Types of Government Types of Government English Government English Government Enlightenment Enlightenment Colonial Period Colonial Period Revolutionary.

Types of Government English Government Enlightenment Colonial Period Revolutionary Period Articles of Confederation Constitutional Convention The Constitution

Monarchy - These systems have been and are used by nations throughout the world. In these systems, one person has control of government. In a monarchy, it is held by a king, queen, or ruling family (Sultan). This power is passed on through family succession.

In a dictatorship, power is often seized by force; by a military force or group. Power is usually passed on to the next in line of people who share this philosophy.

(Monarchy) – England, Spain, France – Until 18th and 19th centuries. Today many of these are constitutional monarchs. Saudi Arabia today.

Dictatorship – Nazi Germany under Hitler; Fidel Castro (Cuba)

Types of Authoritarian Governments – Absolute Monarch, Dictatorship/Totalitarianism/Autocracy, Aristocracy, Theocracy, Oligarchy

This system is based on the philosophies of John Locke and Montesquieu. Later, the founding fathers of the United States extended these principles. Men such as Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.

(Problem) – For these philosophers, the problem could be explained by a government, in many cases a monarch having too much power. Most of these men agreed that individuals had natural rights, and that if any person had too much power, these rights would not be protected. The answer was to have elected government, with a system of checks and balances.

Many nations are experimenting with these ideas of government. US – Representative Democracy.

Types of Democratic Governments – Direct Democracy, Representative Democracy/Democratic Republic, Constitutional Monarchy

Before the Magna Carta The Monarch (King or

Queen) had absolute authority.

Decisions of taxing, use of the military, making and enforcing laws all were made by the monarch.

After the Magna Carta A Common Counsel was

created made up of Nobles (large landowners and church officials)

Changes After the Magna Carta Taxes (consult common

counsel) Must have witness to crime. Trial by Jury English Church free of

Monarch Control

HOUSE OF LORDS Made up of Nobles Seat is Inherited

HOUSE OF COMMONS Members are

Elected Come from Towns &

Cities throughout England

Representative Democracy

Parliament has following powers in English Government

1. Power to Tax2. Make Laws3. Control of the Nation’s Army

A system of law based on precedents. A precedent is an earlier decision made by

a judge that serves as a model for future cases.

Over time common law creates a system of consistent rulings.

English Common Law has been used in the development of contracts, marriages, etc… in the United States.

During the Enlightenment Period many ideas that influenced the Framers of the United States Government developed. These ideas are seen in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

Enlightenment Philosophers John Locke – natural rights, purpose of

government Montesquieu – separation of power, checks &

balances

Hobbes was an English philosopher. He was older than Locke, but they lived at the same time. Hobbes described life in a “state of nature” as “nasty, brutish, and short”.

He felt that people entered into a social contract for fear of a violent death. Hobbes unlike Locke believed in the divine right of kings. This meant that the ruler obtained absolute power, and the people had no right to question his/her rule or revolt.

Locke was an English philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He believed that God granted man 3 natural rights (life, liberty, property).

Locke said that people entered into a social contract with their government. People agreed to pay taxes and follow reasonable laws. The government in exchange must protect these natural rights.

Locke believed if government did not protect these natural rights, the government had broken the contract. In this case, the people had the right to overthrow the government.

Montesquieu was an important philosopher in the development of the American democracy. Montesquieu came up with the idea of a separation of power.

He felt that if one person obtained all power, there could be no liberty. He felt that there should be a separation between the legislative, executive, and judicial. Power should be a check on power. “Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

The following map shows European Countries and where each set up colonies in the New World.

Mercantilism Economic Policy that a

country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys.

EXPORT > IMPORT Salutary Neglect –

England will allow colonies to rule themselves. Need raw materials.

Colonial Period Colony – A group of

people in one place ruled by a government in another.

European Nations began to colonize the Americas.

Colonies provided mother country with a cheap source of raw materials, could then produce finished products to export to colonies, and other parts of the world.

JAMESTOWN COLONY Representative

Democracy House of Burgesses 22 Members - House

of Burgesses were elected by colonists

PLYMOUTH COLONY Colonists on the

Mayflower signed a document called the Mayflower Compact.

The Mayflower Compact created a direct democracy.

