11 Erlend Larsen, “MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies for rescue operations?” MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies.

11

Erlend Larsen, “MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies for rescue operations?”

MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies for

rescue operations?

PhD Trial LectureErlend Larsen

January 28th 2011

Erlend Larsen, PhD Trial Lecture 2011

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Outline

• Rescue operations• MANET• TETRA• Evaluation• Conclusions

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RESCUE OPERATIONS

MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies for rescue operations?

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Rescue operations

• Rescue– Operations that usually involve the saving of life, or prevention of

injury.

• Performed by trained personnel in Rescue Squads– Independent or part of larger organizations like

a fire, police, military, first aid squad, or ambulance services.

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Types of rescue operations

• Car accidents• Search and rescue• Air plane crash• Forest fires• Hurricanes• Earthquakes/

Tsunamis

• ?

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Scenario aspects - communication• Where

– Within existing infrastructure coverage?– Reachable by vehicles? (Boats, trucks, helicopter, etc.)– Moving or expanding disaster area? (Oil leakage, forest fire, search

operation)

• When– Preparation– Duration

• Extent– Magnitude of the disaster– Needed equipment– Destroyed infrastructure

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Increasing capacity demand

Communication services in rescue operations• Voice communication

• Data communication– Short text and status messages– Sensor information– Database access– Still pictures– Streaming video– Real-time video

One-to-one and group communication

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Radio communication challenges• Voice communication

– Delay and jitter, and to some extent loss (QoS)

• Data communication– Capacity

• Reliability• Fairness and priority• Partitioning

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MANET


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MANET

• Mobile Ad hoc NETworks

• Layer 3 (Networking) concept

• No single standardization body defines MANET:– IEEE 802.11 is a common PHY/MAC protocol– IETF MANET WG standardizes some routing protocols

• Active research field

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MANET - Details

• IP-based

• Multi-hop communication without requirement for infrastructure

• Autonomous mobile platforms with routing functionality (nodes) move freely and arbitrarily

• Autoconfigurating and selfhealing network

Decentralized networking

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MANET schematics

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MANET – connected to infrastructure• MANETs can be connected to external networks

• Connecting networks:– Satellite– ADSL– Mesh– Ethernet– GSM– TETRA– …

• QoS-mapping can be a challenge

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MANET – connected to infrastructure

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MANET – Addressing communication challenges• Strengths:

– Capacity for data communication– Partitioning

• Weaknesses:– Voice communication– Reliability– Fairness and priority

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MANET conclusion

• Originates from computer networking• Intelligence in the nodes (routing)

• Advantages:– Independent of infrastructure– Low cost– Rapid deployment– Flexible– High capacity

• Disadvantages:– Immature– Multi-hop wireless communication poses QoS challenges– Dependent on infrastructure to reach HQ

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TETRA


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TETRA – TErrestrial Trunked RAdio• ETSI Standard for Private Mobile Radio, 1995-• In widespread use for emergency and crisis

communication– E.g., the new Norwegian Public Safety Radio Network

• Compared to other mobile communication technologies:– Faster call-setup– Higher spectral efficiency– Lower transmission frequency = wider coverage – Flexibility of the working modes

• One-to-one• One-to-many• Many-to-many

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Schematics of TETRA

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TETRA - Details

• Fully digital communication system

• Supported services– Voice– Circuit switched data– Packet switched data

• TDMA based medium access

• Switched infrastructure– (Proposal for TETRA-over-IP exists)

• Security– Authentication– Air Interface Encryption– End-to-End Encryption

TETRA base station for public safety services in The Netherlands

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TETRA

• 2 modes of operation– Trunked Mode of Operation (TMO)– Direct Mode of Operation (DMO)

• TMO– Infrastructure-based– Single wireless hop from terminal to base station– Access to external networks, e.g, PSTN, ISDN, GSM– Cell radius around 5 km– Maximum data rate: 28.8 Kbps

• DMO– Communication without reliance on infrastructure– Terminals share the channel using TDMA

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TETRA-DMO

• 4 operational modes:– Back-to-back – Direct communication– DM Repeater – Equipment to enlarge the DMO coverage– DM Gateway – Equipment to allow DMO equipment

communication with the trunked system– DM Dual Watch – Equipment can operate in DMO or TMO and

receive incoming calls on the other mode

• The maximum data capacity in DMO is 7.2 Kbps• The maximum simultaneous calls is 2 (with

