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2006 SARE Group 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road 1130 Kimber Road Wooster, OH 44691 Wooster, OH 44691 330-264-5281 330-264-5281 [email protected] [email protected]
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2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Dec 16, 2015

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Page 1: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

2006 SARE Group 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher GrantFarmer/Rancher Grant

Selecting Sheep for Parasite Selecting Sheep for Parasite ResistanceResistance

SARE Project Number: FNC05-583SARE Project Number: FNC05-583

Kathy BielekKathy BielekMisty Oaks FarmMisty Oaks Farm

1130 Kimber Road1130 Kimber RoadWooster, OH 44691Wooster, OH 44691

330-264-5281 330-264-5281 [email protected]@bright.net

Page 2: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

OutlineOutline

The Parasite ProblemThe Parasite Problem

BackgroundBackground

2006 SARE Producer Grant2006 SARE Producer Grant

Selecting Sheep for Parasite ResistanceSelecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance

Questions & AnswersQuestions & Answers

Page 3: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Courtesy of William Shulaw, DVM, MS

Page 4: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

The Parasite ProblemThe Parasite Problem

Parasites affect the health and Parasites affect the health and productivity of sheepproductivity of sheep

Reduced lamb growthReduced lamb growth

Potential death of lambs and ewesPotential death of lambs and ewes

Require expensive chemical dewormersRequire expensive chemical dewormers

Most susceptible are lambs & Most susceptible are lambs & lactating eweslactating ewes

Parasites are developing resistance Parasites are developing resistance to dewormers to dewormers

Page 5: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

TREATMENT

RESISTANCE SELECTION IN

ADULT WORMS

Courtesy of William Shulaw, DVM, MS

Page 6: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Why Selection WorksWhy Selection Works Parasite numbers not evenly Parasite numbers not evenly

distributed among all animals in flockdistributed among all animals in flock

Roughly 20% of animals harbor 80% Roughly 20% of animals harbor 80% of parasitesof parasites

Treating only those 20% helps avoid Treating only those 20% helps avoid developing parasites resistant to developing parasites resistant to dewormersdewormers

Identifying and selecting less Identifying and selecting less susceptible replacement animals will susceptible replacement animals will help increase flock’s resistance to help increase flock’s resistance to parasites over timeparasites over time

Page 7: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

XXX Farm Daily Egg Output

02000000400000060000008000000

1000000012000000140000001600000018000000

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46

all sheep

nu

mb

er o

f eg

gs

103,546,200 eggs per day for just 46 sheep

Just 10 (21%) of the lambs excreted 77% of the eggs !!

Fall 2000

Page 8: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

17,300 epg

150 epg

650 epg1850 epg150 epg

2450 epg600 epg

Page 9: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Misty Oaks Farm - 2004Misty Oaks Farm - 2004

2004 Average FECs by Sire

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5/1

4/04

5/21

/04

5/28

/04

6/4/

04

6/11

/04

6/18

/04

6/25

/04

7/1/

04

7/9/

04

7/16

/04

7/23

/04

7/30

/04

8/6/

04

8/13

/04

8/20

/04

8/27

/04

EP

G

A B C D

Lambs Dewormed

Page 10: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

ParticipantsParticipants Jeff & Kathy Bielek - Misty Oaks Farm - OhioJeff & Kathy Bielek - Misty Oaks Farm - Ohio

David Coplen - Birch Cove Farm - MissouriDavid Coplen - Birch Cove Farm - Missouri

Doug & Mary Emrick - Lazydae Farm - OhioDoug & Mary Emrick - Lazydae Farm - Ohio

Richard Gilbert - Mossy Dell Farm - OhioRichard Gilbert - Mossy Dell Farm - Ohio

Naomi & Dean Hawkins - Green Pastures Farm - OhioNaomi & Dean Hawkins - Green Pastures Farm - Ohio

Sue & Dave Ingram - DSI Katahdins - MissouriSue & Dave Ingram - DSI Katahdins - Missouri

Leah Miller - Bluebird Hill Farm - OhioLeah Miller - Bluebird Hill Farm - Ohio

Jim Orr - Orr Farm - OhioJim Orr - Orr Farm - Ohio

Bill Pope - OhioBill Pope - Ohio

Donna & Doug Stoneback - Wade Jean Farm - PennsylvaniaDonna & Doug Stoneback - Wade Jean Farm - Pennsylvania

Total of 456 lambs and 31 rams in projectTotal of 456 lambs and 31 rams in project

Page 11: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Excellent mothersExcellent mothers

No shearingNo shearing

Medium sizeMedium size

200% lamb crop200% lamb crop

Single purpose: MeatSingle purpose: Meat

Natural parasite resistanceNatural parasite resistance

Katahdins: The Low Katahdins: The Low Maintenance Meat SheepMaintenance Meat Sheep

