02history of-educational-technology-1213716506297736-9.pps.crdownload

HISTORY OF HISTORY OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGYEDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Where Are We Going &

Where Have We Been

Prepared & Modified by

FOR-IAN V. SANDOVAL

Lesson 1Lesson 1

History of History of

EducationEducational al

TechnologTechnologyy

Educational Educational TechnologyTechnology

Objectives: To identify events and devices of the

past that contributed to the technological revolution.

To examine the organizations and their viewpoints that have shaped technology use in the classroom today.

To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances.





“Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instruments, machines and devices … most (educators) will defer to technology as computers.” (Muffoletto, 1994)

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The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information.”(Paul Saettler, 1990)





In ancient Greece, the Elder Sophist used the term “techne” to refer the process of applying knowledge systematically to the practical art of instruction. They formulated cognitive rules, systematically analyzed subject matter designed instructional technologies and devised effective instructional materials.





During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a technology of instruction which was really a new method of structuring and presenting materials that helped set the style of scholastic education.





Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel, Herbart and Montessori contributed their own concept on educational technology improving educative process.

John Amos Comenius was recognized as the pioneer of modern instructional technology by reason of his book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture) which was illustrated textbooks for children studying Latin & Sciences.





Edward Thorndike and John Dewey formulated scientific theory of learning and the scientific method, respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis to the use of empirical investigation as a basis for an organized process of learning. On his part, Dewey introduced a method of instruction in terms scientific method in broad terms




The 19th century paved in the advent of effective technological development including the production of textbooks, use of blackboards and improvements in writing implements like pen and ink. Photography was invented, giving a way to a movement called “Visual Instruction”.





By 1920, visual media became widely accepted. Then came the publication of audio-visual media texts.

In 1926, educational films were used as instructional media.

In 1927, Pressey wrote on programmed learning through a machine which tested and confirmed a learning task.





In 1932, the first instructional television program was aired at the State University of Iowa. About the same time, the 16 mm sound motion picture was developed and this served as the educational workhorse during the audio-visual movement of the time.





During World War II, the U.S. government encouraged the implementation of technology of instruction for military training programs. This gave impetus to a system approach to instruction to include: micro-teaching, individualized instruction, Language laboratories, behavioral laboratories, behavioral objectives, computer assisted instruction and among others





History of History of “Computers”“Computers”

Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC Calculators---1600s Punched Card Devices---1800s First Electronic Computers---1940s Mainframes---1950s Minicomputers---1960s Microcomputers---1970s Microcomputer Systems---1980s Internet---1990s




Ancient ComputingAncient ComputingHistoryHistory

The AbacusThe AbacusMechanical aid used for counting and making quick calculations.

Still in use

aroundthe

world.

Find out more about the Abacus in Resources.




Early Computing Early Computing HistoryHistory

Invented the first mechanical calculator.

The Pascaline used cogs and gears to solve math equations.

Blaise Pascal




Mechanical Mechanical CalculatorsCalculators

Joseph Jacquard First “programmable”

machine. Used punched cards

(binary instructions) to automate weaving loom.

Punched cards were a staple of early and modern computer programming.




Electronic Computer Electronic Computer SystemsSystems

Used vacuum tubes in electronic circuits.

Used punch cards to input and externally store data.

Up to 4K of memory.

Programming in machine language and assembly language.

Required a compiler.

First Generation:1943-1956




First Generation: First Generation: 1943-19561943-1956

World’s first electronic digital computer.

Used to produce WWII ballistic firing tables for the U.S. Defense Department.

Electronic Numerical Integratorand Calculator (ENIAC)

Check out the ENIAC exhibit.




1956 IBM 350 RAMAC

Second Generation: Second Generation: 1957-19641957-1964

Visit the Computing History Timeline in Resources.

Used transistors, developed by Bell Labs.

Up to 32K of memory. Programming in

computer languages, such as FORTRAN and COBOL.




Third Generation: Third Generation: 1965-19711965-1971

Used integrated circuits.

Up to 3 million bytes of memory.

Lower cost, smaller size, and increasing processor speed.




1971, Intel develops 4004, the first microprocessor chip.

Altair sold in 1975, the first personal computer. It is a kit that must be assembled.

Apple Computer is formed in 1976 and sells 50 Apple I.

Advances increase memory size, storage space, and processing speeds.

Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now

Microcomputer Revolution Begins.




Personal computers or PCs. Usually cost about $2,000 or less. Process over 1 billion operations per

second. “Stand-alone” or connected

to other computers as a network system.

Fourth Generation: Fourth Generation: 1972-Now1972-Now

Microcomputers

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Tim Berners-Lee Developed HTML and the World Wide Web

(WWW) was born.

1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World




Marc Andreessen

An original developer of Mosaic, the first browser software able to read HTML.

Co-founder of Netscape Communications.

1990’s 1990’s Connecting the WorldConnecting the World




Technologies of the Future Advanced robotics

commonplace Smart houses Wearable computers Holodeck virtual reality Truly individualized education

Check out Dave Moursund’s view of education in the year 2015, one of the Resources.

The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century




The 21st CenturyThe 21st Century

Only recently focused on computers.

Internet current primary trend.

Communication with colleagues. Lesson plan preparation. Student resources. Access research and best practices for

teaching.

