ByFaaDoOEngineers.com 1- Four wheel steering system Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be confused with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few instances, oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer /oversteer problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to half during an opposite direction turn. When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn. ADVANTAGES OF 4WS 1. The vehicle‟s cornering behavior becomes more stable and controllable at high speeds as well as on wet or slippery road surfaces. 2. The vehicle‟s response to steering input becomes quicker and more precise throughout the vehicle‟s entire speed range. 3. The vehicle‟s straight-line stability at high speeds is improved. Negative effects of road irregularities and crosswinds on the vehicle‟s stability are minimized.
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By FaaDoOEngineers.com 1- Four wheel steering system
Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or all-wheel steering, provides a
means to actively steer the rear wheels during turning maneuvers. It should not be confused
with four-wheel drive in which all four wheels of a vehicle are powered. It improves handling
and helps the vehicle make tighter turns. Production-built cars tend to understeer or, in few
instances, oversteer. If a car could automatically compensate for an understeer /oversteer
problem, the driver would enjoy nearly neutral steering under varying conditions. 4WS is a
serious effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral
steering. The front wheels do most of the steering. Rear wheel turning is generally limited to
half during an opposite direction turn. When both the front and rear wheels steer toward the
same direction, they are said to be in-phase and this produces a kind of sideways movement
of the car at low speeds. When the front and rear wheels are steered in opposite direction, this
is called anti-phase, counter-phase or opposite-phase and it produces a sharper, tighter turn.
ADVANTAGES OF 4WS
1. The vehicle‟s cornering behavior becomes more stable and controllable at high speeds
as well as on wet or slippery road surfaces.
2. The vehicle‟s response to steering input becomes quicker and more precise
throughout the vehicle‟s entire speed range.
3. The vehicle‟s straight-line stability at high speeds is improved. Negative effects of
road irregularities and crosswinds on the vehicle‟s stability are minimized.
By FaaDoOEngineers.com 4. Stability in lane changing at high speeds is improved. The vehicle is less likely to go
into a spin even in situations in which the driver must make a sudden and relatively
large change of direction.
5. By steering the rear wheels in the direction opposite the front wheels at low speeds,
the vehicle‟s turning circle is greatly reduced. Therefore, vehicle maneuvering on
narrow roads and during parking becomes easier.
By FaaDoOEngineers.com 2- Catalytic converter for cars
Millions of cars or the road means only one thing, an excellent source for air pollution. The
amount of pollution that all cars produce together can create big problems. The amount of
pollution that all cars produce together can cause big problems. Government created laws that
restrict the amount of pollution that cars produce to solve it. Auto makers have made many
improvements to car engines and fuel systems to keep up with these laws. In 1975, an
interesting device called catalytic converter was created. The device, converts harmful
pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the car‟s exhaust system.
The exhaust from the combustion in a car engine is comprised of six main ingredients:
1. Nitrogen gas, Carbon dioxide and water vapor are the three of the main emissions.
These gases do not cause damage to the atmosphere.
2. Carbon Monoxide, other hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxides result in a majority of the
pollution caused by cars.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas that can kill you if too much is
inhaled
Hydrocarbons are produced during incomplete combustion and these hydrocarbons
can be broken down by the sun, creating ground level Ozone, also known as smog.
Nitrogen Oxides can cause acid rains.
Catalytic convertors are designed to reduce these last three emissions.
Construction:
The core is often a ceramic/stainless steel foil honeycomb.
- Increases the amount of surface area
- Support the catalyst. Also called “catalyst support”.
By FaaDoOEngineers.com
A wash coat is used to make converters more efficient because a mixture of silica and
alumina will form a rough and irregular surface which leads to more surface area. Therefore,
more places for active precious metal sites. The catalyst is added to the wash coat before
applied to the core.
Platinum is the most active catalyst and is widely used. Other materials such as palladium and
rhodium have also been used.
By FaaDoOEngineers.com 3-Hybrid vehicles
The dictionary defines hybrid as something of mixed origin. A hybrid vehicle is one that
combines a smaller than normal internal combustion gasoline engine with an electric motor.
An engine that combines two or more sources of power is called a hybrid engine.
Typical features in a hybrid include the following:
• Produces much less power than an average
• Produces much less pollution than standard gasoline cars
• Usually constructed of ultra light weight materials like carbon fiber or aluminum to
overcome the power gap.
• Generally designed to be more aerodynamic than most cars, allowing them to “slice”
through the air instead of pushing it out of the way
• A process called regenerative braking is employed to store the kinetic energy generated by
brake use in the batteries, which in turn will power the electric motor.
Power usage:
• Electric power is used at starts and stops, low speeds (generally below 25 km/hr)
• Gasoline engine comes to play at cruising or highway speeds
There are two types of gasoline-electric hybrids:
• Parallel hybrid:
Gasoline engine and electric motor work together to move the car forward
• Series hybrid
Gasoline engine either directly powers an electric motor that powers the vehicle, or changes
batteries.
Hybrids achieve improved efficiencies using several approaches:
• Employ regenerative braking to recover energy and downsize or right size the engine or
primary power source.
• Control the engine or primary power source to operate more efficiently and/or work more
often in a more efficient range.
By FaaDoOEngineers.com 4- Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) is a substitute for the conventional metering system which
mixes the air and fuel in the correct ratio before feeding it down to the main cylinder to
power the vehicle.
Usually in a bike a carburetor is responsible for carrying out this task. But, the downside of
using a carburetor is that it has fixed settings and it has certain limitations. To overcome this
negative aspect of a new system has been introduced. However, for this brand new system to
work, it needs data from several sensors. These sensors include an engine speed sensor,
temperature sensor, voltage sensor, throttle position sensor, oxygen sensor and an air flow
sensor. The data collected from the various sensors are send to the Electronic control unit
(ECU). The ECU makes use of the data provided from the sensors to determine the spark
advance, the length of spark and other parameters. Then the exact air fuel mixture for that
particular instant is fed into the cylinder which in turn delivers optimum power and clean
exhaust. All this process is done continuously and happens many times in every second.
A cross section of a fuel injector is shown below:
Typical EFI components:
1) Injectors
2) Electronic control module (ECU)
3) Fuel pressure regulator
4) Fuel pump
5) Wiring harness
6) Sensors
Advantage:
1) Although the electronic fuel injection is much more complicated than a carburetor, it