2004 WWRF Briefings - ETH Z · Trends • Massive ... - Enable end-to-end solutions, ma ssively parallel applications . Page 3 WWRF Briefings: Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks

Wireless Body Area And Sensor Networks

Pedro Coronel, Wolfgang Schott, IBM Research, Zurich, Switzerland

Katja Schwieger, Ernesto Zimmermann, TU Dresden, Germany

Thomas Zasowski, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Henning Maass, Philips Research, Aachen, Germany

Ian Oppermann, CWC, University of Oulu, Finland

Moshe Ran, Holon Academic Institute of Technology (HAIT), Israel

Editor: Pierre Chevillat, IBM Research, Zurich, Switzerland

WWRF BriefingsWWRF Briefings20042004

Page 2WWRF Briefings: Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Market Forecast (M$)

RFID Wireless sensors

Source: Venture Dev. Corp, Frost & Sullivan

Trends

• Massive deployment of RFID tags and networked sensors

• Traffic volume increases dramatically

• Integration of WSNs and WBANs into 4G3G

netw ork

IP netw ork

subnet 1

cell

subnet 2

4G netw ork

2G netw ork

horizontalhandover

verticalhandover

other netw orks

applicationservers

phone system

W AN

ad hoc

1:50

wireless clients

wireless hub

?? :1

sensors

- significant architectural changes to global IT infrastructure expected- processing moves to network edge to aggregate and filter- directional shift in network traffic

- stimulated by numerous industry segments and government organizations

- sensors and tags will begin to inhabit every object

- emergence of smart sensors with local intelligence

- Evolution of current ITU and IEEE standards - Connect ‘sensor world’ with ‘back-end’ computing environments- Enable end-to-end solutions, massively parallel applications


Timeline

WSN PenetrationWSN Penetration

FIRST WSN CONSUMER APPS ENTER MARKET

(HVAC, etc)

STANDARDS FOR WBAN and LOW-POWER WSN

IN PLACE

SECURITY ASPECTS(e.g. ‘secure trade lane’)

HIGH RATE SENSOR NETWORKS(‘snap-shot on-demandpictures, data files… )

EMERGING WSN‘END-TO-END’ SOLUTIONS

FOR ENTERPRISES

FIRST RFIDs WITH ACTIVE TAGS

FIRST WBAN PRODUCTS(wireless shoes, blood

sugar monitors, pill camera)

DATA PROCESSINGMOVING TO

NETWORK EDGE(aggregation, filtering)

NETWORKED WBANWITH CELL PHONEAS ‘BASE-STATION’

DISTRIBUTEDPROCESSING

‘PRIME-TIME’ READY

MASSIVE NUMBER OFSENSORS IN NETWORKS

(10E10 or more)

2004 2004 2006 2006 2008 2008 2010 2010 20122012

PROPRIETARY SENSOR

NETWORKS(e.g. Industrial automation)

EMERGING RFID SOLUTIONS

(Warehousing, tracking goods)

IEEE 1451 & ZigBee

WBAN STANDARDS FOR

BROADBAND ENTERTAINMENT

ENTERTAINMENT WBANsHITTING MARKET(games, TV, audio)

BROAD ENTRY OF PRODUCTS,

HEALTH AND BODY APPS DRIVING GROWTH


Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks

Outline

Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks in WG5

Scenarios and Applications

Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks Characteristics

Technical Challenges

Standardization and Alliances


Wireless Sensor and Body-Area Networks in WG5

Wireless Sensor and Body-Area Networks ⇒ Consist of a (potentially) large number of devices with

sensor or actuator functionality.⇒ Broad range of applications and services⇒ Broad range of bandwidth requirements and network

topologies⇒ May interact with other networks in close proximity

(‘instant partner communication’)⇒ Devices may be ‘always-on’ or ‘low duty cycle’⇒ Devices may be ‘context aware’

WG5 scope: short-range radio communication systems⇒ The Immediate Environment: elements and devices

surrounding us, the ‘nearest’ objects, including those that might be part of our body

⇒ Personal and Area Networks⇒ Local Area Networks⇒ Sensor and Body-Area Networks


Scenarios and Applications

Equipment Sensors and Controls

Equipment Sensors and Controls

Remote Diagnostics and Service Controls

Remote Diagnostics and Service Controls

Automated Data Collection

Automated Data Collection

Lighting Monitors and Controls

Lighting Monitors and Controls

HVAC Sensors and Controls

HVAC Sensors and ControlsSecurity

Sensors and Controls

Security Sensors and Controls

Automotive

Distribution &Retail Industry

ChemicalIndustry

IndustrialAutomation

AssetManagement

SmartHome

AmbientIntelligence

PrivateSecurity

RemoteMetering

LocationPositioning

RF ID Tags

ElectronicHealth

ContextAwareness


WBAN Application Example:Personal Health Care – mixed data rates

Non-invasive WBANs:⇒ Monitoring and sensing signals from the human body

for medical applications⇒ Distributed communications over the human body

Invasive or “In-Body” Area Networks wirelessly connect implanted medical devices operating in the MICS bands (402-405 MHz) and on-body sensors operating in ISM bands or using UWB with monitoring equipment to provide patient health data in real-time. ⇒ Miniature “Pill camera” takes hundred of thousands of

images during typical eight-hours test.• Images and medical data are transmitted to a “reader”

machine:• Workstation allows to view, edit, archive and e-mail the

live video, images and data. • Physician can observe and detect exact location of

suspected “in-body” disorder

Patient data can be sent through the network to establish a diagnosis and trigger the required actions via actuators.