Page 12: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Our CollaboratorsOur Collaborators William Shulaw, DVM, MSWilliam Shulaw, DVM, MS

Extension Veterinarian, Beef/SheepExtension Veterinarian, Beef/SheepOhio State UniversityOhio State University

Charles Parker, PhDCharles Parker, PhDProfessor Emeritus, Dept of Animal ScienceProfessor Emeritus, Dept of Animal ScienceOhio State UniversityOhio State University

New CooperatorNew Cooperator David Notter, PhDDavid Notter, PhD

Professor of Animal ScienceProfessor of Animal ScienceVirginia TechVirginia Tech

Dr. Notter directs the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) Genetic Dr. Notter directs the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) Genetic Evaluation Center at Virginia TechEvaluation Center at Virginia Tech

Page 13: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Objectives of The GrantObjectives of The Grant Identify rams with ability to transmit parasite Identify rams with ability to transmit parasite

resistance to offspring resistance to offspring

Compare effect of different management systems Compare effect of different management systems

Investigate method to identify potential Investigate method to identify potential replacement seed stockreplacement seed stock

ToolsTools FAMACHA FAMACHA

Body Condition Scoring (BCS)Body Condition Scoring (BCS)

Vigor ScoringVigor Scoring

Fecal Egg Counts (FEC)Fecal Egg Counts (FEC)

Page 14: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

The FAMACHAThe FAMACHA©© SystemSystem

Compare eye color chart Compare eye color chart with color of mucous with color of mucous membranes of sheep membranes of sheep

1 – not anemic1 – not anemic

5 -- severely anemic5 -- severely anemic

Eye color is an indirect Eye color is an indirect measure of the worm measure of the worm burden – applies toburden – applies to Hemonchus contortusHemonchus contortus only only

Courtesy of William Shulaw, DVM, MS

Page 15: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

FAMACHA – FAMACHA – How it WorksHow it Works

Page 16: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Fecal egg Fecal egg counts (FEC) counts (FEC)

using using McMaster McMaster TechniqueTechnique1 egg = 50 1 egg = 50

epgepg

Page 17: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

MethodMethod

All lambs identified by sire All lambs identified by sire

All lambs managed together in single All lambs managed together in single group on each farmgroup on each farm

FEC, FAMACHA & BCS done twice: at FEC, FAMACHA & BCS done twice: at 8-10 weeks & 12-14 weeks8-10 weeks & 12-14 weeks

No changes made to management of No changes made to management of each farmeach farm

Page 18: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Detailed Record KeepingDetailed Record Keeping

Collected on all 456 Collected on all 456 lambs:lambs:

Lamb IDLamb ID

Date of birthDate of birth

SexSex

Birth type & rearingBirth type & rearing

Birth weightBirth weight

Sire IDSire ID

Dam IDDam ID

Age of DamAge of Dam

Deworming historyDeworming history

Collected at least Collected at least twice (8-10 and 12-14 twice (8-10 and 12-14 weeks of age; some at weeks of age; some at 16-18 weeks) on 15 16-18 weeks) on 15 lambs per sire:lambs per sire: DateDate WeightWeight Body condition scoreBody condition score FAMACHAFAMACHA Vigor scoreVigor score Fecal egg countFecal egg count

Page 19: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

ResultsResults Identified several rams that APPEAR to Identified several rams that APPEAR to

show greater ability to transmit show greater ability to transmit parasite resistance to offspringparasite resistance to offspring

Management practices had major Management practices had major impactimpact

Time of lambingTime of lambing Pasture managementPasture management

All farms able to identify potential All farms able to identify potential replacement ewe and ram lambsreplacement ewe and ram lambs

Page 20: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Avg Ram A

Lamb ID DOBSex Born /

RearedFEC

7/12/06

7161 2/18/06 R 2/2 18507162 2/18/06 E 2/2 4507163 2/20/06 R 2/2 3007164 2/20/06 E 2/2 6507165 2/21/06 R 2/2 4507166 2/21/06 R 2/2 4507167 2/22/06 R 1/1 9507168 2/24/06 R 2/2 90007169 2/24/06 E 2/2 6507170 2/25/06 E 2/2 13007171 2/25/06 E 2/2 95507172 2/27/06 E 2/1 2507173 2/27/06 E 2/2 2007174 2/27/06 E 2/2 101507178 3/6/06 E 1/1 300

2433

Avg = 1605 epg

Avg = 3280 epg

Avg Ram A

Adequate Numbers Are Adequate Numbers Are Necessary for Valid ComparisonsNecessary for Valid Comparisons

