2.6 Plans and design - points to consider Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden Planning and design - does it make any difference if they are.

2.6 Plans and design - points to consider

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Planning and design -

does it make any difference if they are

good or bad?

Learning objective:

to appreciate the possibilities offered by nature to facilitate easy use and operation of household sanitation arrangements

Step 1: Make use of the landscape characteristics

flooded water-logged

deep ground- water

rocky area

Groundwater level

saturated zone

The selection of sanitation arrangements is guided by slopes, soil profiles and other landscape characteristics

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Step 2: Take advantage of sloping ground and raised house foundations ( fluids )

Make use of gravity to discharge fluids

saturated zone

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Step 3: Use vertical space wisely (solids)

areas with deep groundwater levels and/or impermeable soils

hard rock area or shallow groundwater

flood-prone area

floor or ground

Pedestal or pan is on a raised watertight vault

Vault is on the floor and being part of the pedestal

Pedestal or pan is on floor and vault/pit underneath

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Step 4: Minimise the number of steps to reach the pedestal or pan

No steps are needed to reach these indoor pedestals

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Step 5: Minimise the distance to the toilet

Lay-out for tenant houses Profiles:

Locations of toilet rooms in a tenant housing complexJan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Indoor toilet

Attached toilet

Tenant 3

Tenant 1

Ow

ner’s

roo

ms

Tenant 4Tenant 2

Step 6: Consider housing density and number of people per household

Use of human excreta related to available open space

1,000 m2

% utilized nutrients

100 m210 m2

100 %

50 %

0

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

FEASIBILITY

GAPLegally approved urban agriculture

Human urine and faeces must be transported away to agricultural areas

open space p.p.

Step 7: Assess available capacity among residents, entrepreneurs & local government

Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping University, Sweden

Co-composting excreta, straw and dung

Entrepreneur emptying

faecal bins

Step 8: Consider the changing local culture

Residents: Enough space is necessary for reuse in situ, but is not sufficient. Reuse also presupposes an interest to do so. Many societies do not practise urban agriculture, but when given the opportunity residents to a large extent accept the idea of gardening. A strong reason is that sanitised urine and treated dry faecal material are used, not fresh excreta.

Professionals: Well-maintained urine-diverting toilets are odour-less and can be installed indoors. However, professionals often believe that toilets in poor housing areas have to be in the yard. Repeatedly it has been shown that residents prefer an indoor toilet, once they are aware of the odour-less option.

Several benefits of indoor toilets are that they offer better privacy and security, are easy to clean and maintain, and they are convenient for the sick and disabled. From a health point of view the indoor toilet

increases the likelihood of hand-washing after defecation.

J-O

Dra

nger

t, L

inkö

ping

Uni

vers

ity,

Sw

eden