1.Definition of mood disorders 2.Ethiology and statistic of mood disorders 3.Mood disorders types

The nurse as manager of The nurse as manager of care and member of the care and member of the discipline in working with discipline in working with

patients with altered mood patients with altered mood statesstates

1.Definition of mood disorders1.Definition of mood disorders 2.Ethiology and statistic of mood 2.Ethiology and statistic of mood

disordersdisorders 3.Mood disorders types3.Mood disorders types 4. 4. Who is affected by mood disorders?Who is affected by mood disorders? 5. 5. What are the symptoms of mood What are the symptoms of mood

disorders?disorders? 6. 6. Treatment Treatment ofof mood disorders mood disorders 7. 7. Prevention of mood disordersPrevention of mood disorders

DefinitionDefinition

Mood is the way a person feels Mood is the way a person feels inside, the experience of emotion, inside, the experience of emotion, sustained and predominant sustained and predominant internal emotional experience. A internal emotional experience. A mood disorder is characterized by mood disorder is characterized by a disturbance in this mood.a disturbance in this mood.

Almost 44 million Americans experience Almost 44 million Americans experience some type of mental disorder. In fact, some type of mental disorder. In fact, mental illnesses are among the most mental illnesses are among the most common conditions affecting health common conditions affecting health today.Researchers believe most serious today.Researchers believe most serious mental illnesses are caused by complex mental illnesses are caused by complex imbalances in the brain's chemical activity. imbalances in the brain's chemical activity. They also believe environmental factors They also believe environmental factors can play a part in triggering, or cushioning can play a part in triggering, or cushioning against, the onset of mental illness.against, the onset of mental illness.

Most mental illnesses can be Most mental illnesses can be treated. People who have mental treated. People who have mental illnesses, even serious ones, can illnesses, even serious ones, can lead productive lives with proper lead productive lives with proper treatment. Mood disorders are one treatment. Mood disorders are one form of serious mental illness.form of serious mental illness.

Mood Disorders TypesMood Disorders Types

BipolarBipolar I I DisorderDisorderBipolarBipolar II II DisorderDisorderBipolarBipolar DisorderDisorder NotNot OtherwiseOtherwise SpecifiedSpecified ( NOS ) ( NOS )Cyclothymic DisorderCyclothymic Disorder..Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( NOS )Specified ( NOS )

Depression ( General Overview )Depression ( General Overview )Dysthymic DisorderDysthymic DisorderMajor Depressive DisorderMajor Depressive DisorderMood Disorder Due to a General Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical ConditionMedical ConditionMood Disorder Not Otherwise Mood Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( NOS )Specified ( NOS )Substance-Induced Mood DisorderSubstance-Induced Mood Disorder

What causes mood What causes mood disorders?disorders?

What causes mood disorders is not What causes mood disorders is not well known. There are chemicals in well known. There are chemicals in the brain, called endorphins, that the brain, called endorphins, that are responsible for positive moods. are responsible for positive moods. Other chemicals in the brain, Other chemicals in the brain, called neurotransmitters, regulate called neurotransmitters, regulate endorphins. endorphins.

Most likely, depression (and other Most likely, depression (and other mood disorders) is caused by a mood disorders) is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain. chemical imbalance in the brain. Life events (such as unwanted Life events (such as unwanted changes in life) may also changes in life) may also contribute to a depressed mood. contribute to a depressed mood.

Affective disorders aggregate in families Affective disorders aggregate in families and are considered to be multifactorially and are considered to be multifactorially inherited. Multifactorial inheritance inherited. Multifactorial inheritance means that "many factors" are involved. means that "many factors" are involved. The factors are usually both genetic and The factors are usually both genetic and environmental, where a combination of environmental, where a combination of genes from both parents, in addition to genes from both parents, in addition to unknown environmental factors, produce unknown environmental factors, produce the trait or condition. the trait or condition.

Often one gender (either males or Often one gender (either males or females) is affected more females) is affected more frequently than the other in frequently than the other in multifactorial traits. There appears multifactorial traits. There appears to be a different threshold of to be a different threshold of expression, which means that one expression, which means that one gender is more likely to show the gender is more likely to show the problem, over the other gender.problem, over the other gender.

Who is affected by mood Who is affected by mood disorders?disorders?

