20 th Century

2020thth Century Century

ArchitectureArchitecture

(Part I)(Part I)

Late 19Late 19thth-Century-Century

• 1. Cast Iron: Paxton1. Cast Iron: Paxton EiffelEiffel• 2. Sullivan and the skyscraper2. Sullivan and the skyscraper

Late 19Late 19thth-Century-Century

• Marked by new structural methodsMarked by new structural methods• Utilitarian rather than ornamentalUtilitarian rather than ornamental• steel framework and often glass steel framework and often glass

walls replace traditionally masonry walls replace traditionally masonry designs designs

• Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)

• Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)Paxton, Crystal Palace (1851)

• Eiffel Tower, Eiffel Tower,

Paris, 1889Paris, 1889

Louis Henry Sullivan Louis Henry Sullivan

• The Chicago SchoolThe Chicago School• ““Form follows function”: Form follows function”:

The style was the result of the The style was the result of the natural use of new materials and of natural use of new materials and of the function of their buildings. the function of their buildings.

• The birth of modern architectureThe birth of modern architecture

• Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. LoLouis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler: Wainwright Building, St. Louis, 1890-91 uis, 1890-91

Sullivan: Carson, Sullivan: Carson, Pirie, Scott Pirie, Scott Department Store, Department Store, Chicago, 1899-1904 Chicago, 1899-1904

Burnham and Root: Reliance  Building, Chicago, 1894

Empire State Building, Empire State Building,

NY, 1929-31NY, 1929-31

Modernism in ArchitectureModernism in Architecture

•Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs rather than imitate nature.

ModernistModernist

• 1. Wright1. Wright• 2. The Bauhaus2. The Bauhaus• 3. Le Corbusier3. Le Corbusier

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright

• Organic and romanticOrganic and romantic

• William H. Winslow House, Illinois, 1893William H. Winslow House, Illinois, 1893

Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Frank Lloyd Wright. Robie House. Chicago, Illinois. 1909. Chicago, Illinois. 1909.

• Frank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Bear Run, PAFrank Lloyd Wright. Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA

• Johnson Wax Building, Wisconsin, 1936-39, InsideJohnson Wax Building, Wisconsin, 1936-39, Inside

• Guggenheim Museum, NY, 1943-59Guggenheim Museum, NY, 1943-59

The BauhausThe Bauhaus

• Founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius, through a fusion of Grand Ducal Academy of Art with the Arts and Crafts School

• Advocated a close relationship between the function and formal design

The BauhausThe Bauhaus

• Endorsed the new synthetic materials of modern technology, a stark simplicity of design, and the standardization of parts for affordable, mass-produced merchandise, as well as for large-scale housing. (Fiero 837)

• The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, 1925-26The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, 1925-26

• Fagus Factory, Germany, 1911Fagus Factory, Germany, 1911

• AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, 1908-09AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin, 1908-09

• Le Corbusier Le Corbusier • Ludwig Mies van der RoheLudwig Mies van der Rohe• Characterized by poetic minimalism: Characterized by poetic minimalism:

“Less is more.”“Less is more.”

The International StyleThe International Style

International Style

• Emphasis on truth-telling: no decoration• Subscribed to idea that form follows

function• Building seen as volume generated by

interplay of planes and spaces• Planar flatness of walls: preference for

stucco, which unfortunately cracks

LLudwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-udwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-

1969)1969)

• mastered the use of glass in the steel-mastered the use of glass in the steel-frame skyscraper, creating the face of frame skyscraper, creating the face of the modern corporationthe modern corporation

• linear, rational, and (in theory) cheaplinear, rational, and (in theory) cheap

• believed in an objective architecture believed in an objective architecture based on the machine age; rejected based on the machine age; rejected ornaments, calling them “noodles” ornaments, calling them “noodles”

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York, 1954-58

Le CorbusierLe Corbusier

• A failed sociological architect but an inspA failed sociological architect but an inspired aesthetic oneired aesthetic one

• Voisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acrVoisin Plan of 1925 would clear 600 acre L-shaped site on Right Banke L-shaped site on Right Bank

• Get rid of history to make way for a “vertiGet rid of history to make way for a “vertical city . . . bathed in light and air”cal city . . . bathed in light and air”

Le Corbusier, Drawing for the Voisin Plan (1925)

Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, The vision of the zoned modernist city built with standardized industrial construction http://www.ecosensual.net/drm/ideas/future1.html

Plan Voisin for Paris, 1925, Le Corbusier, Economically 'efficient', yet shown to be an urban disaster around the world. http://www.ecosensual.net/drm/ideas/future1.html

• Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1929-30Villa Savoye, Poissy, France, 1929-30

Unité d’Habitation, Unité d’Habitation, Marseille, France, Marseille, France, 1946-521946-52

18 stories, 18 stories, containing containing flats for flats for 1600 people1600 people

• Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950-54Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp, France, 1950-54

• Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1957Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo, 1957

• Le Corbusier Center, Zurich, Switzerland, 1963Le Corbusier Center, Zurich, Switzerland, 1963

•The EndThe End