Frequency Enhancing Mechanisms)

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TETRA revision 2

• High speed data 30 – 400+ kbps:– TETRA Enhanced Data Service – TEDS

• Compatible with TETRA 1– TETRA Advanced Packet Service – TAPS

• GPRS based overlay network

• Increased capacity reduces the cell range

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TAPS in Belgium (30,000 km2) – number of base stations

Coding User Data Rate (per carrier)

User Data Rate (per slot)

Cell Radius Cell Area Number of BS

TETRA 1 28.8 7.2 5 km 78 km2 380 MSC-5B 179.2 22.4 1.69 km 7.42 km2 4043 MSC-6A 236.8 29.6 1.44 km 5.39 km2 5565 MSC-7B 358.4 44.8 0.98 km 2.5 km2 12000 MSC-8A 435.2 54.4 0.73 km 1.38 km2 21739 MSC-9A 473.6 59.2 0.56 km 0.81 km2 37037

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TETRA – Addressing communication challenges• Strengths:

– Voice communication– Reliability– Fairness and priority

• Weaknesses:– Data communication– Partitioning

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TETRA conclusion

• Originates from telecom networks• Intelligence in the network

• Advantages:– Mature– TDMA offers predictable service guarantee

• Disadvantages:– High cost– Requires planning of base stations– Dependent on infrastructure– Low data capacity

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EVALUATION


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Competing technologies?- Do MANET and TETRA provide similar service?

• Yes:– TETRA is a stand-alone emergency network, and:– There exist proposals for using MANET connected to external

networks as a stand-alone emergency network.

• No:– The differences between MANET and TETRA with regards to

maturity and QoS make it hard to view MANET as a stand-alone emergency network.

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Supplementing technologies?- Does employing both TETRA and MANET improve the service?

• Yes:– TETRA has coverage (partitioning) problems in areas without

infrastructure– The data capacity in TETRA is very low, and MANET could alleviate

the need for using this capacity locally.– TETRA provides a reliable infrastructure for MANET.

– Future scenario(?): TETRA 2 with fewer BS extended with MANET

• No:

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CONCLUSIONS


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Conclusions

• Communications systems for rescue operations must– Support voice and increasingly data communication

• MANET and TETRA may be considered competing technologies:– MANET: Immature, but proposals exist

• MANET and TETRA are supplementing technologies:– Dependence on infrastructure– Data capacity

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References

• Luca Adamo, Romano Fantacci, Matteo Rosi, Daniele Tarchi, Federico Frosali, “Analysis and design of a TETRA-DMO and IEEE 802.11 integrated network,” IWCMC '10 Proceedings of the 6th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference

• Eli Winjum, Paal Spilling, Øivind Kure, ”Ad Hoc Networks Used in Emergency Networks: The Trust Metric Routing Approach,” Technical Report FFI, 2005

• TETRA Association, http://www.tetramou.com• Dirk Kuypers, Marc Schinnenburg, “Traffic Performance Evaluation of Data Links in TETRA and

TETRAPOL,” Proceedings of European Wireless, 2005• A. K. Salkintzis, "Evolving public safety communication systems by integrating WLAN and TETRA

networks," Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol.44, no.1, pp. 38-46, Jan. 2006• J. P. Macker and M. S. Corson, ”Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and the IETF,” Mobile Computing and

Communications Review, vol.2, no.1, pp. 9-14, 1998• M. de Graaf et al., “Easy Wireless: broadband ad-hoc networking for emergency service,” The Sixth

Annual Mediterranean Ad Hoc Networking WorkShop, Corfu, Greece, June 12-15, 2007• D. S. Sharp, “Adapting Ad Hoc Network Concepts to Land Mobile Radio Systems,” Master Thesis,

Simon Fraser University, 2002• Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, http://wikipedia.org• Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org• R. Pinter, ”Introduction to TETRA Over IP (TOIP),” Simoco Digital Systems, 2008• Jo Dewaele, “User Requirements,” Presentation, TETRA TEDS Colloquium, ETSI, 2002

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Thank You!

11 Erlend Larsen, “MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies for rescue operations?” MANET and TETRA, competing or supplementing technologies.

Documents

manet manet

supplementing technologies

manet mobile

rescue squads independent

infrastructure slide

group communication

manet details ip

priority partitioning