Members of the colony would come together periodically, and vote on the direction the colony would take.

ColoniesColonies MotivationMotivationss

EconomyEconomy

New New England England ColoniesColonies

MassachusetMassachusettsts

New New HampshireHampshire

Connecticut Connecticut Rhode IslandRhode Island

Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Puritans did Puritans did not believe not believe in tolerationin toleration

Small scale Small scale farming; farming; small small business & business & shipbuildingshipbuilding

Middle Middle ColoniesColonies

New YorkNew York

New Jersey New Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

DelawareDelaware

Mainly Mainly religious religious dissenters – dissenters – Quakers Quakers (Penn)(Penn)

Farming – Farming – wheat & wheat & other cash other cash crops; crops; industry – industry – mines, etc…mines, etc…

Southern Southern ColoniesColonies

MarylandMaryland

VirginiaVirginia

NC, SCNC, SC

GeorgiaGeorgia

Economic Economic Reasons – Reasons – indentured indentured servants & servants & slavery slavery

Agriculture – Agriculture – large scale large scale plantation plantation farmingfarming

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS

EXECUTIVE BRANCH• Governor• Appointed by King or Elected

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH• Many were Bicameral• Elected Members • Representative Democracy

JUDICIAL BRANCH• Judges were appointed by King• Trial by Jury

The French & Indian War resulted from a land dispute between the French & the English. Fought in the mid 1750’s, the British came out of the war having gained territory in the Americas.

This war however had disastrous effects on the relationship between the British and the colonies.

Due to fighting with the French in the Americas and in Europe, England was in debt. The English felt that the colonies should pay for the French & Indian War.

The Colonists felt that protection was a part of the relationship between the British & The Colonies.

BEFORE AFTER

CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Navigation Acts (1660) Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) Townshend Acts (1767) Writs of Assistance Proclamation Act (1767) Boston Massacre (1770) Tea Act (1773) Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

(1774)

Battles of Lexington & Concord (Massachusetts)

COLONIAL OPPOSITION1. Albany Plan of Union (1754)2. Sons of Liberty – Stamp Act3. Stamp Act Congress 4. Committees of

Correspondence5. Boston Tea Party 6. Thomas Paine – Common

Sense

COLONIAL SOLUTUIONS 1st Continental Congress –

drafted letter to King and Parliament demanding rights be restored.

2nd Continental Congress – DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Revolutionary War (1776-1783)

Articles of Confederation (1781)

Treaty of Paris (1783)

United States gains Independence

British troops to leave US soil

United States gains land to the Mississippi River

GOVERNMENT Congress – Each State had one Vote.

Powers of Congress Make Laws Declare War & Make Peace Make Treaties & Alliances Borrow Money Maintain Army & Navy Other Less Important Matters

1) Congress – Limited Powers (most needed 9 of 13 states to agree)

2) No Executive Branch – Enforce Laws3) No Judicial Branch – Settle State Disputes4) No Power to Tax5) No Money = No Military6) Amendments – Needed Approval of all 13

States

British troops have not left US soil. French/Spanish will not allow use of

Mississippi River. Debts contracted during the

Revolutionary War have not been paid.

Shay’s Rebellion. Economy is very poor.

VIRGINIA PLAN 3 Separate Branches

(legislative will elect other 2)

Bicameral Legislature(based on population & $ contributions)

Authority to cancel conflicting state laws

NEW JERSEY PLAN Unicameral Legislature

(1 vote) Plural Executive –

selected by Congress Supreme Court –

appointed for life by the executive

GREAT COMPROMISE(AKA – Sherman or Connecticut) 1) Congress – Bicameral House of Representatives –

based on population, directly elected by the people

Senate – 2 Representatives per state – chosen by state legislatures

2) 3/5 Compromise – Every 5 Slaves would count as 3 persons for population & taxing

3) Economics President enters into

treaties Slave trade not prohibited

(20 years) Congress cannot tax exports Treaties – 2/3 Senate

approval

Wrote a collection of essays in support of the new Constitution.

The purpose of the essays was to show how the new Constitution would solve many of the problems that existed under the Articles of Confederation.

Three men combined to write 85 of the essays.