Page 21: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Farm #1 Farm #1 All dewormed 7/20/06All dewormed 7/20/06 Rotated across previously Rotated across previously

grazed pasturesgrazed pastures

Farm #2 All dewormed 7/16/06 Moved to clean pasture

every week

Lamb ID Sire ID FAMACHA FEC Lamb ID Sire ID FAMACHA FEC

603 A 3 300 11 B 2 0612 A 3 0 14 B 2 0613 A 1 250 46 B 1 0616 A 3 1100 5 B 1 50638 A 2 300 10 B 1 0639 A 3 500 49 B 1 0640 A 3 3450 6 B 3 50641 A 3 1800 24 B 2 0645 A 3 250 29 B 2 150646 A 3 3150 3 B 2 0

Sire A Average 3 1110 Sire B Average 2 25

Farm #2 - 8/19/06Farm #1 - 8/16/06

Management Example: Management Example: Pasture Management MattersPasture Management Matters

Page 22: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Management Example: Management Example: Pasture Conditions Can Change Pasture Conditions Can Change

QuicklyQuickly

Lamb ID Date of Birth

FEC

5/21/06FEC

6/28/06FEC

7/16/06

621 3/18/06 150 1750 13700622 3/18/06 100 2550 10200626 3/20/06 100 1600635 3/26/06 50 1300 5100636 3/26/06 300 4400637 3/27/06 150 3000638 3/27/06 50 1350642 3/27/06 0 1400 15300643 3/27/06 150 1650 13650650 3/30/06 100 6050

Average 115 2505 11590

Page 23: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Management Example: Management Example: NutritionNutrition

Born/ Age of

Lamb ID DOB Sex Raised Dam FEC

603 4/17/06 R 1/1 1 300616 4/19/06 R 2/2 1 1100645 4/26/06 E 2/2 1 250646 4/26/06 R 2/2 1 3150606 4/17/06 E 1/1 2 0640 4/25/06 E 2/2 2 3450641 4/25/06 R 2/2 2 1800652 4/28/06 E 2/2 3 450612 4/19/06 E 2/2 4 0613 4/19/06 E 2/2 4 250661 4/29/06 E 3/3 4 50662 4/29/06 R 3/3 4 2300663 4/29/06 E 3/3 4 3750638 4/24/06 E 2/2 5 300639 4/24/06 R 2/2 5 500664 4/30/06 R 2/2 6 550671 5/1/06 R 2/2 8 300672 5/1/06 R 2/2 8 500

16-Aug-06

Page 24: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Lamb ID Date of Birth Sire IDFEC

6/28/06

1 2/14/06 1 2002 2/14/06 1 8009 2/23/06 1 5010 2/24/06 1 50013 2/26/06 1 15014 2/28/06 1 140017 3/2/06 1 170018 3/2/06 1 29507 2/22/06 1 35012 2/26/06 1 950

Sire 1 Average 905

26 3/20/06 2 160035 3/26/06 2 130036 3/26/06 2 440037 3/27/06 2 300038 3/27/06 2 135042 3/27/06 2 140043 3/27/06 2 165049 3/30/06 2 45050 3/30/06 2 605051 3/30/06 2 4450

Sire 2 Average 2565

Management Example: Management Example: Time of LambingTime of Lambing

At 2At 2ndnd collection (13 weeks collection (13 weeks of age):of age):

older and heavier lambs older and heavier lambs had lower FEC. had lower FEC.

a 10 day increase in lamb a 10 day increase in lamb age resulted in 21% age resulted in 21% decrease in FEC. decrease in FEC.

a 10 pound increase in a 10 pound increase in lamb weight resulted in lamb weight resulted in 18% decrease in FEC.18% decrease in FEC.

Page 25: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Offspring of Sire A probably show more parasite resistance than Sire B.

But, dams of Sire B offspring mainly ewes lambing as yearlings – confounds results.

Lamb ID Sire IDAge of Dam

FEC6/12/06

FEC7/12/06

7162 A 2 150 4507167 A 3 1150 9507170 A 2 1600 13007171 A 2 7450 95507172 A 3 300 2507173 A 2 1100 2007174 A 2 2050 101507175 A 3 1100 10507176 A 3 250 5507177 A 3 3050 5007178 A 4 100 300

A 1664 2295

7179 B 1 2350 82507180 B 1 100 5507181 B 1 2000 7007182 B 1 200 1507183 B 1 3000 139007184 B 2 650 26007185 B 2 1800 7507186 B 1 4500 81507187 B 2 4450 10900

B 2117 5106

Probable Sire DifferencesProbable Sire Differences

Page 26: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Selecting Parasite Selecting Parasite Resistant Service Sires Resistant Service Sires

Based on FECBased on FEC Be sure there is a challengeBe sure there is a challenge

Group average FEC of 1000 epg or higherGroup average FEC of 1000 epg or higher

Compare adequate numbers Compare adequate numbers 15-25 animals15-25 animals Compare at least 2 siresCompare at least 2 sires

Compare apples to apples:Compare apples to apples: Same ageSame age Similar managementSimilar management Similar dam age, litter size, etc.Similar dam age, litter size, etc.

