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The Civil Rights Era
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Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Dec 21, 2015

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Page 1: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

The Civil Rights Era

Page 2: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 3: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

The Civil Rights Movement

Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges

to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Page 4: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

American Diary

Howard Bailey remembers that when the white high school got new text books, the old ones would be dropped off at his African American school. “I can remember that occasionally they would shovel the books out of the pickup trucks with coal shovels and just… dump them on the ground outside of the school building. So our teachers and principals would… gather up them up and tape them up…the books that were in real bad shape.”

Kentucky Civil Rights Oral History Commission

Page 5: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Equality in Education

African Americans and other supporters of civil rights challenged discrimination in the nation’s public schools

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (Supreme Court Case)› Lawyer Thurgood Marshall argued that

segregated schools were not equal› May 17th, 1954 – Supreme Court ruled that

separate is not equal› Overturns Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

Page 6: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 7: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Integrating the Schools

Supreme Court called on school authorities to integrate schools as fast as possible

Some southern schools vowed to keep African American children out of white schools despite Supreme Court decision

Little Rock, Arkansas› Governor called out state’s National Guard to

prevent African Americans from entering the high school

› Eisenhower sent hundreds of federal troops and 9 African American students were admitted

Page 8: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 9: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 10: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 – Rosa Parks is arrested and fined $10 for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person

Arrest led African Americans to organize a boycott of city buses› Almost 75% of the riders were African Americans› Students hitchhiked to school and car pools

were organized› 1956 – Supreme Court stepped in and ruled

Montgomery bus segregation was unconstitutional

Page 11: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 12: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Nonviolent Protest

Montgomery Bus Boycott made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a leader of civil rights› Practiced civil disobedience› Developed the Southern Christian

Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Page 13: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Civil Rights

Page 14: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Making Connections

What was the major difference in the ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) and Brown vs. Board of Education?

Answer the Essential Question: What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Page 15: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Kennedy and Johnson

Essential Question: What did the Civil Rights act of 1964 accomplish?

Page 16: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 17: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Kennedy and the New Frontier

Appealed to many Americans who wanted change

War hero from a wealthy and powerful American family

Wins election of 1960 against Richard Nixon› “ask not what your country can do for

you – ask what you can do for your country”

Page 18: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

John F. Kennedy

Page 19: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 20: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Domestic Policies

Called for a New Frontier of social reforms› Federal aid for education and the poor› Supported civil rights but feared moving

too quickly would anger Southern Democrats

Assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas

Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became president

Page 21: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Lyndon B. Johnson Johnson planned to expand Kennedy’s

domestic policy and declared a war on poverty› Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination

by gender, religion and national origin› Medicaid (health insurance and medical

assistance for low income families)› Medicare (insurance programs for the elderly)› Jobs Corps trained young people seeking work› Rebuild decaying cities› Improve Education› Promote equality and reduce poverty

Page 22: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Answer the Essential Question

What did the Civil Rights act of 1964 accomplish?

Page 23: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

The Struggle Continues

Essential Question:› What areas of civil rights did groups try to

improve in the 1960s and what methods did those groups use?

Page 24: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

The Movement Grows

Sit-in: the act of protesting by sitting down

Freedom Riders› Beat and stoned by angry whites in Alabama› Met violence in other cities and were arrested

and jailed for entering white waiting rooms› Supreme Court decision was eventually

enforced Federal troops had to protect African

American university students

Page 25: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 26: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Birmingham, Alabama

Spring 1963 – Dr. King and other demonstrators arrested for peaceful desegregation protest› Police used fire hoses and dogs to push

back protesters› JFK sent in 3,000 troops to restore peace› After NAACP leader was murdered, JFK

pushed legislation that gave all African Americans the right to be served in public places

Page 27: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Birmingham

Page 28: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

March on Washington

To rally support for civil rights bill, Dr. King and SCLC organized a march on Washington D.C. (1963)› 2,000 people of all colors› 6,000 police officers stood nearby› No violence erupted› Carried signs urging Congress to pass the

Civil Rights Bill› Dr. King gives his “I Have a Dream”

speech

Page 29: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 30: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Freedom Summer

Civil Rights Act of 1964› Outlawed discrimination in hiring and

segregation in stores, restaurants, theaters and hotels

› Many states still used poll taxes and laws to keep African American’s from voting

› Those who tried to register were sometimes met with violent opposition

› Voting Act of 1965 gave federal government the power to force local officials to allow African Americans to vote

Page 31: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Other Voices

Malcolm X› Disagreed with Dr. King’s strategy of

nonviolent protest› Originally wanted separation of blacks

and whites› Eventually called for an end to racial

separation› Assassinated by a rival group of Black

Muslims

Page 32: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Other Voices

Black Power› Philosophy of racial pride › African Americans should create their

own culture and political institutions› Revolution and complete transformation

of society› Black Panther Party

Page 33: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Dr. King is Assassinated

April 4, 1968 – shot and killed Murder set off riots in more than 100

cities God “has allowed me to go up to the

mountains, and I have seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we as people, will get to the promised land”

Page 34: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Answer the Essential Question

What areas of civil rights did groups try to improve in the 1960s and what methods did those groups use?

Page 35: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Other Groups Seek Rights

Essential Question: › How did the civil rights movement affect

women and minorities other than African Americans?

Page 36: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Women’s Rights

Influence of civil rights movement led many women to organize and push for greater rights and opportunities› Feminists fought for equal rights for women

in all aspects of life › Sandra Day O’Connor – 1st female member of

the Supreme Court› Equal Rights Amendment turned down

because it would upset the balance of the family

› Equal Pay Act

Page 37: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Seeking Greater Opportunity

Latinos, especially migrant farm workers fought for better wages and hours

Native Americans› Federal policy tried to weaken the power of

tribal government in the 1950s› Native Americans demanded political power

and independent from the US government› Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 gave Native

American nations the right to make their own laws on reservations

Page 38: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

American Indian Movement

Younger Native Americans under the AIM staged a series of protests› Occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in

Washington D.C. demanding land and rights guaranteed by U.S. treaties

› 1973 – occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota until the government investigated treatment of Native Americans

Page 39: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?
Page 40: Essential Question: › What were the legal and social challenges to racial segregation in the 1940s and 1950s?

Answer the Essential Question

How did the civil rights movement affect women and minorities other than African Americans?