- Complementary Technology of Upland NERICA Varieties - Dr. Yoshimi SOKEI Agronomist of African Rice Initiative WARDA/ ARI/ JICA FAO Regional Workshop.

- Complementary Technology ofUpland NERICA Varieties -

Dr. Yoshimi SOKEIAgronomist of African Rice Initiative

WARDA/ ARI/ JICA

FAO Regional Workshop on Rice and Aquaculture for Productivity Increase and Market Development in East Africa

Kampala, Uganda13 – 17 April, 2009

JICA’s Activities on Rice Development in West Africa

Today’s Topics I. Results of Variety trial in 4 countries

(Benin, Mali, Guinea, and The Gambia)

(1) Performance of NERICAs in field level

(2) Agronomical Characteristics of NERICAs

II. Cultivation method (Complementary Tech.)

(1) Seeding Rate

(2) Seeding Method

(3) Applying Fertilizer of Top dressing

My Activities

(1) To clarify the agronomical characteristics of upland NERICA varieties with NARES

(2) To develop cultivation method of upland NERICA varieties with NARES

(3) To organize training course for NARES

Experimental Sites in W. Africa

○Bamako

●SikassoBanjul ○

●

Burikama○Conakry ●Kankan

●

WARDA

●

●

●●

Abidjan ○

●Diebougou○Ouagadougou

Experimental sites in Benin

●Natitingou

● Bassila

●Glazoue

●Bohicon

Nigeria

NigerBurkina Faso

TogoGhana

●WARDA

– Mountain – Guinea

– Plain – Mali

– Hydromorphic – Gambia

Table 1. Present situation of the upland rice in Africa

Share of

upland rice

area

Yield

ConstraintsCurrentPotential

44

(%)

1.0

(t/ha)

2.0 – 4.0

(t/ha)

Drought, low soil fertility (N, P, Iron deficiencies,

acidity, erosion,)

Weeds, blast, stem borers, termites, striga,

birds, nematodes(Research Day of WARDA 2006)

Characteristics of NERICA Varieties

To identify Agronomical characteristics of NERICA varieties

(1) Yield performance in different ecologies ・ Yield and Yield component analysis

(2) Growth characteristics to develop cultivation method in different ecology

・ Leaf age and Tillering vs. time, Heading date, etc.

Material and Method (summary)

Material: NERICA varieties, their parents, and Sativas

Method:

・ Planting

　 Method: Dibbling

Depth: 3cm from soil surface

Number: 5 seeds/hill

　 Spacing: 20 x 20 cm (25hills/ m2)

・ Fertilizing

Basal: N:P:K = 30:30:30 kg/ha at 14 DAS

Top dressing: N = 30 kg/ha by Urea) at Meiotic

Table 2. Yield of NERICAs in West Africa in 2007　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Mali The Gambia Benin (Bohicon) F NF F NF F NF NERICA 1 3854 3237 1892 1431 2203 1641 NERICA 2 4635 2950 1489 859 2377 1682 NERICA 3 4889 3478 2255 1690 2648 1500 NERICA 4 3935 3901 2356 2012 2292 1394 NERICA 5 3984 3050 2208 1623 1833 1211 NERICA 6 4174 3068 1188 1056 2177 1640 NERICA 7 4260 3859 2317 1278 1752 1564 Mean 4247 3363 1958 1421 2183 1519

WAB 56-104 4397 2424 2795 2076 2249 1417　　 CG 14 1056 1313 1246 1627 781 1715 Dourado 3451 2772 Tox1011- 4156 3236 Kumabani 5617 3396 Sefa Fingo 353 280 Yom Koyo 1390 1066 INARIS 88 - - 2780 1901 IRAT 136 - - 2299 1840

Heading Date

W: WAB56-104, CG:CG 14IS88: INARIS 88, IRAT: IRAT 136 (BENIN)DRD: Dorado precoce (Mali)SFF: Sefa Fingo, YK: Yomkoyo (The Gambia)

Table 3. Heading Date at each experiment site in 2007.