BackboneNetwork

BackboneNetwork


WBAN Application Example:Business meeting – mixed data rates

1. A RFID tag integrated in the watch allows entrance in the conference room

2. Presentations can be downloaded from nodes in the room

3. Business cards are exchanged by handshake

4. Additional information can be displayed by video glasses

5. Using microphone/motion sensors the main processing unit becomes aware of the meeting and automatically blocks phone calls

headphones

microphone

processor

headphones

microphone

nodes

nodesvideo glasses

processor

nodes

Extended WBAN


RFID Systems consist of reader and tags

Passive tags⇒ power supply from reader,

e.g. inductive coupling

Different capabilities

⇒ read-only tag vs. smart tag⇒ 1 bit vs. n bit tags

Medium cost (compared to barcode)

Usually operated in ISM bands

WSN Application Example:RFID Systems- very low data rate

WSN Application Example:RFID Systems- very low data rate

Reader TagData

EnergyCoupling element

supply chain management

electronic fare management

animal identification

access control,key-less go

automatic payment

industrial automation,tool identification


WSN Application Example:Near Field Communication – mixed data

rates

NFC

Ticketing andkiosks.

NFC

Share/print your pictures.

NFC

Establish a Bluetooth or WiFi connection.

NFC

NFC

NFC

Gaming, share pictures.

Buy on the move.Access information.

Smart postersand labels.

Listen and view the content purchased on the move.

NFC

NFC

Internet

Contents and servicestriggered/enabled by NFC.

Browse collected URLs.

NFCNFC


NFC


NFCNFC


NFC


NFCNFC


NFC

NFC

NFC



NFCNFC

NFCNFC

NFCNFC







NFC

NFC

Internet




NFCNFC

NFCNFC

Internet



NFC enables intuitive connectivity with digital contents and services

An NFC device can• act as a contactless smart card • communicate with other NFC devicesin a peer-to-peer network• act as a contactless card reader/writer

NFC-enabled mobile phone applications


Security

camera

motion sensor

WSN Application Example:Smart Home – mixed data rates

Home Office

Residential Service

Gateway

DifferentHome

Networks Firewall

Entertainment/Gaming InternetServices

Web pad

Access from fixed/mobile terminals

BackboneNetwork

Home MonitoringService Provider

Home control& actuators

Gateway Server

notification

actionrequest

control

monitoring information

alarm

HVAC sensors& actuators

ad hocnetworking

multihop


WSN Application Example:Surveillance-low data rate

WSN Application Example:Surveillance-low data rate

1. Deployment of nodes

2. Self-organizing, ad-hoc network setup, connectivity using multihop

3. Data acquisition by sensors

4. Data fusion

5. Data relaying to service gateway

6. Actuators (bidirectional communication)

Indoor surveillance

⇒ Home/Office/Factory

Outdoor surveillance

⇒ Habitat monitoring

⇒ Agricultural control

Remote metering

Earthquake prediction

Battery operated nodes, low complexity

Nodes connected to power grid,high complexity Service Gateway


WSN/WBAN Characteristics:General Comparison with Cellular Wireless Networks

some flexibility, specialists are needed

self-configurable, unattended operation

entrusted to specialistsConfiguration/ Maintenance

multi-month to multi-year battery lifereplaced as neededBattery

dynamicrandom, dynamicfew infrastructure changesTopology

energy efficiency, self-operability and cost

optimization

low / modest complexity

unlimited number (typically 102-106)

appl.-specific, sporadic/cyclic, modest data rate

WSN

high complexity Node

limited electromagnetic exposure, energy

efficiency

bandwidth efficiency, Quality-of-Service (throughput/delay)

Overall Design goals

dense distribution limited by body size

tens of nodesNetwork size

multimedia, high data rateTraffic

WBANCellular Wireless Networks


Technical Challenges:Node perspective

Radio Unit⇒ RF design, efficient system integration

• Synchronized / Unsynchronized

⇒ Simple and robust PHY⇒ Multiple Access Control (MAC)⇒ Networking protocols⇒ Channel models

Processing Unit⇒ efficient power management

• workload prediction⇒ device types:

• simple node: low complexity • smart sensor: filtering, abstraction, aggregation• (real-time) actuation

