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Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind leading to knowledge development Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Jan 02, 2016

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Page 1: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.
Page 2: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.
Page 3: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Cognitive Development Refers to…..◦Internal process and the product of the mind

leading to knowledge development Covers a wide aspects of mental activities:

◦Memorizing◦Categorizing & simbolizing◦Problem solving & creativity◦Inventions◦Dreaming & fantasizing◦Reading & Writing◦Language acquisition etc

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Page 4: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Changes in thinking (logic)

Language acquisition The process of how

human receive, store and remember information (knowledge) from their environment.

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Brainstem (inner core) =Breathing, heartbeat muscle movement, reflex behvLimbic system (Covers the brainstem) = Motivation, emotions, & long term memory◦Cerebellum – control automatic movements & balance

Cerebral cortex (Higher mental process) = Learning, memory, Thinking, Language ◦Last to develop

Page 5: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

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Page 6: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Maturation of the Brain Cortical regions (cerebral cortex) associated with language do not fully mature until late preschool years or later

◦ Broca’s area, located in the frontal lobeo controls language production.

◦ Wernicke’s area, located in the temporal lobeo controls language comprehension.

Page 7: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

How human relate the knowledge they receive and applied it to their everyday lives.

How the information from the environment Receive Stored Re-use

Stressed on individual Level of understanding & use of knowledge

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Page 8: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Thus, every changes, including those learned is being:-

◦Recorded by the brain

◦Processed which involves mental activities

The thinking & reasoning process of children differs from adolescent and adults.

As age increases, the ability to think and reasons became complex (better)

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Page 9: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

According to Piaget SCHEMA is a…◦ cognitive structure built to assist individual to understand

their past experiences.◦ Organized ways of making sense of experience

Child’s schemas change with age involved the modification of intellectual schemas as the child seeks to understand its world

Action-based (motor patterns) at first Later move to a mental (thinking) level

Thus, Schemas are… ◦ organized patterns of thought or behavior assist in making

sense of experience

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Page 10: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Through the process of:- ◦ ADAPTATION

◦ ORGANIZATION.

A Child cognitive ability rely a lot on:◦ How a child response to an event that occurs in their

environment.

◦ The effect of these event on their development.

Schemas developed by children must be able to handle new information and situations

Schema can be built based on adaptation process

◦Adaptation is the process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

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Page 11: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

According to Piaget, adaptation can be further divided into two intellectual processes:

◦Assimilation: Involves interpreting new information in light of an old (existing) schema. E.g: All 4-legged animals are viewed as a “dog”

◦Accommodation: Process by which old schemas are created or modified to fit new situations. E.g.: A horse is not a “dog”

Equilibrium exist when children are not changing very much and they are in a steady, comfortable cognitive state Assimilation is used more than accommodation.

Disequilibrium is a state of cognitive discomfort, that occurs during times of rapid change Accommodation is used more than assimilation 11

Page 12: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Organization is an internal process of arranging and linking together schemas to form an interconnected cognitive system.

Schemas reach a true state of equilibrium when they become part of a broad network of structures that can be jointly applied to the surrounding world.

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Page 13: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

◦Between ages 13 and 20 months, a period of marked vocabulary growth, infants show increasing lateralization and localization of comprehension.

◦Evidence showed language development coincides with brain naturalization (development) showed language dev. has unique biological properties.

Page 14: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.
Page 15: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Through language children interact Language development very much related

to cognitive (intellectual) development Through language children are able to

progress in other developmental domain, such as in social and emotional development.

Page 16: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

A law of grammar and semantic that makes conversation more meaningful.

Covers ways of communication where thoughts and emotions are being expressed in order to convey message/meaning to others

Page 17: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Writing Conversation (verbal) Sign Language Body/hand gestures Facial expression

Page 18: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Non-verbal (Understanding)◦ Hand/body gestures◦ Symbolic understanding◦ Understand what others said (Baby understand what

being said although he’s still not able to talk yet)

Verbal ◦ Sound/Words are being said to convey message/

meaning involves the coordination of articulation organs (voice box, trachea, tongue, cheek, lips & palate)

◦ Understanding of meaning and sound being said occurs simultaneously

Page 19: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Pre-linguistic speech (pre-conversation)◦Crying◦Cooing & Babbling◦Body Gestures◦Facial expressions

Linguistic speech (conversation)

Page 20: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Baby’s ability to understand and convey a message, thou’ he/she is not able to talk yet◦ Crying◦ Cooing & Babbling

(around 2 mth – babies make vowel-like noises called cooing) Cooing ”Ooh, aah, goo, a goo”

(about 4 ths consonants combine with vowels babies began babbling) Babbling “ ma, ba, ga, da ,pa pa pa”

◦ Becoming a communicator (4 mths) Infant & adult follow each other’s gaze This will speed up language development Simple infant game pat-a- cake/ peekaboo demonstrate

conventional turn taking. At the end of the first year infants use preverbal gestures to

influence the behavior of others.◦ Body Gestures

Protodeclarative action Protoimperative action

◦ Facial expressions convey message of emotions

Page 21: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

First word:◦ Children first words usually refer to important people,

objects that move, familiar actions or outcomes of familiar actions.

