21-33 DNA Computers

8/3/2019 21-33 DNA Computers

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INTRODUCTION TO DNA COMPUTERS:

The possibility of using DNA for computation was

first demostrated by Leonard Adleman in 1994 ofSouth California.

DNA might one day be integrated into a computer

chip to create a so called BIOCHIP that will push

the silicon computer.

DNA based computetr has an ability to solve hard

and complex problem.


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DNA is a nitrogeneous base material which is

responsible for the transmission of different

characteristics from one generation to another

thats what we call the inheritance.

DNA is the molecule inside cells that carrygenetic

information.

INTRODUCTION TO DNA :

WHAT IS DNA ???

Have you some time think that how the function

of cells in our body does not get overlap??

Why the kidney cell does not function for eye cell?


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Why brain cell does not oppse the funtioning of skin

cell or eye cell??

The answers to the above question is that such thinks

Not happen due to presence of differentnucleic acids.

An organisms has some form of nucleic acids whichis the chemical carrier of genetic informations.

There are TWO types of nucleic acids:

1)DNA (Deoxyribonuceic acids)

2)RNA (Ribonucleic acids)

DNA codes for all the information reqired by the

cell.


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DNA STRUCTURE :

DNAwas first discovered byWatson & Crick in 1953.

There are two polynucleotide

chains run parallel to each otherand running in opposite directions.

The two chain twisted with

each others.sospiral ladder likestructure arise.so, it is also called

spiral model of DNA.NEXT


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DNA STRUCTURE :(CONTD)

The linkage between two polynucleotides are such

that purine base of one chain is linked with a

pyrimidine base of the opposite chain.

Adenine-A of a chain isLinked with thymine by two

Weak hydrogen bonds(-bonds)

Cytosine linked with Guanine

by three weak hydrogen(-bonds)

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DNA STRUCTURE :(CONTD)

1)BASIC CHEMICAL UNITS:

2)One Strand:

3) Double Helix:

4) Directionality:


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GENES & CHROMOSOMES :

GENES:

Each DNA molecules contains many genes,the basic and physical and functional units of hereditry.

A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides bases,whose

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GENES & CHROMOSOMES(contd) :

Sequence carry the information requires for

construction of proteins.the human genomecontains atleast 1,00,000 genes.

CHROMOSOMES :

The nucleus of human cells contain two sets ofchromosomes, one set given by each parent.

Chromosomes contain roughly equal parts of

proteins and DNA . DNA molecules are along

the largest molecule now known .


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OPERATIONS ON DNA :

There are eight types of operations carreid out on

samples of of DNA in test tube:

MERGE

ANNEALMELT

SEPERATION BY LENGTH

SEPERATION BY SEQUENCE

COPYING / AMPLICATION

APPEND

DETECT


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ADLEMANS HAMILTON PATH PROBLEM :In 1994, Leonard Adleman solved unremarkable

problems with remarkable technique.

Adleman took seven days lab work to solve this

problem.

This problem is also called Travelling SalesmanProblems(TSP)

It is an hypothetical problem to find the route through

a set of cities so that visit each city only once.As,thenumbers of cities increases problem become more

difficult for which some special solution is required.

Which is founded by Adlemans experiment


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ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT:

This experiment is based on mostly 4 steps by carrying

out which we can conclude that DNA is capable of

performing the arithmetic operation just as silicon:


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ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT (contd..):

1) Generate all possible routes :

Los Angeles GCTACGChicago CTAGTA

Dallas TCGTAC

Miami CTACGG

New York ATGCCG2) Select itenaries that start and end with the correct

cities:

3) Select itenaries that contain the correct number ofcities:

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ADLEMANS EXPERIMENT (contd..):

NEXT

4) Select itenaries that have a complex set of cities:


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Conclusions of adlemans experiment:

1) So DNA will used to solve TPS . On the side of

hardware improvements takes place in

biotechnology at the rate similar to the

advances in semiconductor industry.

2) The future of DNA is speedy,automation &

minituarization.

3)One day we might able to use DANA machine inencryption,genetic programs,etc.

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HOW DNA COMPUTERS WILL WORKS:

A Fledgling technology:

Three years later after Adlemans experiment,researcherAt the ROChester develop LOGIC GATES made of

DNA .

Gates convert binary code through computer

series of signals that the computer uses to performoperations.

Rochester teams DNA Gates are the first steps towards

Creating the computer.

The reseracher believe that this gates might be combined

with DNA micrchips to create a breakthrough in DNA

computing. NEXT


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DNA computer componentslogic gates and biochips

--will take years to develop practical,workable DNA

Computer.

If such computer is ever built scientist says, that it will

more compact,accurate and efficient than conventional

computer.DNA computer can supress the silicon based

processors,and what tasks these computers would

performs?

END


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A Successor to Silicon

There are several advantages to usingDNA instead of silicon:

(1) The large supply of DNA makes it a cheap

resources.

(2) Unlike the toxic materials used in traditionalmicroprocessors, DNA biochips can be made cleanly.(3) DNA Computers are many times faster than the

todays computers.


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Advantages of using a DNAto Computer:

(1) Memory compaction.

(2) Information capacity.(3) Speed.

(4) Energy efficiency.(5) Storage efficiency.(6) Parallel execution.(7) Parallel processing.

(8) Simpler and more accessible.


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Key Benefits.

Adlemans experiment is carried out at 1.2x 10E18operations per second.This is approximately 1,200,000times faster than any super computing devices.


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Benefits of DNAComputers:

(1) Predictability.

(2) DNA Direction.(3) Incredibly Cheap.(4) Half-Hour Test.(5) Amazing Tool Test.


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Drawbacks:

(1) The clock rate of the DNA Computers may be 10 or11 times slower than the your 100 MHz Pentium.

(2) This processor takes hour when you run them withsmall test tube of DNA.(3) DNA molecules are fractured.


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Applications of DNA Computers:

(1) Massively Parallel Processing.(2) Storage and Associative Memory.

(3) DNA2DNA Applications.


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Conclusions:

We conclude that DNA Computer is one of thegood & very important option to replace the siliconmachines. In order to achieve the highest and

maximum advantages, processing speed through DNAComputer than that of silicon machine.


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21-33 DNA Computers

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