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Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue





Our Definition:“A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related technologies.” (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)





Has technology changed how and what we teach?





Two trends of today’s society:

Explosive increase in number and type of technology resources available.

Dramatic decrease in total cost of ownership (TCO).

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CPU: Intel 4.77 MHz 8088 Memory: 64K Storage: Single-sided, 160K 5” floppy disk drive Display: 12 inch monochrome Price: $2880.00

IBM unveils first PC in 1981.

Read about

IBM Through the Years in Resources.





Change in educational philosophy of what constitutes basic skills

No longer just three R’s “Learning to learn” skills essential Lifelong learning

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Four Different Four Different ViewsViews

Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT)

International Society for Performance Improvement (ISPI)

International Technology Education Association (ITEA)

International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)





Audiovisual Media Communications. Begun in 1923. Initially centered on radio. Quickly extended focus to include instructional

film strips and educational television. Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting,

two-way audio, and visual communications.

AECT





“Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.”

(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)

Publications: TechTrends Handbook of Research for Educational

Communications and Technology

Visit the AECT web site from Resources.

AECT





ISPI Instructional systems approach

based on Behaviorist theories “Systematic approach to

designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.” (Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)





Publications: Performance Improvement Journal Performance Improvement Quarterly

Explore ISPI resources at the ISPI web site.

ISPI





ITEA Industry trainers and vocational

teachers. Schools should prepare

students for work force Learning about technology as used in the “real world” is essential.





ITEA Includes robotics, manufacturing

systems, computer-assisted design (CAD).

Publications: The Technology Teacher Technology and Children The Journal of Technology Education

Find out more at the ITEA web site.





ISTE Primary focus encompassed both

instructional and support applications of computers.

Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that computers would revolutionize education.

Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers and systems analysts.





ISTE National Educational

Technology Standards for Students and Teachers (NETS)

Publications: Learning and Leading with Technology

(formerly The Computing Teacher) Journal of Research on Computing in

Education

ISTE’s website is one of the Resources.




Modern Educational Modern Educational Technology HistoryTechnology History

First instructional use of computers was as a flight simulator used to train pilots at MIT in 1950.

Mainframe Computer Systems




First use in public schools taught New York elementary students binary arithmetic in 1959.






Federal funds supported many large-scale projects in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in schools, colleges, and universities through the middle of 1970’s.






Stanford University – first multimedia learning station, Course writer

Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations (PLATO)

BYU – Time-shared Interactive Computer-Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)






Designed to support personalizedmastery learning Individually Prescribed Instruction

(IPI) - University of Pittsburgh Program for Learning in Accordance

with Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of Research






National Education Computing Conference (NECC)

Created by mainframe programming enthusiasts from universities nationwide.

First conference held in1979. Today is the largest educational

technology conference in U.S. with attendance of 10,000+ people.





Introduced in late 1970’s. Adopted by public school systems

during 1980’s. Apple II Commodore PET Radio Shack TRS - 80

Microcomputers in Education





Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by: Large hardware manufacturers Software systems companies University development projects

New microcomputer software market driven primarily by educators.

Software





Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) Initially largest provider of educational

software. Funded by National Science Foundation.

MicroSift, EPIE Provided courseware evaluations.

Software





15:05.0

Authoring systems Response to educators quest for

input into design of educational software.

Allowed educators to develop their own courseware.

Software

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Authoring systems Required extensive expertise. Extended time commitment. Expanded work investment.

Software

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Computer Literacy Originally defined as programming

skills and tools such as word processing.

Today’s world can only agree that the term refers to skills that are constantly changing.

15:45.0





Seymour Papert Educational theorist mentored by

Jean Piaget. Developed programming language

for young children based on constructivist theory of education.

Raised national consciousness about potential of technology to change the educational system.

16:25.0





The Internet and the WWW

Biggest challenge for the public educational system has been how to prepare schools physically and train teachers effectively for its use in the classroom.

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What We’ve What We’ve LearnedLearned

Computer literacy or knowledge of computer applications is a moving target.

Teaching students technical skills for today is valuable.

More important are “learning to learn” tools for tomorrow and years to come.

17:20.0





Computer-based materials are just one component of resources available to educational system.

Integration of technology as a tool to advance learning in the content areas adds to the effectiveness of other resources and teacher created activities.

18:00.0





Development of technology materials and integration strategies is time intensive and should not be a classroom teacher’s primary responsibility – You’ve got enough to do!

18:20.0TEA





Educators must keep pace with technological advances.

But often times technology changes faster than the educational environment.

Business and Industry must do it’s part in providing economical technology solutions.

18:40.0





Teachers will always be necessary! Definition of learning environments

are changing. Identity of classrooms must

change.

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Our models of effective instruction must change too!

Educators must be more than: Sage on the Stage Guide on the Side


19:40.0





Vet in the Net

Today’s teacher must be willing to be: A participating learner in the classroom. One who will take the same risks and

not always have the right answer. A veteran learner in a network of

learners called the classroom.

20:10.0




ReferenceReference“EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY”

by Dr. Paz I. Lucido & Dr.

Milagros L. Borabo

20:10.0

Web LinkWeb Linkhttp://www.tcet.unt.edu/weblibrary2/overview/?id=33&PHPSESSID=1f41402407f2621f9827509fa7a8d6e8

02history of-educational-technology-1213716506297736-9.pps.crdownload

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