunderwater camera during a normal inspection dive.

3.4U - Underwater Inspection Controller

Documents

typical values

optimum light

reference

typical blemishes

individual

umbilical

inspection

typical concrete