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 W CGIS88IRATDRDSFFYK

WARDA 80 79 76 77 73 81 75 72 86 97 99 73 96 85

Sikasso 78 75 75 79 74 78 78 74 83 - - 74 - -

Burikama 71 73 67 70 67 71 68 66 69 - - - N.D.78

Bohicon 81 77 77 75 73 79 79 72 94 96 102 - - -

Sowe 71 69 69 69 65 72 67 66 83 89 98 - - -

Tchetou 82 76 80 83 75 86 77 76 91 100113 - - -

Leaf Age of Flag Leaf on NERICAs

L.A. N1 N4 N6 N7 IS88 DRD SFF

11F 6.8 55.0 1.7 13.8 55.0

12F 62.7 41.7 18.3 74.1 23.8 1.8

13F 32.2 3.3 66.7 12.1 16.7 37.5

14F 13.3 15.0 5.0 50.0

15F 41.7 10.7

16F 30.0

17F 13.3

Table 4. Distribution of final leaf age (%) on NERICAs in WARDA 2008 (Single plant/hill, N:P:K= 60:30:30kg/ha)

Present Situation of Upland Rice Cultivation Method in West Africa

・ Deficiency of the Strategy for Upland Rice Cultivation

especially early maturing variety (NERICAs)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　↓ Cultivation method is used as same as lowland Rice

one and/or late maturing variety.

Exp: Timing of the fertilizer application

　 1st : Basal (before sowing)

2nd : 3 weeks after sowing

3rd : Panicle differentiation stage (P.I. Stage)

Varietyname

No. of panicles

/hill

No. of grains/panicles

% of ripened grains

1000 grains weight (g)

　 Mean

SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

NERICA 1 4.7 1.0 113.7 28.2 57.5 9.7 28.2 0.3

NERICA 2 5.4 1.9 99.6 14.3 56.5 16.3 29.2 0.3

NERICA 3 5.2 1.3 104.8 8.5 73.5 2.9 30.4 0.1

NERICA 4 5.2 1.0 89.2 10.8 72.7 0.3 29.0 1.2

NERICA 6 3.8 0.7 181.8 5.1 48.7 10.3 28.5 0.9

NERICA 7 4.9 1.3 97.5 13.2 68.3 4.5 36.1 1.9

WAB56-104 4.9 1.2 102.6 8.0 63.4 10.1 30.8 1.6

Mean 4.9 　 112.7 　 62.9 　 31.0 　

Parts of The Yield Component under fertilizer conditionin NARI, The Gambia (2005)

(Single plant/hill)

Parts of the yield component in No-Fertilizer treatment in 2006 (WARDA)

　　　　　　　　　

VarietyName

No.of panicles/hill

No. of grains/panicles

% ofripened grains

1000 grain weight

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

NERICA1 2.9 0.1 75.2 1.3 75.2 1.3 28.4 0.5

NERICA2 2.8 1.4 91.9 12.2 79.2 5.6 28.3 0.5

NERICA4 2.7 0.4 100.3 9.6 75.2 4.3 28.6 0.5

NERICA5 2.2 0.4 76.6 0.7 75.2 4.2 26.5 0.3

NERICA6 2.4 0.4 163.5 3.2 77.5 7.1 30.0 0.5

NERICA7 2.7 0.5 114.8 40.3 76.7 9.7 34.9 0.9

W56-104 3.4 0.1 111.6 8.1 81.9 2.7 31.8 0.5

Mean 2.7 104.8 77.3 29.8

(Single plant/hill)

Concept of Complementary Tech.

- Analysis of the Yield Component -

25 Hs/m2 x 8 Ps/hill x 100 Gs/panicle x 70% x 28g/1000 Gs= 3,920 kg/ha




Concept of Complementary Tech.

• According to the Yield Component Analysis:

(1) To Assure the No. of the Panicles/hill

・ No. of the sown seeds/ pocket

・ Sowing Depth

(2) To increase % of ripened grains

・ Change of the Fertilizer Application Timing

Development of Cultivation Method

• Seeding

(1) The number of seeds per hill

(2) Depth from soil surface

(3) Seeding Method

• Timing of fertilizer application

Seeding Rates Situationin the Field in West Africa

Seeding RateTable 5. Produced grains vs. seeding Rate　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Variety Number No. No. % Filled Survived Estimated Ps/hill Gs/P Kernel hill(%) Gs/m2

