1. “Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of Philosophy and Physiology”

1. “Psychology’s intellectual parents were the disciplines of

• Philosophy and

• Physiology”

2. a. Wilhelm Wundt2. a. Wilhelm Wundt

•Psych’s primary focus should be the scientific study of conscious experience

•Focus on the mind and mental processes

•Established the first formal laboratory for research in psych (1879) and wrote extensively

•Psych’s primary focus should be the scientific study of conscious experience

•Focus on the mind and mental processes

•Established the first formal laboratory for research in psych (1879) and wrote extensively

2. b. G. Stanley Hall2. b. G. Stanley Hall

•Also studied consciousness

•Established America’s first research laboratory

•Launched America’s first psychology journal

•Helped established the American Psychological Association (APA)

•Also studied consciousness

•Established America’s first research laboratory

•Launched America’s first psychology journal

•Helped established the American Psychological Association (APA)

2. c. Edward Tichener2. c. Edward Tichener

•Believed you must analyze consciousness by breaking it into its basic elements•Used the technique of introspection – systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience•Leading proponent of the “structuralist” approach

•Believed you must analyze consciousness by breaking it into its basic elements•Used the technique of introspection – systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience•Leading proponent of the “structuralist” approach

2. d. William James2. d. William James•Believed psychology should study the function of consciousness, rather than its structure (functionalism)•Said you must look at the flow or stream of consciousness•Influenced by Darwin (natural selection)•Wrote one of the most influential texts – Principles of Psychology (1890)

•Believed psychology should study the function of consciousness, rather than its structure (functionalism)•Said you must look at the flow or stream of consciousness•Influenced by Darwin (natural selection)•Wrote one of the most influential texts – Principles of Psychology (1890)

2. e. Mary Whiton Calkins2. e. Mary Whiton Calkins

•First woman to serve as president of the APA

•Never given her Ph.D. although she fulfilled all of the requirements at Harvard

•First woman to serve as president of the APA

•Never given her Ph.D. although she fulfilled all of the requirements at Harvard

2. f. Margaret Floy Washburn2. f. Margaret Floy Washburn

•First woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell, 1894)

•Wrote The Animal Mind (1908), an influential text in the then new behaviorist approach

•First woman to receive her Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell, 1894)

•Wrote The Animal Mind (1908), an influential text in the then new behaviorist approach

2. g. Leta Stetter Hollingworth2. g. Leta Stetter Hollingworth

•Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children

•Helped disprove theories explaining why women were “inferior” to men

•Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children

•Helped disprove theories explaining why women were “inferior” to men

2. h. John B. Watson2. h. John B. Watson•Believed psychology should study only observable behavior, NOT thoughts, wishes, and feelings•Believed the environment (nurture) is the most important factor influencing development and behavior•Helped further establish psychology as a science through use of controlled experiments with animal and human subjects

•Believed psychology should study only observable behavior, NOT thoughts, wishes, and feelings•Believed the environment (nurture) is the most important factor influencing development and behavior•Helped further establish psychology as a science through use of controlled experiments with animal and human subjects

2. i. Sigmund Freud2. i. Sigmund Freud•The unconscious exerts a great influence on behavior

•Dreams are a path to the unconscious

•Psychological disturbances are largely caused by unconscious conflicts, including sexual conflicts

•Controversial view, but extremely influential

•The unconscious exerts a great influence on behavior

•Dreams are a path to the unconscious

•Psychological disturbances are largely caused by unconscious conflicts, including sexual conflicts

•Controversial view, but extremely influential

2. j. B.F. Skinner2. j. B.F. Skinner•Followed Watson’s focus on observable behavior and the power of environmental factors

•Behavior can be controlled based on the consequences offered

•Free will is an illusion

•Helped build behaviorism as the dominant school of thought in psychology

•Followed Watson’s focus on observable behavior and the power of environmental factors

•Behavior can be controlled based on the consequences offered

•Free will is an illusion

•Helped build behaviorism as the dominant school of thought in psychology

3. What are the major differences between the ideas of structuralism and

functionalism?• Structuralism was interested in the parts or

elements of consciousness

• Functionalism was interested in the purpose of consciousness