1 Sun new moon full moon Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together …so highs very high, lows very low Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite,

1

Sunnew moon

full moon

Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together …so highs very high, lows very low

Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite, thus no additive effect …so highs close to lows

Earth

Sun

first quarter moon

third quarter moon

Earth

Tide Variations

Note: tides exaggerated!

distance to sun underestimated!

diagram not to scale!

2

Exaggerating Depths

Earth Diameter: 12,756 km

Mount Everest: 8.848 km

Average Ocean Depth: Pacific 4.028 kmAtlantic 3.926 Indian 3.963 Arctic 1.205

Maximum Ocean Depth: Pacific 11.033 kmAtlantic 9.219 Indian 7.455 Arctic 5.625

The thickness of this black line is 2 times the depth

of the Mariana Trench and would

also easily contain Mount

Everest…more than all of the surface

relief of the Earth!

Atmosphere: 75% found in Troposphere 11.272 km

In fact, the black line would encompass both the depth of the Mariana Trench and also the Troposphere above it!

Line Thickness: 26.247 km

Moon3, 478 km

distance from Earth: 103 moon diameters!

3Limestone Marine Rock or Sloped Sandy Bottom

Extreme High Water

Extreme Low Water

Littoral Zone

Extremes at Spring Tides

Supralittoral Zone

Infralittoral Zone

Midlittoral Zone

Infralittoral Fringe

Supralittoral Fringe

Splash

Mean High Water

Mean Low Water

Tidal Zones

Because San Salvador is located near the equator, the Littoral Zone may be quite thin, so wave height may be more important to organisms in the Littoral and Supralittoral Fringe

4

This tide table is provided from irbs.com/tides/calendar/month/4962.html?y=2007&m=5&d=22San Salvador (Watling Island), Bahamas 24.05° N, 74.55° W All tides in ft relative to an index level…All times are EDT

Tide Table May-June 2007

Tidal Flux H-L

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

20 216:13A Sunrise

6:16A L 0.91

12:23P H 2.93

6:15P L 0.99

7:36P Sunset

2212:48A H 3.21

6:12A Sunrise

7:09A L 1.03

1:21P H 2.90

7:37P Sunset

7:16P L 1.13

231:46A H 3.03

6:12A Sunrise

8:01A L 1.12

2:20P H 2.91

7:37P Sunset

8:21P L 1.23

242:43A H 2.89

6:12A Sunrise

8:52A L 1.18

3:18P H 2.96

7:38P Sunset

9:25P L 1.27

253:39A H 2.80

6:11A Sunrise

9:40A L 1.20

4:12P H 3.04

7:38P Sunset

10:25P L 1.27

264:31A H 2.76

6:11A Sunrise

10:24A L 1.20

5:00P H 3.14

7:39P Sunset

11:18P 1.23

275:19A H 2.75

6:11A Sunrise

11:07A L 1.17

5:45P H 3.23

7:39P Sunset

2812:06A L 1.17

6:04A H 2.77

6:11A Sunrise

11:48A L 1.14

6:26P H 3.32

7:39P Sunset

2912:49A L 1.11

6:10A Sunrise

6:47A H 2.81

12:28P L 1.11

7:05P H 3.39

7:40P Sunset

301:30A L 1.07

6:10A Sunrise

7:27A H 2.84

1:08P L 1.08

7:40P Sunset

7:43P H 3.43

312:09A L 1.03

6:10A Sunrise

8:06A H 2.87

1:47P L 1.06

7:41P Sunset

8:20P H 3.46

12:48A L 1.02

6:10A Sunrise

8:45A H 2.88

2:26P L 1.05

7:41P Sunset

8:57P H 3.47

2

Comment: May-June Water Temperature 77-80°F = 25-26.6°C Shallow near-shore water may be warmer!

spring-neap

=0.82 ft

= 9.8 in

spring

spring

neap

2.02 2.38 1.91 1.71 1.60 1.56

1.58 1.60 1.70 1.77 1.84 1.86

5

OceanicIslandEcology

Ecology: study of organisms in environment

6

Where We Are…

• Oceanic Island Forms• Provides Rich Habitat Diversity

• Has Climate and Environmental Factors

• Now we need the Organisms!

7

Trophic Pyramid3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores

2° Consumer Carnivore

1° Consumer Herbivore

Producer Photosynthesis

Numbers

Biomass

Energy

8

Show Green Reefs Movie Here

9

The theme was: the reef is green because of overfishing.

Science decisions are based on objective evidence.

What was the evidence for “greening”? Did you see green?

What fish were you shown swimming on the reef?

Dr. Booth has visited San Salvador over some 30 years…what did he tell you about groupers?what did he tell you about long-spined sea urchin numbers?

What did you NOT see in this video that you should have seen if over-fishing were a problem?

Are there other explanations for lack of herbivores?

Are there other explanations for algal overgrowth?

Are we fertilizing the algae?What else is in the fertilizer?The very contagious white pox coral disease

is caused by Serratia marcescens found in human feces.

Is the problem on San Salvador really overfishing or something more complex?