NERICA 1 1 5.0 106 63 59.6 5,004 3 6.2 91 64 80.9 7,364 5 8.0 87 57 92.7 9,323 7 6.8 69 63 89.6 6,597 9 7.8 48 58 93.1 5,008

NERICA 2 1 4.9 116 74 63.1 6,677 3 6.2 92 79 81.3 9,169 5 7.5 80 72 92.9 10,084 7 7.3 72 77 92.4 9,430 9 9.0 57 78 95.6 9,520

NERICA 4 1 5.6 92 75 43.6 4,194 3 6.8 88 70 69.3 7,215 5 7.3 82 72 88.7 9,557 7 8.6 79 72 86.9 10,563 9 7.7 54 76 85.3 6,639

Seeding Depth

Seeding Method- Broadcasting-

Seeding Method – Drilling -

Seeding Method - Dibbling -

Material and Method (summary)Material: NERICA 4 and 7Treatment: (1) 3 Seeding Methods Dibbling, Drilling, Broad casting (2) Seed rate 1: 5 kernels/hill (40kg/ ha), 2: 70kg/ha (8-9 kernels/ hill), 3: 90kg/ha (11-12 kernels/ hill)Design: Complete randomized block design with 3 rep.Method Seeding Depth: 3cm from soil surface Spacing: 20 x 20 cm in dibbling, 30cm int. in Drilling Fertilizing Basal: N:P:K = 30:30:30 kg/ha at 14 DAS Top dressing: N = 30 kg/ha by Urea at Meiotic

Seeding Method and Seed Rate

Table 6. Yield in different seeding method and Rate (kg/ha) 2008　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Variety Method Rate Yield

5 seeds/hill 2876 Dibbling 9 seeds/hill 1994 12 seeds/hill 1939

NERICA 4 39 kg/ha 2005 Drilling 70 kg/ha 1581 90 kg/ha 1771

39 kg/ha 2221 Broadcasting 70 kg/ha 1773 90 kg/ha 1697

Fertilizer Application Timing

Present: Vegetative stage

↓

Proposal: Reproductive stage

Example of Growth of NERICA 4

É

É

É

É

É

É

É É É É

É É É É É

4/2

6

5/3

5/1

0

5/1

7

5/2

4

5/3

1

6/7

6/1

4

6/2

1

6/2

8

7/5

7/1

2

7/1

9

7/2

6

8/

2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Th

e n

o.

of

Tille

rs

Time

É The No. of tillers

J

J

J

J

J

J

J

J

JJ J J J J J

7/2

6

0

2

4

66

8

10

12

14

Leaf

Ag

e

J Leaf Age

Heading Date

　Meiotic stage↑

Panicle formation stage

↑↑

1

2

3

4

5

6

↑Panicle differentiation stage

↑

0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 DAS

Development NERICA 4(1)

17DAS 24DAS 31DAS 38DAS 45DAS 52DAS

← P.D.→ ← P.I.→

Development of NERICA 4 (2)

24DAS 31DAS 38DAS 45DAS

← P.D.→← P.I.→

Visual Indicator of Initial of Young Panicle Differentiation and Formation Stage

3rd leaf before flag leaf

2nd leaf before flag leaf

4th leaf before flag leaf

The 3rd leaf before flag leaf is much longer than 4th one.

When the height of the 2nd leaf before flag leaf is as the same as the 3rd one, young panicle can be seen in many case(1~2mm length).

Visual Indicator of Meiotic stage

Length between auricles(about 1 WBH)

Young panicle around 1 WBH

Training• 1month Training Course at WARDA funded by MAFF

and JICA

2006: 5p (Guinea 1, Gambia 1, Mali 2, Benin 1)

2007: 11p (Guinea 2, Gambia 2, Mali 1, Benin 3,

Burkina Faso 2, Sierra Leone 1)

2008: 8p (Guinea 2, Gambia 1, Mali 1, Benin 3, BF 1)

• OJT at each Country





Training Course at WARDA (1)

Training Course at WARDA (2)

OJT at each site

Thank you

- Complementary Technology of Upland NERICA Varieties - Dr. Yoshimi SOKEI Agronomist of African Rice Initiative WARDA/ ARI/ JICA FAO Regional Workshop.

Documents

seeding method

yield of nericas

planting method

sativas method

rice development

hsm2 x

pshill x

lowland rice