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1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties
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1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Dec 23, 2015

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Page 1: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement

Chapter 37: The Eisenhower EraChapter 38:The Stormy Sixties

Page 2: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Paradox; Freedom for whom? Equality for whom?

Page 3: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Segregation in the South Jim Crow Laws

(1881) Segregated public

facilities “separate but equal” Adopted across the

South SEGREGATION

Page 4: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Man 7/8th’s white &

1/8th African American tried to sit in “whites only” railway car

Was Arrested He sued

Page 5: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court Ruled: that “separate but

equal” laws did not violate 14th amendment”

Supreme Court Ruling gave South permission to discriminate!

Page 6: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Roberto Alvarez vs. Board of Trustees of the Lemon Grove School District San Diego, California 1931 School

Principal refused to allow Mexican students to his school

Separate School for 74 Mexican students was built

Court Ruled: “Racial Segregation illegal”

Page 7: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Mendez v. Westminster School District 1946, Orange

County California Parents fought to

“Desegregate” schools

Racial discrimination Court ruling:

“segregation based solely on national origin unconstitutional”

Page 8: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Earl Warren Appointed Chief

Justice of the Supreme Court

Early 1950’s “Warren Court”

one of the most liberal in history

Page 9: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Linda Brown- 1st grader

had to travel an hour ½ to attend African American School

a white school was located less than one mile away form her home

Page 10: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) NAACP (The National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People) encouraged Brown Family to sue the

Topeka, Kansas school board Argument: Linda’s equal rights had been

violated

Page 11: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Thurgood Marshall Represented Brown

family Later became 1st

African American to serve on Supreme Court

Argued 14th amendment guarantees ALL citizens equal protection under law

“equal opportunity”

Page 12: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Supreme Court Ruled:

“ separate facilities are inherently unequal”

Ruling Overturned 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Decision

Page 13: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Supreme Court Ordered The desegregation of all public school facilities Not well received by Southerners

Page 14: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Little Rock, Arkansas 1957

Governor of Arkansas Orval Faubus

Ordered National Guard to bar the entrance

Of 9 African American students to an all white High School

Page 15: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

“Little Rock 9” - 1957 9 African American

Students allowed entrance by federal court ruling

Violent protests erupted

President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to the city

To escort students to school !

Page 16: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

In Response, Orval Faubus

Shut down all public schools

In order to rebel against integration/ desegregation

Page 17: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Rosa Parks Montgomery,

Alabama, 1955 Refused to give

up her seat to a white

patron on a city bus

Arrested & fined

Page 18: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Dr. Martin Luther King Organized bus

boycott Until buses were

desegregated African Americans

made up 95% of Montgomery’s bus riders

Page 19: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Dr. Martin Luther King & the Southern

Christian Leadership Conference

Challenged Jim Crow Laws in South

Believed in peaceful protest

“Non-violent resistance”

Page 20: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

“Sit- Ins” 1960, Greensboro

North Carolina Local High School &

College students Sat at a

Woolworth’s white’s only lunch counter and

Refused to leave until they were served

Page 21: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

“sit –Ins” -Non-violent Protest

“Sit – in” Lasted 6 months Students took

turn rotating seats Formed the

Student non-violent Coordinating Committee

Page 22: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

“Freedom Summer” 1961 – a group of

mostly college students formed

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Boarded busses in North and traveled South to protest against segregation

Page 23: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Freedom Riders

Showed support for

Desegregation of public transportation In Alabama

Faced firebombs Several “riders”

were severely beat

Page 24: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy Sent federal

marshals to protect freedom riders

Signaled a victory for CORE

Page 25: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Birmingham, Alabama 1963

City closed all public facilities as a protest against integration

Dr. King Staged a march- 1963

Was arrested & Jailed

“letter from Birmingham jail”

Page 26: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Peaceful Protest in Birmingham

Turned violent when

Police Commissioner ordered the use of dogs, fire hoses against

non-violent protesters

Page 27: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

John F. Kennedy

Actively began to seek legislation to protect civil rights

JFK’s “New Frontier” addressed :

poverty unemployment racism

Page 28: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

August 28, 1963 Dr. King organized

most successful march in U.S. history

Washington, D.C. To show support of

civil rights legislation

“I Have a Dream” speech

Page 29: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

I Have a Dream… “I have a dream that one day this nation

will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal’…”

Page 30: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

November 22, 1963

John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Texas

Lee Harvey Oswald lone gunman

Lyndon B. Johnson became President

Page 31: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

1964-1968 “Long hot

summers” Race riots erupted

in Los Angeles (Watts), Chicago, Atlanta

Lyndon B. Johnson concluded that…

Poverty & lack of opportunity prompted riots

Page 32: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

1. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1964

outlawed segregation of public accommodations

Est. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Made illegal discrimination based on race, gender, religion, ethnic origin

Page 33: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

2. VOTING RIGHTS ACT, 1965 Outlawed literacy tests for voters Nationalized voter registration system

Page 34: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Formally Elected President, 1964

Platform: “Great Society”

To expand civil rights

cut income taxes rid society of

poverty

Page 35: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

LBJ’s Great Society Programs 1. Economic Opportunity Act 1964: Job Corps, Head Start, Upward Bound Programs

2. Medical Care Act 1965 : Medicare, Medicaid

3. Housing and Urban Development Act: 1966

To improve housing for poor & urban families

4. Immigration Act of 1965 - repealed “quotas” benefit to millions of immigrants from Latin America & Asia

Page 36: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

LBJ’s Great Society Programs 5. Higher Education ACT –1965

Scholarships & low interest loans to needy students

6. National Endowments for the Arts & Humanities 1965 – promotes artistic & cultural activities

7. Truth in Packaging Act 1966- to protect consumers from misleading claims

Page 37: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Native Americans, 1964

Hundreds Lobbied in Washington

For the inclusion of Native Americans in President Johnson’s “war on poverty”

Page 38: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Native American Rights

Suffered worst poverty

Inadequate housing

Highest disease & death rates

Life expectancy of 44

Page 39: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

President Johnson Responded by establishing 1. National Council on Indian Opportunity 2. Appointed 1st Native American to head

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Page 40: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Militant Native American Groups

“Native American” became preferred term

Mocked Columbus Day

Stages sit- ins at museums which housed Native American remains

Page 41: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Founded in 1968 Promoted

traditional ways of Native American life

Wanted to prevent police brutality and harassment of Native Americans

Wanted Textbooks to include Native American experience/history

Page 42: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

November 1969 Occupied Alcatraz

Island Lived in island for

19 months as protest

Page 43: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Alcatraz

A symbol of conditions on reservations:

No running water, inadequate sanitation facilities, no unemployment, no health care , soil unproductive

Page 44: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

AIM Inspired Native American to be proud of their

heritage 1970 census: 800,000 people identified

themselves as Native Americans Many for the first time

Page 45: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Chicano Movement

MECHA- Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlan

Led Chicano high school students in boycott of classes in East Los Angeles

“blowouts” 1968

Page 46: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Chicanos Protested Poor educational

conditions in their schools

Demanded bilingual education

Demanded Chicano Studies classes in colleges/Universities

Page 47: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Cesar Chavez

Non violent resistance

To fight for social change mid 60’s

United Farm Workers

Organized consumer boycotts of table grapes

Page 48: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Dr. King was Assassinated

April, 1968 In Memphis,

Tennessee

Page 49: 1950’s- 1960’s Civil Rights Movement Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38:The Stormy Sixties.

Robert Kennedy

Was Assassinated in Los Angeles

June, 1968