1 AP REVIEW 1450 – 1750 Based on Kaplan Review Text, 2011.

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AP REVIEW1450 – 1750

Based on Kaplan Review Text, 2011

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1450 – 1750Key Concepts

• Americas included in global trade network– Native Americans die in millions

• Result of exposure to Eurasian diseases

– Atlantic slave trade begins– New social structures emerge based on race

• Technological advancements for Europeans– Shipping & gunpowder weaponry– Result: Spanish & Portuguese empires emerge

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1450 to 1750Key Concepts - 2

• Renaissance & Reformation challenge– power of the Church – previously held beliefs

• China– Conservatives force retrenchment

• Indian Ocean voyages end, 1433

• Ottomans & Mughals – Powerful land based empires in Asia

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1.Global Economy Develops

• Europeans trade in Indian Ocean

• Columbian Exchange – Global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals,

people, diseases

• American silver – Responsible for stimulating global trade network

• Spain – supplier• China’s demand was driving force

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Impact of 2 commodities

• Sugar– Heavy labor & specialized skills– Driving force behind Atlantic slave trade

• Specialized skills/ heavy labor/ high death toll

• American silver – Responsible for stimulating global trade

network• Spain – supplier• China’s demand was driving force

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2. Ottomanssemi-nomadic Turks

• Overthrew Byzantine empire– Power based on military might & gunpowder– Major threat to European powers ‘til mid 17th century

• Based in Anatolia (Istanbul was their capital)

• Elaborate bureaucracy– Elite women of the palace wielded considerable

power– Vizier (~Prime Minister) often held more power than the

sultan

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Ottoman Decline

• Succession issues– Sultans were sheltered & unprepared for rule

• Technology failed to keep pace with Europeans

• Global trade shifted to Atlantic Basin

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3. Mughalsof Turkic nomad descent 1523 – 1700s

• Accomplishments – Centralized rule in India– Arts & architecture blended Persian, Hindu, Islamic

traditions– VIPs: Akbar, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb

• Decline– Aurangzeb’s wars drained treasury & led to revolts– Sack of Delhi by Persians– Result: European power increased

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4. AFRICASonghay (1464 – 1591) Kongo (1300s – 1600s)

• Centralized kingdom controlled Sahara trade

• Powerful army & navy patrolled Niger R

• Blended traditional beliefs & Islam

• Morocco overthrew

• Centralized state with close relationship to Portugal after 1482– King converted to

Christianity– Supported by Portuguese

arms

• Govt lost authority after involvement with slave trade– Portugal claimed authority

after 1665

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5. Spanish/Portuguese Empires

• Treaty of Tordesillas,1494 – Portugal – E hemisphere } with some – Spain – W hemisphere } exceptions….

• Economic/Social– Encomienda – settlers had feudal rights over natives

for labor– Repartimiento – compelled natives to supply labor for

ltd time periods– Missionaries – spread Christianity & missions served

as outposts of the empires– Castas

• Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Indios, Slaves

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6. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty China 1644 - 1911

• Foreign rulers – aided a peasant army & overthrew the Mings– Adopted Chinese culture & government styles– Forbade intermarriage b/t Manchu Chinese

• (no foot binding for Manchu women)

• Forced Chinese in to a submissive role

• Continued Ming isolationist policies

• Exchanged their goods for cash only

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7. Tokugawa Japan (1600 – 1867)

• Tightly controlled by shogun– remained feudal– Samurai became administrators

• Little contact with outside world– Trade with Dutch & Chinese only– Outlawed Christianity

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8. Forced Labor Systems -1Atlantic Slave Trade

• 15 million Africans transported

• African coastal states reoriented their economies – to supply European demand for slaves

• Traded for guns which increased conflict in Africa

• Plantation societies – Located in tropical areas

• Unique cultural synthesis of African, native American, European

– focused on cash crops• Sugar tobacco cotton coffee

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Forced Labor Systems – 2

Russian Serfdom

• Serfdom expanded after Mongol rule ended

• Reasons – peasant debt/ control/ satisfy needs of landowning

nobles

• Status was hereditary & inescapable per law

• Serfs owed extensive labor service & paid high taxes

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9. Russian EmpireRomanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917)

• Strong central government

• Absolute monarch was also head of Orthodox Church & had “divine right”

• Westernization policies … of Peter the Great r. (1682 – 1725)

– Industries - St. Petersburg– Navy - clothing laws– Military reform

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10. Cultural & Intellectual Change - 1Renaissance 1400s – 1500s

• Contact b/t Arabs & Italian merchants led to an intellectual movement– Man is a creative & rational being– Individuals are to be celebrated– Major accomplishments

• music, art, literature, painting, architecture

• Stimulated by vast wealth of Italians– Merchant dynasties, city-states & the papacy

• Medici, Sforza, d’Este, Venice, Milan, Genoa

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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 2Reformation 1500s – 1600s

• Outgrowth of Renaissance atmosphere promoting criticism & debate– Began in GERMANY

• Main issues of reformers (Martin Luther)– Divisions within the papacy (Babylonian captivity)– Traditions & rituals not derived from scripture– Corruption– Church finances & income– Lack of piety among priesthood

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Cultural & Intellectual Change Reformation - 2

• Luther’s views led to split in western Catholicism– Wars devastated Germany 1520s – 1640s– Power of Church declined

• Results after Thirty Years’ War, 1648– Europe divided

• mostly Protestant north & mostly Catholic south

– Power struggles throughout Europe b/t people & their monarchs

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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 3Enlightenment

• Centered in France – Strongly intellectual movement

• political reformers, questioning of traditional authority (ex: John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire)

• Result: popular revolutions

• Confucian ideas taken to Europe by Jesuits – Chinese civil service exam

• influenced Euro rulers

– Confucian rational morality appealed to philosophers

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Cultural & Intellectual Change – 4Scientific Revolution

• Renaissance led to a desire of many to investigate mysteries of nature…– intense experimentation & discovery followed– World seen as a machine– Deism

• God viewed as a benevolent being who created humanity & moved on

• Galileo, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe – Catholic Inquisition meant it was more of a northern

movement than a southern movement

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11. Environmental Interaction

• Potato & corn in Europe – had huge impact on population increases

• Horses among Native Americans – led to increased nomadism

• Forests were cleared for…– Cash crop cultivation

• led to degradation of topsoil

– Cattle ranching

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Environment Interaction -216th – 18th centuries

• Little Ice Age– Frozen ports/rivers had economic & military

consequences• Armies could cross ice & ships could not sail

– Crops failed as growing seasons grew shorter

• Governments began to manage forests & other national resources (Japan/France)

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12. ESSAY TOPICS

CHANGE & CONTINUITY

• Analyze Change & Continuity in ONE of the regions below in terms of their involvement & roles in trade 600 – 1750

– CHINA– SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA– SOUTH ASIA– MIDDLE EAST

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Essay Topic: COMPARE/ CONTRAST

• As Western power increased between 1450 – 1750, so did Western interaction with other lands. Discuss similarities and differences in the interaction with the West in TWO of these areas

– Tokugawa Japan– Russia– Ottoman Empire– Latin America