Critical Thinking About This Video

10

Trophic Pyramid3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores

2° Consumer Carnivore

1° Consumer Herbivore

Producer Photosynthesis

Numbers

Biomass

Energy

from?

11

Trophic Funnel!

3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores

2° Consumer Carnivore

1° Consumer Herbivore

Producer Photosynthesis

Energy

Biomass

Numbers

2nd Law ofThermodynamics

So this is a leaky funnel!

12

Photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Ocarbon dioxide + water oxygen + carbohydrate

chlorophyll

Primary Producers: Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria

Food forConsumers!

13

Trophic Calendar!

3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores

2° Consumer Carnivore

1° Consumer Herbivore

Producer Photosynthesis

TimeColonize and Establish Large

PopulationFood Supply for Ecosystem

Habitats for Others

Population ofGeneralists

Small Pop

14

The Forest MeetRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge

Start

1. This game is a cross-country meet in a forest2. All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance3. The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest4. Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish5. There are many trails through the woods

• Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks• Trails never join together or rejoin after forking

6. Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations7. At each check-in station, an official has a unique stamp8. Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station9. Runners are not allowed to retrace a path10.All runners must finish the race

Liberally adapted from: David W. Goldsmith. 2003. The great clade race: presenting cladistic thinking to biology majors and general science students. The American Biology Teacher 65: 679-682.

15

Bob

Val♣♠

Hal

Cal

Sue♠

Deb

Lou♥

Jen ♥

11. Using these stamp cards handed in at the finish line:• Sketch the trail map

• Show all station locations (on the straightaways)

• Mark the exit used by each runner

16

The Forest Meet

Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge

Start

Since all the cards have the circle stamp, it must have been issued at a station in the first part of the trail system, so that each runner would pass it.

17

Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x

x x

x

x x x x

x x

x

x x

x

x x x

x

x

The Forest Meet

Sharing our Results

18

Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total

x x x x x x x x 8

x x x x x 5

x x 2

x 1

x x x x 4

x x 2

x 1

x x 2

x 1

x x x 3

x 1

x 1

The Forest Meet

Sharing our Results

19

Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total

x x x x x x x x 8

x x x x x 5

x x 2

x 1

x x x x 4

x x 2

x 1

x x 2

x 1

x x x 3

x 1

x 1

The Forest Meet

Sharing our Results

20

The Forest Meet

Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge

Start

Five of the runners passed the teardrop station, but three did not, so our 8 runners must have divided into two

groups

Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, ValBob, Deb, Cal

21

Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total

x x x x x x x x 8

x x x x x 5

x x 2

x 1

x x x x 4

x x 2

x 1

x x 2

x 1

x x x 3

x 1

x 1

The Forest Meet

Sharing our Results

22

The Forest Meet

Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish

anywhere along this northern edge

Start

Four runners of the group of five passed the diamond station, but Hal did not, so he split away before

this station

Sue, Lou, Jen, Val

Bob, Deb, Cal

Hal

Because paths do not rejoin, Hal is separated and thus we can draw

him at the finish line

Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val

23

The Forest Meet

Start

Hal

Bob

Cal Deb Jen Lou Sue Val

Notice the runners are in alphabetical order. But this is not the only solution

All branches can be rotated:e.g.: Lou before JenSue-Val before Jen-Lou

24

Translating the Forest Meet to Evolution on an Island

The forest represents the time-space continuum on the island

Time is shown by the runners moving from south to north

The entrance represents an arrival of a pioneer colonizer on-island

The north finish line represents the present time

The names at the finish line represent extant organisms on-island

The meet cards represent the phenotypes of extant organisms

The stamp marks are the genotype changes leading to phenotype

The branching trails show adaptive radiation (speciation) pathways

The shared marks are the synapomorphies (shared derived traits) you used to determine the evolutionary pathways

You carried out a cladistic analysis…

intuitively with very little help from me.

Congratulations!

25

How do you DO cladistics?

1. Look at a group of organisms that you think are related

2. Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group

3. Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms

4. Polarize the character states by:• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)• Outgroup comparison

5. Build a data matrix

6. Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)

7. Sketch possible cladograms

8. Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram

26

OG

A D ECB

Character: Apomorphic State Taxon: OG A B C D E

1 Eye size:

2 Eye color:

3 Neck width:

4 Body width:

5 Body color:

6 Wing width:

7 Wing length:

8 Leg length:

9 Leg thickness:

10 Stinger length:

LargeBlackWideWideDarkWideLongLongThickLong

0000000000

0011010011

1000011001

0101110111

0001110111

1000010001

2113251235

Oahu Kauai Hawaii Maui Kauai

Asian

OG

-- 10-- 6

CE

-- 9-- 4

-- 1

-- 8-- 5

A -- 2D

-- 3-- 7

B

27

-- 6 wide wing-- 10 long stinger

-- 9 thick leg-- 4 wide body

-- 1 large eye

-- 8 long leg-- 5 dark body

-- 2 black eye-- 3 wide neck-- 7 long

wing

OG E B A D CAsia Kauai Oahu Maui Hawaii