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17.32 Environmental 17.32 Environmental Politics Politics 1 Global Environmental Global Environmental Problems Problems
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Page 1: 17.32 Environmental Politics 1 Global Environmental Problems.

17.32 Environmental Politics17.32 Environmental Politics 11

Global EnvironmentalGlobal EnvironmentalProblemsProblems

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International Environmental Politics• Environmental policy is about what governme

nt does and does not do to address environmental problems

• Environmental politics is the clash of values & interests that occurs in the course of formulating and implementing policy

• What does this suggest about international environmental politics and policy?

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“Third Generation” Issues

•Global in Scale•Long-term in Scope•Significant Scientific Uncertainty•Large Economic Stakes•Complex Institutional Management

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Global Environmental Problems•Climate Change•Ozone Depletion•Biodiversity Loss•Ocean Exhaustion

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WHY NOT IMPOSE INTERNATIONALENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS?

•Sovereignty•No Supra-National Authority

– U.N.– World Court

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Ozone, CFCs, and Montreal

• Why was it possible to construct an international

• regime to respond to Ozone Depletion– Immediate scope and tangibility of the problem– Small set of CFC producers

• Industry interested in product change– Relatively Low Cost to Industry

• No net economic impact on states– Developed-Developing states rift healed by funding

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Global Climate Fluctuations

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Kyoto Treaty

• Treaty Text• GHG Emissions Reductions

– 1990 target year– Industrial Countries = 5% reduction from 1990

• emissions levels by 2012• US = 7%• European Union = 8%• Japan = 6%• Emissions trading allowed

– Industrializing Countries = voluntary reductions

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US GHG “Problem”

•90% of US GHG emissions = fossil fuel combustion

•US reduction strategy must involve– Energy efficiency/conservation– Removing subsides from fossil fuel extractio

n/production•(~ $100 billion/year)

– Develop alternative energy sources

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Policy Problem

•Convincing the government there is a problem

•Devising an effective course of action•Getting other governments to do likewis

e

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Bush CO2 PlanC

O2 M

T p

er

$ m

illion

Year

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Bush CO2 PlanC

O2 M

T p

er

$ m

illion

Year

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Bush CO2 Plan

Year

CO

2 M

T E

mis

sio

ns

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Biodiversity Loss

•Continental-Scale Ecosystem Destruction– Human Population Growth– Economic Development

•Mining, forestry, agriculture•Ebola virus killing off African primates

•Climate Change

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Biodiversity Loss

•Consumptive Use•Bio-Homogenization

– Economic Globalization– Alien Invasions

•Fungus decimating amphibian populations•West Nile Virus decimating bird populations

– Plus dozens of other species•Sudden Oak Death Syndrome•Wooly Adelgid

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Ocean Exhaustion• Consumption

– Collapsing Fish Populations– “collateral damage

• Leatherback turtles• Pollution

– Eutrophication• Dying Coral reefs

– Toxins, Viruses, Bacteria• Sea otter decline

• Habitat destruction– Bottom trawling– Coastal wetlands