Anyone can feel sad or depressed at times. Anyone can feel sad or depressed at times. However, mood disorders are more intense However, mood disorders are more intense and difficult to manage than normal feelings and difficult to manage than normal feelings of sadness. Children, adolescents, or adults of sadness. Children, adolescents, or adults who have a parent with a mood disorder who have a parent with a mood disorder have a greater chance of also having a have a greater chance of also having a mood disorder. However, life events and mood disorder. However, life events and stress can expose or exaggerate feelings of stress can expose or exaggerate feelings of sadness or depression, making the feelings sadness or depression, making the feelings more difficult to manage. more difficult to manage.

Sometimes, life's problems can Sometimes, life's problems can trigger depression. Being fired trigger depression. Being fired from a job, getting divorced, losing from a job, getting divorced, losing a loved one, death in the family, a loved one, death in the family, and financial trouble, to name a and financial trouble, to name a few, all can be difficult and coping few, all can be difficult and coping with the pressure may be with the pressure may be troublesome. troublesome.

These life events and stress can These life events and stress can bring on feelings of sadness or bring on feelings of sadness or depression or make a mood depression or make a mood disorder harder to manage.disorder harder to manage.

The chance for depression in The chance for depression in females in the general population females in the general population is nearly twice as high (12 percent) is nearly twice as high (12 percent) as it is for males (6.6 percent). as it is for males (6.6 percent). Once a person in the family has Once a person in the family has this diagnosis, the chance for their this diagnosis, the chance for their siblings or children to have the siblings or children to have the same diagnosis is increased. same diagnosis is increased.

What are the different What are the different types of mood disorders?types of mood disorders?

major depressionmajor depression - a two-week period - a two-week period of a depressed or irritable mood or a of a depressed or irritable mood or a noticeable decrease in interest or noticeable decrease in interest or pleasure in usual activities, along with pleasure in usual activities, along with other signs of a mood disorder.other signs of a mood disorder.

dysthymia (dysthymic dysthymia (dysthymic disorder)disorder) - a chronic, low-grade, - a chronic, low-grade, depressed or irritable mood for at depressed or irritable mood for at least one year.least one year.

manic depression (bipolar manic depression (bipolar disorder)disorder) - at least one episode of - at least one episode of a depressed or irritable mood and a depressed or irritable mood and at least one period of a manic at least one period of a manic (persistently elevated) mood.(persistently elevated) mood.

mood disorder due to a mood disorder due to a general medical conditiongeneral medical condition - - many medical illnesses (including many medical illnesses (including cancer, injuries, infections, and cancer, injuries, infections, and chronic medical illnesses) can chronic medical illnesses) can trigger symptoms of depression.trigger symptoms of depression.

substance induced mood substance induced mood disorderdisorder - symptoms of - symptoms of depression that are due to the depression that are due to the effects of medication, drug abuse, effects of medication, drug abuse, exposure to toxins, or other forms exposure to toxins, or other forms of treatmentof treatment

What are the symptoms of What are the symptoms of mood disorders?mood disorders?

Depending upon age and the type Depending upon age and the type of mood disorder present, a person of mood disorder present, a person may exhibit different symptoms of may exhibit different symptoms of depression. The following are the depression. The following are the most common symptoms of a most common symptoms of a mood disorder. However, each mood disorder. However, each individual may experience individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms differently.

Symptoms may include: Symptoms may include:

persistent feelings of sadness persistent feelings of sadness feeling hopeless or helpless feeling hopeless or helpless having low self-esteem having low self-esteem feeling inadequate feeling inadequate excessive guilt excessive guilt feelings of wanting to die feelings of wanting to die

loss of interest in usual activities loss of interest in usual activities or activities once enjoyed or activities once enjoyed

difficulty with relationships difficulty with relationships sleep disturbances (i.e., sleep disturbances (i.e.,

insomnia, hypersomnia) insomnia, hypersomnia) changes in appetite or weight changes in appetite or weight decreased energy decreased energy

difficulty concentrating difficulty concentrating a decrease in the ability to make a decrease in the ability to make

decisions decisions suicidal thoughts or attempts suicidal thoughts or attempts frequent physical complaints frequent physical complaints

(i.e., headache, stomach ache, (i.e., headache, stomach ache, fatigue) fatigue)

running away or threats of running away or threats of running away from home running away from home

hypersensitivity to failure or hypersensitivity to failure or rejection rejection

irritability, hostility, aggression irritability, hostility, aggression

Treatment for mood Treatment for mood disorders:disorders:

