1 Sun new moon full moon de: lunar and solar tides add together …so highs very high, lows very low e: lunar and solar tides opposite, thus no additive …so highs close to lows Earth Sun first quart er moon third quart er Earth Tide Variations Note: tides exaggerated! distance to sun underestimat ed! diagram not
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1 Sun new moon full moon Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together …so highs very high, lows very low Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite,
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Sunnew moon
full moon
Spring tide: lunar and solar tides add together …so highs very high, lows very low
Neap tide: lunar and solar tides opposite, thus no additive effect …so highs close to lows
Earth
Sun
first quarter moon
third quarter moon
Earth
Tide Variations
Note: tides exaggerated!
distance to sun underestimated!
diagram not to scale!
2
Exaggerating Depths
Earth Diameter: 12,756 km
Mount Everest: 8.848 km
Average Ocean Depth: Pacific 4.028 kmAtlantic 3.926 Indian 3.963 Arctic 1.205
Maximum Ocean Depth: Pacific 11.033 kmAtlantic 9.219 Indian 7.455 Arctic 5.625
The thickness of this black line is 2 times the depth
of the Mariana Trench and would
also easily contain Mount
Everest…more than all of the surface
relief of the Earth!
Atmosphere: 75% found in Troposphere 11.272 km
In fact, the black line would encompass both the depth of the Mariana Trench and also the Troposphere above it!
Line Thickness: 26.247 km
Moon3, 478 km
distance from Earth: 103 moon diameters!
3Limestone Marine Rock or Sloped Sandy Bottom
Extreme High Water
Extreme Low Water
Littoral Zone
Extremes at Spring Tides
Supralittoral Zone
Infralittoral Zone
Midlittoral Zone
Infralittoral Fringe
Supralittoral Fringe
Splash
Mean High Water
Mean Low Water
Tidal Zones
Because San Salvador is located near the equator, the Littoral Zone may be quite thin, so wave height may be more important to organisms in the Littoral and Supralittoral Fringe
4
This tide table is provided from irbs.com/tides/calendar/month/4962.html?y=2007&m=5&d=22San Salvador (Watling Island), Bahamas 24.05° N, 74.55° W All tides in ft relative to an index level…All times are EDT
Comment: May-June Water Temperature 77-80°F = 25-26.6°C Shallow near-shore water may be warmer!
spring-neap
=0.82 ft
= 9.8 in
spring
spring
neap
2.02 2.38 1.91 1.71 1.60 1.56
1.58 1.60 1.70 1.77 1.84 1.86
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OceanicIslandEcology
Ecology: study of organisms in environment
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Where We Are…
• Oceanic Island Forms• Provides Rich Habitat Diversity
• Has Climate and Environmental Factors
• Now we need the Organisms!
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Trophic Pyramid3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer Carnivore
1° Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
Numbers
Biomass
Energy
8
Show Green Reefs Movie Here
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The theme was: the reef is green because of overfishing.
Science decisions are based on objective evidence.
What was the evidence for “greening”? Did you see green?
What fish were you shown swimming on the reef?
Dr. Booth has visited San Salvador over some 30 years…what did he tell you about groupers?what did he tell you about long-spined sea urchin numbers?
What did you NOT see in this video that you should have seen if over-fishing were a problem?
Are there other explanations for lack of herbivores?
Are there other explanations for algal overgrowth?
Are we fertilizing the algae?What else is in the fertilizer?The very contagious white pox coral disease
is caused by Serratia marcescens found in human feces.
Is the problem on San Salvador really overfishing or something more complex?
Critical Thinking About This Video
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Trophic Pyramid3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer Carnivore
1° Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
Numbers
Biomass
Energy
from?
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Trophic Funnel!
3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer Carnivore
1° Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
Energy
Biomass
Numbers
2nd Law ofThermodynamics
So this is a leaky funnel!
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Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Ocarbon dioxide + water oxygen + carbohydrate
chlorophyll
Primary Producers: Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria
Food forConsumers!
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Trophic Calendar!
3° Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2° Consumer Carnivore
1° Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
TimeColonize and Establish Large
PopulationFood Supply for Ecosystem
Habitats for Others
Population ofGeneralists
Small Pop
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The Forest MeetRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Start
1. This game is a cross-country meet in a forest2. All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance3. The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest4. Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish5. There are many trails through the woods
• Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks• Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
6. Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations7. At each check-in station, an official has a unique stamp8. Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station9. Runners are not allowed to retrace a path10.All runners must finish the race
Liberally adapted from: David W. Goldsmith. 2003. The great clade race: presenting cladistic thinking to biology majors and general science students. The American Biology Teacher 65: 679-682.
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Bob
Val♣♠
Hal
Cal
Sue♠
Deb
Lou♥
Jen ♥
11. Using these stamp cards handed in at the finish line:• Sketch the trail map
• Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
• Mark the exit used by each runner
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The Forest Meet
Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Start
Since all the cards have the circle stamp, it must have been issued at a station in the first part of the trail system, so that each runner would pass it.
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Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
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Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
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Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
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The Forest Meet
Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Start
Five of the runners passed the teardrop station, but three did not, so our 8 runners must have divided into two
groups
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, ValBob, Deb, Cal
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Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val Total
x x x x x x x x 8
x x x x x 5
x x 2
x 1
x x x x 4
x x 2
x 1
x x 2
x 1
x x x 3
x 1
x 1
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
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The Forest Meet
Sharing our ResultsRunners can finish
anywhere along this northern edge
Start
Four runners of the group of five passed the diamond station, but Hal did not, so he split away before
this station
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal
Hal
Because paths do not rejoin, Hal is separated and thus we can draw
him at the finish line
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val
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The Forest Meet
Start
Hal
Bob
Cal Deb Jen Lou Sue Val
Notice the runners are in alphabetical order. But this is not the only solution
All branches can be rotated:e.g.: Lou before JenSue-Val before Jen-Lou
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Translating the Forest Meet to Evolution on an Island
The forest represents the time-space continuum on the island
Time is shown by the runners moving from south to north
The entrance represents an arrival of a pioneer colonizer on-island
The north finish line represents the present time
The names at the finish line represent extant organisms on-island
The meet cards represent the phenotypes of extant organisms
The stamp marks are the genotype changes leading to phenotype
The branching trails show adaptive radiation (speciation) pathways
The shared marks are the synapomorphies (shared derived traits) you used to determine the evolutionary pathways
You carried out a cladistic analysis…
intuitively with very little help from me.
Congratulations!
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How do you DO cladistics?
1. Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
2. Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
3. Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
4. Polarize the character states by:• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)• Outgroup comparison
5. Build a data matrix
6. Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)