Criticized the adoption of the Constitution of 1787. Opposition to slavery – continue to exist under the

new Constitution. States would lose power under the Constitution. Federal Government would be too powerful. People

still fear a strong central government. #1 opposition – NO BILL of RIGHTS! Anti-Federalists (Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John

Hancock, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason)

PREAMBLE A preamble is an introduction. The introduction to the

Constitution lists the goals of the Constitution. The goals of the Constitution refer to problems under the

Articles of Confederation.

GOALS OF THE CONSTITUTION1) Form a More Perfect Union2) Establish Justice3) Insure Domestic Tranquility4) Provide for the Common Defense5) Promote the General Welfare6) Secure the Blessings of Liberty to Ourselves and

Our Posterity

7 ARTICLES OF THE CONSTITUTIONArticle I Legislative Branch

Article II Executive Branch

Article III Judicial Branch

Article IV States and the Federal Government

Article V Amendment Process

Article VI Supremacy of National Law

Article VII Ratification

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Based on State Population Directly Elected by People

MAJOR POWERS OF CONGRESS

Tax Declare War Raise/Maintain and Army Regulate Interstate Trade Tax Imports Create Postal System Coin Money Create Lower Federal

Courts

SENATE 2 Per State Originally selected by

State Legislatures Today Directly Elected

POWERS DENIED CONGRESS

• Suspend Writ of Habeas Corpus

• Pass Bills of Attainder• Ex Post Facto Law• Tax Exports

ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT

Chief Executive Commander-in-

Chief Legislative Leader Judicial Leader Chief of State Foreign Policy

Maker

POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

Enforce laws passed by Congress

Send troops into battle Enter into Treaties Appoint Federal Judges Appoint Ambassadors Grant Pardons -

Reprieves

SUPREME COURT 9 Justices – Appointed by the President Justices serve life terms. Supreme Court oversees actions of Congress and

the President. Court uses the Constitution to make sure government actions are Constitutional.

STATE to STATE Respect laws,

contracts, etc.. Full Faith & Credit

Extradition – send criminal to stand trial in other states.

FEDERAL to STATE Rules for admitting

new states to the Union

Republican form of Government

Protect against invasion

PROPOSAL Amendments to the

Constitution must be approved by 2/3 of both houses of Congress to be proposed

(or) 2/3 of the states call for

a national convention for the proposal of an amendment

RATIFICATION Amendments must be

ratified by ¾ of the State Legislatures

1. All debts contracted under the Articles of Confederation will be honored by US Government

2. US Constitution, Federal Law, and Treaties are the Supreme Law of the Land (Supremacy Clause)

3. All Federal Public Officials will take an oath to protect and support the Constitution

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For the Constitution to go into effect, it had to be ratified, approved by 9 of 13 states.

RATIFICATION9 of 13 STATES

These are major concepts embedded in the Constitution. Each of these concepts are important ideas that deal with limiting the power of government, and ensuring that the people retain power and rights.

1. Popular Sovereignty – The people rule.2. Limited Government – The people retain certain

rights that cannot be denied by the government.3. Federalism – The states and the federal

government share power.4. Separation of Power – 3 Branches + Checks &

Balances.5. Rule of Law – Everyone must follow the law.

Amendment 1 – Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, & Assembly

Amendment 2 – Right to Bear Arms Amendment 3 – Quartering of Soldiers Amendment 4 – Search & Seizure Amendment 5 – Rights of the Accused Amendment 6 – Requirements for a Jury Trial Amendment 7 – Rules of Common Law Amendment 8 – Limits on Criminal Punishment Amendment 9 – Rights Kept by the People Amendment 10 – Powers of the States and the

People

Amendment 11 – Suits Against States Amendment 12 – Presidential Election Method Amendment 13 – Slavery Abolished Amendment 14 – Civil Rights Guaranteed Amendment 15 – Black voting Rights Amendment 16 – Income Tax Amendment 17 – Direct Election of Senators Amendment 18 – Prohibition Amendment 19 – Women’s Voting Rights

Amendment 20 – Terms of Office and Presidential Succession

Amendment 21 – Repeal of Prohibition Amendment 22 – Limits on Presidential Terms Amendment 23 – Electors for the District of

Columbia Amendment 24 – Abolition of Poll Tax Amendment 25 – Presidential Disability Amendment 26 – Voting Age Amendment 27 – Congressional Pay