⇒ Security:• authentication, integrity and confidentiality

Battery⇒ multi-month to multi-year battery life⇒ self-sustained energy supply (e.g. solar)

Actuator

DACADC

memory

Physical Phenomenon

Physical Phenomenon

Battery

Processing Unit

Radio Unit

Sensing Unit


Technical Challenges:Network perspective

Centralized vs. decentralized ad-hoc operation⇒ coordination vs. cooperation

Multihop: exploit redundancy⇒ cooperative relaying⇒ distributed processing

Network coverage⇒ Efficient integration in a wider network⇒ Meshed network⇒ Connectivity

Node/phenomena localization and tracking

Smart sensors vs. simple sensors⇒ advanced functions

Mobility support (full/partial)

Protocols and algorithms

⇒ scalable to network size

⇒ robust to topological changes

⇒ energy efficient

Security features


Technical Challenges:Extending the internet to the sensor world:

nanoIP

• Standard TCP/IP• Network-wide connectivity

and routing• Large address space• Overhead (IPv6 headers)• Implementation complexity

• Need low-footprint stack for sensor networking• Reduced overhead • Allows lean implementation • Power efficient

• Emerging nanoIP concept >>



Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)⇒ Ad-hoc connectivity for voice and data⇒ low-cost and low-power⇒ limited number of devices (8 per piconet)⇒ relatively high data rates: 1Mbps

IEEE 802.15 (WPANs)⇒ TG 1 – WPAN/Bluetooth⇒ TG 4 – Low-Rate WPANs*)

• Very low data rates: 20 – 250 kbit/s• Ultra low-cost and low-power solutions• Sensors, toys, smart badges, remote control• Standard ratified August 2003

⇒ TG4a - Alternative PHY• candidate: Ultra Wideband Radio Technology (UWB)

IEEE 1451.5⇒ wireless communication methods and data formats for sensors and actuators⇒ it can accommodate various existing wireless technologies e.g. Bluetooth, 802.15,

802.11.

private network

Internet

*) for high data rate WPANs, see High Throughput WPANs/WLANs White Presentation



ZigBee Alliance⇒ Dual physical layer (e.g. IEEE 802.15.4):

• 868 MHz / 915MHz• 2.4 GHz

⇒ Battery life: multi-month, years⇒ Coverage range: 1-100m (10m nominal)⇒ 256 devices per network⇒ Star network topology with mesh extension⇒ Peer-to-peer communication possible⇒ very low energy

AIM⇒ Automatic Identification and Data

Capture (AIDC) industry associationNFC⇒ NFC interface standardized in Ecma 340 ,

ETSI TS 102 190, and ISO/IEC 18092⇒ Based on proximity smart card technology at 13.56 MHz

worldwide⇒ Operating distance up to 10 cm⇒ Data exchange rate today up to 424kbit/s

(1 Mbit/s planned for the future)NFC Forum:

Higher-layer protocols (e.g. service discovery) and application-specific protocols and data structures for NFC device- and application-interoperability

13,56MHz RF Link

R F ID object

13,56MHz RF Link13,56MHz RF Link

R F ID object


Key Challenges and Conclusions

Application-driven challenges:⇒ Data fusion (aggregate and filter)⇒ Support of multiple data rates⇒ Robustness, zero maintenance⇒ Security & privacy at low energy cost⇒ Localization

Networking challenges: ⇒ Multihop and its implications⇒ Dynamic topology

Challenges for sensor nodes:⇒ Low-complexity / low-power designs⇒ Smart sensors

Integration of WSN and WBAN into 4G


References

WWRF documentsWWRF WG5 White Paper, “New Radio Interfaces for Short Range Communications”.WWRF Book of visions 2001, available at http://www.wireless-world-research.org/

PapersI.F.Akyildiz et al., “A Survey on Sensor Networks”, IEEE Comm. Mag., Aug. 2002G.J.Pottie and W.J.Kaiser, “Wireless Integrated Network Sensors”, Comm. of the ACM, May 2000/Vol.43, No.5K.Sohrabi et al., “Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network”, IEEE journal on Personal Communications, Oct. 2000, pp.16-27.

Projects:Smart Dust: http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDustPico Radio: http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_RadioWINS: http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/LEACH routing protocol: http://nms.lcs.mit.edu/projects/leachS-MAC medium access control protocol: http://www.isi.edu/scadds/projects/smac/NanoIP: http://www.cwc.oulu.fi/nanoip/

Standardization and Alliances:IEEE 802.15: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/IEEE 1451.5: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1451/5/Bluetooth SIG: http://www.bluetooth.orgZigBee Alliance: http://www.zigbee.orgAIM: http://www.aimglobal.orgNFC Forum: http://www.nfc-forum.org

2004 WWRF Briefings - ETH Z · Trends • Massive ... - Enable end-to-end solutions, ma ssively parallel applications . Page 3 WWRF Briefings: Wireless Body Area and Sensor Networks

Documents