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Political Geography Sabiha Zaman
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Sabiha Zaman. It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Dec 26, 2015

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Page 1: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Political GeographySabiha Zaman

Page 2: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

What is political geography?

It concerns:o why political spaces emerge in the places that

they doo how the characteristics of those spaces affect

social, political, economic, and environmental practices.

Page 3: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Sovereignty, States, and Nations

Sovereignty:o Internationally recognized control a place has over

the people and territory within its boundaries State:

o Political unit with permanent population• Requires citizenship, territorial boundaries that are

recognized by other states, sovereignty, effective government, and a working economy

Nation:o a group of people who share a common culture and

identify as a cohesive groupo Requires language, religion, shared history, and

sometimes territory

Page 4: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Types of States and Nations

Nation-stateo State with only one nation in its borders

Multinational stateo Country that includes more than one nation within its

borders

Stateless nationo When a nation does not have territory to call its own

Page 5: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Types of States and Nations

Multinational State Stateless

nation

Nation state

Page 6: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Ethnonationalism Ethnonationalism- identification or loyalty

someone may feel to their nation Often occurs when a minority nation within a state

feels different from the rest of the state’s people Irredentism- A movement by a nation to reunite

its parts when they have spread across other borders

Example of ethnic conflict:o South Asia; India and Pakistan fighting over control of

Kashmir

Page 7: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Boundaries Geometric

o Straight lines that serve as political boundaries; aren't related to physical or cultural differences

Physicalo A political boundary that follows a feature of the natural

environment Cultural

o A political boundary that follows some cultural border, such as religion or language

Frontier (not a boundary): o Area where boundaries are weakly developed, no state

exercises complete political control

Page 8: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Creation of Boundaries Antecedent boundaries: existed before human cultures

developed into current forms Subsequent boundaries: grew out of human interaction Superimposed boundaries: forcibly put on the landscape Relict boundaries: no longer used as boundaries Steps to creating a boundary:

o Definition: the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated

o Delimitation: the boundary’s definition is drawn onto a mapo Demarcation: the visible marking of a boundary on the

landscape (fence, wall, etc)o Administration: the enforcement by a government or

people of the boundary that has been created

Page 9: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Shapes of States Compact- the distance from

the center to any boundary does not vary significantlyo Capital at center and

shortest boundaries to defend

Elongated- long and narrow shapeo May have poor internal

communications and transportation

Fragmented- includes several discontinuous pieces of territoryo Separated by other

states or by water

Perforated- a state that completely surrounds another oneo Can cause tension

between the perforated state and perforating state

Prorupted/protruded-compact state with large protruding extensiono Can provide access to

a resourceo Protruding piece might

be separated from core

Page 10: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Shapes of States

Compact Elongated Protruding

Perforated Fragmented

Page 11: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Unitary and Federal States

States are either of unitary or federal governments

Unitary-power is concentrated in the central governmento Works best in nation-states with few cultural differences;

strong sense of unityo Requires effective communications; more common in

smaller states Federal-power is in units of local government

within the countryo local governments that adopt their own laws

Can empower nationalities in multinational stateso Suitable for larger states where capital is far away

United States, Russia, Canada, Brazil, India

Page 12: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Confederations, Enclaves, and Exclaves Confederation

o governmental structure that has a weak central government and majority power in regional governments

Enclaveo a state or part of a state that is completely surrounded

by another state Exclave

o land that is a political extension of another state

Page 13: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Colonization Control of one state by another; the colonizing state

has a more industrialized economy than the one it is taking over

First period of colonization o after Columbus discovered the western hemisphere in the 15th

century Second period of colonization

o late 1800s, when the western European powers competed for Africa in order to appear more powerful and gain more resources/land for industrial economies

Mercantilism- economic system in which a state gets raw materials from its colonies to ship back to its mother country and use in making products for its country

