© David Last Institut für Erdmessung und Navigation Universität der Bundeswehr, München 15 March 2007 Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths Professor David.

© David Last

Institut für Erdmessung und NavigationUniversität der Bundeswehr, München

15 March 2007

Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths

Professor David LastRoyal Institute of Navigation

Picture: earthobservatory.nasa.gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/

From: Kelvin Hughes Ltd.

From: May, V., ‘The first handheld aviation navigator’, Navigation News Nov/Dec 2001, pp8-9..

From: www.garmin.com/marine

From: Simmons, ‘Practical applications of GPS for GIS and civil engineering’, Suppl. To Civil Engineering, 114, Sp. Issue 2, pp30-34.

Photo: Ashtech Inc., Optron Pty.

From: www.cellphonesforbusiness.com/ www.samsung.com

Contents: www.cellpoint.com/Presentation/CellPoint-LondonMLSOctober2002.pdf and http://www.telecomsys.com/

• Threats from intentional (malicious) interference• Threats from unintentional interference• Risks can be reduced but not eliminated• Consequences severe for safety, economic damage• A tempting target for those hostile to the US• GPS can be jammed• GPS can be spoofed – gives misleading information• Minimise consequences by awareness and planning• Need backup system & procedures in critical applications

Dice is 1mW GPS jammer

© David Last

Picture: Google Earth

Source: Clynch et al, ‘Multiple GPS RFI Sources in a Small California Harbor’, ION GPS02, Portland OR.

Observer, London, 29 Jan 2003

www.rin.org.uk

http://www.kenneke.com/plans.html#

• UK accepts total reliance on GPS not acceptable

• Marine Navigation to retain traditional aids

• Aviation: terrestrial backup except over North Sea and North Atlantic, “benign environments for interference”

David Jamieson, Under Secretary of State, Dept. of Transport

Mobile phones 73%

Car navigation 23%

Aviation 1%Fleet management 1%Leisure 1%Surveying 1%Augmentation 1%

© David Last

 … fewer than 40 of the 137 applicationsanalysed would remain operationalfollowing the loss of GPS andits augmentations …

http://europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/documents/doc/2004_12_22_ernp_study_en.pdf

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Loran-CTransmittertower

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Loran as a complement to satellite:

Satellite Loran-C

Low powered: vulnerable

High-frequency

Line-of-sight: easily blocked

A navigation and timing system

High-powered: robust

Low-frequency

Groundwave: penetrates cities

A navigation and timing system

© David Last

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

• Commission has taken account of Volpe

• Galileo has taken potential threats into account

• Galileo far less vulnerable than current GPS

• Galileo to transmit on ‘variety of different and separated frequencies’, thus eliminating most concerns expressed in Volpe report

Heinz Hilbrecht, Director, Inland Transport,European Commission DG for Energy and Transport

Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GPS & Galileo- so different:

• GPS military, Galileo civil• GPS single-nation, Galileo multi-nation• Frequencies, codes, timing, geodetics• GPS free-to-air, Galileo user-pays• GPS military-operated, Galileo PPP

It’s hard to imagine a more different approach …

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GPS began life as:

• A “weapons aiming system and force enhancer”• A US Air Force system with no civil applications

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Macrometer V-1000 2 boxes, 91kg

Picture: Alison Brown, “A perspective on land navigation – the evolution from man-packs to modules”, Navsys Corporation

David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Picture: Admiralty List of Radio Signals

Differential GPS (DGPS)

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

March 29, 1996 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

PRESIDENT OPENS DOOR TO COMMERCIAL GPS MARKETS; MOVE COULD ADD … NEW JOBS TO ECONOMY BY YEAR 2000

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

• The U.S. Government also maintains the capability to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations while retaining a military advantage in a theater of operations without disrupting or degrading civilian uses outside the theater of operations.

U.S. Policy Statement Regarding GPS Availability,

March 21, 2003

Source: www.navcen.uscg.gov/gps/default.htm

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

• Encourage acceptance and integration of GPS into peaceful civil, commercial and scientific applications worldwide.

• … advocate the acceptance of GPS and U.S. Government augmentations as standards for international use.

US policy will be to:

‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,National Security Council 29 March 1996

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GPS is … . an integral component of the … global information infrastructure, with applications … from mapping and surveying to… air traffic management

‘U.S. Global Positioning System Policy’, Fact sheet ,Office of Science and Technology Policy,National Security Council 29 March 1996

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GPS has … generated a US commercial equipment and service industry that leads the world.

White House Press Release, 29 March 1996

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

“Limit availability of radionavigation systems … in the event of a real or potential threat of war or impairment to national security.”

The US government will …

1999 Federal Radionavigation Plan, Section 1.5(l)

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GALILEOEuropean Satellite NavigationSystem

What’s new?

• Real-time integrity - warning of failure• Legal service guarantees• Multi-nation control• Commercial service-provider• Civil, not military

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

War is glorious!

Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm

© David Last

Picture: M Dillon, CEO ESYS plc, Royal Institute of Navigation, 19 Dec 2005

GNSS market size (receivers) by market - all regions

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Mill

ion

s Others

Survey

EmergencyServicesMaritime

Rail

Aviation

CommercialvehiclesMass marketvehiclesPersonalmobility

Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/applications/index_en.htm

+

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Mr. V.T. ImpalerA Mongol horde from the East

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GALILEOEuropean Satellite NavigationSystem

A threat to GPS?

• Challenges US lead• Undermines selective denial• Shares frequencies

Godet et al, ‘Galileo spectrum and interoperability issues’

GNSS2003, Graz, Austria April 2003

Robert G. Bell, GPS and Galileo – Capabilities and compatibility European satellites for security conference,Brussels, Belgium, 19 June 2002

NATO does have a very clear interest in making sure that (it) is able … to deny a potential adversary's access to … any other satellite navigation services during a conflict.Robert G. Bell

NATO Assistant Secretary General for Defence

Support

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

GPS & Galileo- cooperation:

• Brussels, Feb 25 2004 • Europe to move PRS away from M-Code• Common baseline signal structures• Compatible timing and geodetics• Open trade

A common goal: the best possible GNSS for users …

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Galileo- the challenges:

• Recovering the investment• Who will take legal liability?• Securing the frequencies and codes• Ceding control to new partners• Access to advanced GPS technology

… and the dream of independence …

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

Galileo- still independent?

• Combined GPS-Galileo receivers• Agreements over security• Level commercial playing field• Common interference vulnerability

When would GPS be withdrawn, and Galileo continue, independently?

© David Last

15 March 2007München

Satellite Navigation – Truths & Myths?

Professor David LastRoyal Institute of Navigation

“A generation ago, navigation was a specialised art practisedby a small number of professionals. GPS brought radio-navigation to every yachtsman. Then it developed into a powerful utility that will serve all our navigation, tracking and timing needs at sea, on land, and in the air. Soon, Galileo will join GPS, giving Europe independence of the US in satellite navigation, and a vigorous new industry.” 

How many of these statements are true? And which of them are myths?

© David Last, University of Wales, Bangor

• Galileo - Combined with GPS• Contributions from other nations• A Global Satellite Navigation System

GPS & Galileo: Where are we headed?