Calculate average FEC of all lambs from each sire Calculate average FEC of all lambs from each sire

Choose sire with lowest average progeny FECChoose sire with lowest average progeny FEC

Page 27: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Selecting Parasite Selecting Parasite Resistant Replacement Resistant Replacement

AnimalsAnimals Be sure there is a challengeBe sure there is a challenge Group average FEC of 1000 epg or higherGroup average FEC of 1000 epg or higher

Compare adequate numbers Compare adequate numbers 15-25 animals15-25 animals

Compare apples to apples:Compare apples to apples: Same ageSame age Similar managementSimilar management Similar dam age, litter size, etc.Similar dam age, litter size, etc.

Choose lambs from sire with lowest average Choose lambs from sire with lowest average progeny FEC if more than 1 sireprogeny FEC if more than 1 sire

Choose animals with lowest FECs in groupChoose animals with lowest FECs in group At least 2 FECs at different dates increases accuracyAt least 2 FECs at different dates increases accuracy

Page 28: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Replacement Animal SelectionReplacement Animal SelectionLamb ID Sex

Birth /Rearing

Sire IDAge of Dam

FEC6/12/06

FEC7/12/06

7162 E 2/2 A 2 150 4507167 R 1/1 A 3 1150 9507170 E 2/2 A 2 1600 13007171 E 2/2 A 2 7450 95507172 E 2/1 A 3 300 2507173 E 2/2 A 2 1100 2007174 E 2/2 A 2 2050 101507175 E 3/3 A 3 1100 10507176 E 3/3 A 3 250 5507177 E 3/3 A 3 3050 5007178 E 1/1 A 4 100 300

A Avg 1664 2295

7179 R 2/2 B 1 2350 82507180 E 2/2 B 1 100 5507181 E 1/1 B 1 2000 7007182 E 1/1 B 1 200 1507183 E 1/1 B 1 3000 139007184 R 2/2 B 2 650 26007185 E 2/2 B 2 1800 7507186 E 1/1 B 1 4500 81507187 R 1/1 B 2 4450 10900

B Avg 2117 5106

Page 29: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

SARE Project Conclusions:SARE Project Conclusions:Dr. Notter’s CommentsDr. Notter’s Comments

Selection favoring low FEC will be effective in increasing Selection favoring low FEC will be effective in increasing parasite resistance in Katahdin flocks. Heritability parasite resistance in Katahdin flocks. Heritability estimate = 0.52.estimate = 0.52.

Age at measurement likely less important than level of Age at measurement likely less important than level of infection at time of data collection.infection at time of data collection.

Selection on FAMACHA scores on older lambs effective, Selection on FAMACHA scores on older lambs effective, but likely to produce considerably slower changes than but likely to produce considerably slower changes than direct FEC measurement and selection.direct FEC measurement and selection.

A combination of recording FAMACHA scores to A combination of recording FAMACHA scores to monitor levels of parasite infection and recording monitor levels of parasite infection and recording FEC as selection tool may be optimal strategy to FEC as selection tool may be optimal strategy to improve genetic resistance to internal parasites.improve genetic resistance to internal parasites.

Page 30: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

Avoid Single Trait Selection: We Avoid Single Trait Selection: We select for both low FEC and high select for both low FEC and high

productivityproductivity2005 Ewe Production / Fecal Egg Count

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Pounds of Lamb Weaned(Adjusted Weights)

Av

era

ge

FE

C D

uri

ng

La

cta

tio

n

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tr)

(S)

(S)

(S)

(Tw) (Tr)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(Tw)

(S)(S)

Ew e Lambs show n in red; Number of lambs raised ( )

Page 31: 2006 SARE Group Farmer/Rancher Grant Selecting Sheep for Parasite Resistance SARE Project Number: FNC05-583 Kathy Bielek Misty Oaks Farm 1130 Kimber Road.

ResourcesResources Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant Southern Consortium for Small Ruminant

Parasite ControlParasite Control http://www.scsrpc.orghttp://www.scsrpc.org

Maryland Small Ruminant PageMaryland Small Ruminant Page http://www.sheepandgoat.comhttp://www.sheepandgoat.com

ATTRA ATTRA (Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas)(Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas)

http://attra.orghttp://attra.org

Katahdin Hair Sheep InternationalKatahdin Hair Sheep International http:// khsi.orghttp:// khsi.org