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1931 – 1941 Chapter 19
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1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

Dec 25, 2015

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Page 1: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

1931 – 1941

Chapter 19

Page 2: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

•What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes?•What were the causes for WWII?•What was the Holocaust?•Why did the United States enter the war?

Page 3: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Rise of Fascism in Italy Fascism – a very aggressive,

nationalistic socialism Fascists believed the state was

more important than the individual

Fascist states believed in expansion through the military

Fascist leader in Italy – Benito Mussolini aka “Il Duce”

Received support from Catholic Church

Page 4: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Stalin and the USSR Russian Revolution 1917 won by

Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

established (USSR) aka Soviet Union 1926 Josef Stalin took over after

Lenin’s death and a subsequent power struggle

Stalin backed rapid industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture

Millions died during social turmoil and famine

Page 5: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Hitler and the Nazis Adolf Hitler admired Mussolini Hitler helped found the National

Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazi)

1923 – Nazis attempted to seize power in Munich – Hitler arrested

In prison wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle)

The German Volk Aryans

Page 6: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

Lebensraum (living space) Hatred of Jews After prison, Hitler began political rise

in Nazi party 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor 1934 Hitler could rule through edict

under Enabling Act Hitler also became president and now

in control of the German Army Der Fuhrer began to rebuild the army

in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

Page 7: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Militarists Gain Control of Japan Many Japanese military officers

blamed democracy and civilian politicians for the Depression

Japan needed resources for industry – military wanted to take them

1931 Japan invaded Manchuria – officers assassinated the Japanese prime minister

Military now in control Military backed by the Japanese

emperor, Hirohito

Page 8: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• American Neutrality Americans overwhelmingly

isolationist 1935 Neutrality Act – illegal for US

to sell arms to any country at war 1936 Spanish Civil War – Fascists

led by General Francisco Franco supported by Italy and Germany; Communists/Republicans supported by Soviet Union

US banned weapons sales to countries in civil war

Page 9: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

Hitler and Mussolini signed friendship pact

Japan aligned itself with Germany and Italy in Anti-Comintern Pact

Japan, Germany, and Italy became known as the Axis Powers

1937 Neutrality Act – US still banned arms sales but now any sales of goods were “cash and carry”

FDR supported internationalism -trade creates prosperity and helps prevent war

Page 10: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• The Austrian Anschluss 1938 – Hitler called for the

unification of German-speaking peoples

German troops marched into Austria and united it with Germany

Hitler next demanded the Sudatenland – a region of Czechoslovakia dominated by ethnic Germans

Page 11: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.
Page 12: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

Czech crisis resulted in Munich Conference Convinced Hitler would be satisfied, Britain

and France gave in to his demands (appeasement)

“Peace in Our Time” – British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

1939 Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia

Page 13: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• 1938 – Hitler demanded the return of the city of Danzig and transportation rights through the Polish Corridor• Britain and France announced

they would come to Poland’s aid if Germany attacked• 1939 – Germany and USSR

signed the Non-Aggression Pact• Secret deal would divide Poland

between Germany and USSR

Page 14: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• September 1, 1939 – Germany invaded Poland from the West and USSR invaded from the East• Britain and France declared war

on Germany• Germany used mobile combined

arms warfare called Blitzkrieg (lightning war)• By October 1939 Poland was

defeated

Page 15: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.
Page 16: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• The Conquest of Western Europe

After fall of Poland Allies sat facing Germany

France defended with Maginot Line

April 1940 - Germany attacked Norway and Denmark to secure its iron supply from Sweden

May 1940 – Germany attacked Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Page 17: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.
Page 18: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• French and British forces moved north to confront German forces in Belgium • German armored units burst

through lightly defended border at the Ardennes Forest – bypassed Maginot Line• French and British forces were

trapped in Belgium

Page 19: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.
Page 20: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Trapped Allied forces evacuated at Dunkirk using anything that could float

• ~338,000 troops saved• Allies had to leave behind all their

vehicles and heavy weapons• June 1940 – France surrendered• Northern France occupied by

Germans• Rest of France placed under

control of French puppet government at Vichy

Page 21: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.
Page 22: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• 1940 Battle of Britain Hitler expected Britain to

surrender – Britain refused British Prime Minister Winston

Churchill defiant Hitler prepared to invade – needed

control of the air for success German Luftwaffe attacked

airfields then switched to cities British air force inflicted great

damage to Luftwaffe – invasion called off

Page 23: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Shoah – Jewish word for catastrophe• Anti-Semitism strong in Europe since

Middle Ages• Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s

defeat in WWI• Nuremberg Laws – stripped Jews of

citizenship, restricted jobs and freedoms, forbade marriages with Jews • Jew = anyone with at least one

Jewish grandparent

Page 24: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Kristallnacht Night of broken glass Hitler sanctioned attacks on

Jewish people, businesses, and synagogues

Over 20,000 wealthy Jews arrested by Gestapo (German secret police)

Jews forced to pay fines for the “damages”

Page 25: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Jews attempted to leave Germany• Some migrated successfully to

US including Albert Einstein• Countries refused to take many

of them including US• SS St. Louis, filled with Jewish

refugees, was turned back from Cuba and the US – returned to Europe

Page 26: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• The Final Solution Wannsee Conference – meeting

that arrived at decision to exterminate Jewish population

Concentration Camps – detention centers where prisoners used as slave labor

Extermination Camps – usually attached to concentration camps; those not able to work: sick, old, children were executed usually in gas chambers

Page 27: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Neutrality Act of 1939 US officially neutral after

Europe went to war Despite neutrality, FDR did

what he could to help Britain FDR got Congress to lift ban

on arms sales but it had to be “cash and carry”

• 1940 Destroyers-for-Bases US traded 50 WWI destroyers

fro bases in the Caribbean

Page 28: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Isolationism American public divided over

involvement in European affairs America First Committee strongly

opposed to helping Britain Election of 1940 – FDR walked

tightrope between neutrality and helping Britain

FDR re-elected to unprecedented third term

Page 29: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• The Lend-Lease Act Britain out of money Under the Act, US lent war materiel

to Britain and, later, to the USSR

• Hemispheric Defense Zone Britain losing ships to German U-

Boats US could not directly help b/c it was

neutral US declared the eastern half the

Atlantic a Hemispheric Defense Zone and used US military to patrol it

Page 30: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• The Atlantic Charter FDR and Churchill

discussed the relationship between US and Britain

US promised to help Britain more

Fall 1941 German U-Boats attacked US warships

USS Reuben James sank with 115 sailors

Page 31: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• United States & Japan US angry at Japanese invasion of

China 1940 Export Control Act – US

blocked sale of scrap metal and oil to Japan

US sent lend-lease materiel to China

US froze all Japanese assets in US US would not lift embargo until

Japan made peace in China

Page 32: 1931 – 1941 Chapter 19. What changes were taking place in the world after WWI and how was America responding to those changes? What were the causes for.

• Pearl Harbor Japan needed to secure resources in

Asia without interference from US Decided to knock out US fleet at

Hawaii December 7, 1941 – attacked US at

Pearl Harbor Attack knocked out bulk of US Pacific

fleet and killed 2,403 Americans US declared war on Japan – Germany

and Italy declared war on US