Page 14: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Imperialism Fueled by colonization The process of establishing political, social, and

economic dominance over a colonized area Europeans imposed their culture on the people

and landscapes• Dependence Theory

• many countries are poor today because of their colonization by European powers

• They were unable to recover from imperialism and are still dependent on the colonizers

Page 15: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Neocolonialism Based on Dependence Theory Continued economic dependence of new states

on their former colonizers Education, health care, roads, communication, etc

were not set up in colonies to thrive on their own when colonizers lefto New states had to turn back to colonizers and ask

for loans to start their economies

Page 16: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Geopolitics How states interact and

compete in the political landscape

Organic Theory- Freidrich Ratzel▫ States are living organisms

that want land and grow larger through acquiring more nourishment in the form of land

Heartland Theory- Halford Mackinder▫ The era of sea power was

ending and control over land was key to power

▫ Control over Eurasia was the key to dominating the world

Domino Theory▫ Democratic allies must

protect lands from falling into the Communists

Rimland Theory- Nicolas Spkyman Built on Mackinder’s

theory Includes Western

Europe, and Southeast, South, and East Asia in order to balance power in the rimland to prevent a global power from emerging

Page 17: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Political-Territorial Arrangements

Primate citieso A capital city that is

not only the political nucleus but is also more economically powerful than any other city in the state

Gerrymanderingo Redrawing electoral

boundaries to give a political party an advantage

o Illegal in 1985

Three types of gerrymanderingo Wasted vote

• Opposition voters are spread across many districts

o Excess vote• Opposition voters are

concentrated into fewer districts

o Stacked vote• Like-minded voters are

linked together in oddly shaped boundaries

Page 18: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Centripetal- unifies a state’s people and regionso Unifying symbols, pledge of allegiance, strong identity

based on cultural traits Centrifugal- divides a state’s people and regions

o Leads to Balkanization; the break down of a nationo Separation in regions, boundary conflicts, religions

divisions Devolution- transferring some power from the

central government to regional governments

Page 19: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Supranationalism Organization of three or more countries for

cultural, economic, or military reasons.o Created so that states can collectively reach a common

goal they may not be able to reach independently International and regional organizations were

made to prevent a third world war and to protect countries from a foreign attacko The United Nations (UN); established at the end of WWIIo Has peacekeeping forces, usually involved in separating

warring groupso Tries to maintain neutral

Page 20: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Regional and Military Alliances

Many states joined military regional alliances after WWIIo Led to the era of two

superpowers; U.S. and U.S.S.R., and the Cold War

Examples of regional allianceso Organization on Security

and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

o Organization of American States (OAS)• Promotes social, cultural,

political, and economic links among member states

Africa Union (AU)o Founded to end

colonialism and apartheid in Africa

o More emphasis on promoting economic integration in Africa

Page 21: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Economic Supranationalism

Integration of three or more states in order to achieve collective economic goalso European Union (EU)- 1958o Main goal is to promote development within the member

states through economic cooperation

Page 22: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Terrorism The use of violence by a

group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

Terrorist attacks against the US:o 1988: Pan Am Flight 103o 1993: World Trade Centero 1995: Oklahoma Cityo 1996: Saudi Arabiao 1998: US Embassieso 2000: USS Cole o 2001: World Trade Center

and Pentagon

Al Qaeda- Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1990o Bin Laden was a Saudi

billionaireo Around 20,000

memberso Not a single unified

organizationo Located in 34 countries

• Members are called “cells”

o Responsible for most attacks in 1990s and 9/11

Page 23: Sabiha Zaman.  It concerns: o why political spaces emerge in the places that they do o how the characteristics of those spaces affect social, political,

Sovereignty

State

Nation

Multinational state

Irredentism

Geometric boundary

Physical boundary

Compact

Elongated

Fragmented UnitaryFederal

TerrorismDevolution

Centripetal

Centrifugal

Gerrymandering

Primate city Domino

Theory

Heartland TheoryImperialis

m

Neocolonization

Enclave

Exclave

Antecedent

Subsequent

Superimposed

Relict