Specific treatment for mood Specific treatment for mood disorders will be determined by disorders will be determined by your physician based on:your physician based on:

your age, overall health, and your age, overall health, and medical history medical history

extent of the condition extent of the condition type of mood disorder type of mood disorder

your tolerance for specific your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or medications, procedures, or therapies therapies

expectations for the course of the expectations for the course of the condition condition

your opinion or preferenceyour opinion or preference

. Treatment may include . Treatment may include one, or more, of the one, or more, of the

following: following:

antidepressant medications antidepressant medications

psychotherapy psychotherapy family therapyfamily therapy

Antidepressant Antidepressant medicationsmedications

heterocyclic antidepressants heterocyclic antidepressants (HCAs), like amitriptyline (Elavil)(HCAs), like amitriptyline (Elavil)

selective serotonin reuptake selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI inhibitors), like inhibitors (SSRI inhibitors), like fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertra-line (Zoloft)(Paxil), and sertra-line (Zoloft)

monoamine oxidase inhibitors monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI inhibitors), like phenelzine (MAOI inhibitors), like phenelzine sulfate (Nardil) and sulfate (Nardil) and tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate)tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate)

mood stabilizers, like lithium mood stabilizers, like lithium carbonate (Eskalith) and valproate, carbonate (Eskalith) and valproate, often used in people with bipolar often used in people with bipolar mood disordersmood disorders

PsychotherapyPsychotherapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapyCognitive-behavioral therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Cognitive-behavioral Cognitive-behavioral therapytherapy

Cognitive-behavioral therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy explores how the patient's view of explores how the patient's view of the world may be affecting his or the world may be affecting his or her mood and outlookher mood and outlook

Electroconvulsive therapy Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)(ECT)

is used at a hight risk of suecide. ECT is is used at a hight risk of suecide. ECT is believed to affect neurotransmitters like believed to affect neurotransmitters like the medications do. Patients are the medications do. Patients are anesthetized and given muscle relaxants anesthetized and given muscle relaxants to minimize discomfort. Then low-level to minimize discomfort. Then low-level electric current is passed through the electric current is passed through the brain to cause a brief convulsion. The brain to cause a brief convulsion. The most common side effect of ECT is mild, most common side effect of ECT is mild, short-term memory loss.short-term memory loss.

Alternative treatmentAlternative treatment

There are many alternative therapies There are many alternative therapies that may help in the treatment of mood that may help in the treatment of mood disorders, including acupuncture, disorders, including acupuncture, botanical medicine, homeopathy, botanical medicine, homeopathy, aromatherapy, constitutional aromatherapy, constitutional hydrotherapy, and light therapy. The hydrotherapy, and light therapy. The therapy used is an individual choice. therapy used is an individual choice. Short-term clinical studies have shown Short-term clinical studies have shown that the herb St. John's wortthat the herb St. John's wort

Prevention of mood Prevention of mood disorders:disorders:

Preventive measures to reduce the Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of mood disorders are not incidence of mood disorders are not known at this time. However, early known at this time. However, early detection and intervention can reduce detection and intervention can reduce the severity of symptoms, enhance the severity of symptoms, enhance the individual's normal growth and the individual's normal growth and development, and improve the quality development, and improve the quality of life experienced by persons with of life experienced by persons with mood disorders.mood disorders.

Conclusions:Conclusions:

1.Mood disorders- the1.Mood disorders- the disorderdisorders,whichs,which areare characterized characterized by a disturbance in mood.by a disturbance in mood.

2.Ethiology includes:chemical 2.Ethiology includes:chemical imbalanse in brain and risk factorsimbalanse in brain and risk factors

3.Mood disorders types3.Mood disorders types 4.Everyone can be4.Everyone can be affected by affected by

mood disordersmood disorders

5.Main5.Main symptoms of mood disorders symptoms of mood disorders: : persistent feelings of sadness persistent feelings of sadness feeling hopeless or helpless feeling hopeless or helpless having low self-esteem having low self-esteem feeling inadequate feeling inadequate excessive guilt excessive guilt feelings of wanting to diefeelings of wanting to die,so on,so on 6. 6. Treatment Treatment ofof mood disorders mood disorders 7. 7. Prevention of mood disordePrevention of mood disorde

ConclusionsConclusions

6. 6. Treatment Treatment ofof mood disorders mood disorders include: include: antidepressant antidepressant medicationsmedications;;psychotherapypsychotherapy;;

family therapyfamily therapy.. 7. 7. Prevention of mood disordePrevention of mood disorde