◦ Emotions also influence early word learning.

Two-word Utterance phase◦ Young toddlers add words to their vocabularies slowly (1-

3 words a month)◦ But between the age of 18-24 mth a spurt of

vocabularies occurs10-20 new words a week.◦ Telegraphic speech occurs where in the 2 words

utterance phase toddlers will leave out smaller and less important words.

Many word combination do not follow adult grammatical rules.

Page 22: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Basically children (human) need to learn four component of language:◦ Phonology

sound system of language◦ Semantics

the meaning conveyed by words and sentences◦ Syntax

The set of grammatical rules indicating how words may be combined to make sentences

◦ Pragmatics The principle that determine how language are used

pragmatically - according to situations & modified to fit the context (e.g: we speak in a simpler manner to a child than to an adult)

Page 23: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Understanding & pronouncing words Vocabulary

◦ Fast mappingabsorb the meaning of a new word after hearing it only once or twice in conversation

◦ The use of metaphor, a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that usually designates one thing is applied to another, becomes increasingly common

A child learn to pronounce through imitation (repetitive) ◦ Eg. TV (ivi), Susu (cu), Minum (num), tumpah (pah)

A deaf child normally have problem in speaking

Page 24: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

A child learn the meaning of words then combine the words

A child will then try to relate the meaning of certain words with it’s sound.

Addition to his/her vocabulary.

Page 25: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Children learn about grammar add words to make simple sentences.

2 phase:◦ The development of simple sentences from basic

words.◦ The development of complex sentences

Children start asking questions thinking & understanding process is very rapid.

Intelligent children use complex and sophisticated sentences/words

As age increases familiarity with words and sentences increases able to use, different form of sentences.

Page 26: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Children learn about the aim and how certain words and sentences are being used in a conversation use language efficiently in social context.

Pragmatics the practical knowledge of how to use language to communicate.◦ Social speech

Speech intended to be understood by a listener

◦ Private Speech Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others Normal and common in childhood

3 types of pragmatic ability◦ Speech register◦ Turnabout◦ Shading.

Page 27: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Shared attention during an activity or experience

Responsiveness to a child’s communication attempt that is related to the topic and content

Verbalizing social routines Providing language models

Page 28: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Language stimulation techniques does not involves flash cards, videos or any form of training device.

The most effective method to stimulate language is through loving, responsive and consistent interactions with a child and the people who love him.

The most intensive period for speech and language development for humans is during the first 3 years of life, when the brain is developing and maturing. ◦ During this time, parents and caregivers are engaging in a variety

of forms of communication with the child, i.e. They respond when the infant cries; they provide the sounds and words that become the building blocks for

language. By six months of age, most children will recognize the basic sounds of

their native language. By the end of their first year, most children understand and can speak several words.

Page 29: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Influences on Language Development◦ Babies learn by listening to what adults say parents

with lower incomes, educational and occupational levels tend to spend less time talking with their children in positive ways

◦ Child-directed speech speak slowly in a high-pitched voice with exaggerated ups and downs, simple speech, exaggerate vowel sounds, use short words and sentences

Page 30: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Preparing For Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud◦ Opportunities for emotional intimacy and parent-

child communication◦ Children who are read to oftenbetter language

skills at ages 2½, 4½, and 5 and better reading comprehension at age 7

Page 31: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax◦ As vocabulary grows during the school years,

children use increasingly precise verbs to describe an action, i.e. hitting, slapping

Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication◦ Practical use of language to communicate including

conversational and narrative skills

Page 32: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Behaviorism Social Cognitive Theory -Albert Bandura

Nativism/ Linguistics Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Noam

Chomsky

The Interactionist Theory (compromise between the behaviorist and Nativist approaches)

Cognitive Theory - Jean Piaget The Information Processing Theory Social Interaction Theory

Page 33: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Behaviorists believe language is something that can be observed and measured.

The need to use language is stimulated and language is uttered in response to stimuli.

Social cognitive theory◦ Emphasize that behavior, environment and cognition

as the key factors in language development◦ Language is learned and is influenced strongly by

environmental experiences through observational learning/modelling

◦ In the classroom, teachers model the type of work they want their children to produce from this children learn what to do and how to do it.

Page 34: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

◦ Under behaviorism, children first imitate what adults say.

◦ This mimicry is either positively or negatively reinforced with social conditioning. If the children speak correctly, they are praised. If they demand food, they are fed.

◦ Thus they are conditioned to retain their successful utterances and discard the unsuccessful.

Page 35: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

According to Chomsky◦ Humans are biologically pre wired to learn language

at a certain time and in a certain way.◦ Human brain are pre-programmed every normal

person are able to talk and understand language.◦ All children are born with ‘a language acquisition

device (LAD), a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories, such as phonology, syntax and semantics’

◦ LAD depend on cells in the brain (cerebrum cortex)◦ Through LAD children can analyzed language that

they hear and able to construct a proper grammar. Supporters of the LAD say that all children will

learn some form of language by a certain age despite how much language input they have received.

Page 36: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

Cognitive Theory◦ Piaget proposed that language is made up of symbols and

structures develops as a child’s mental abilities mature. In addition, language is only one of many human mental or cognitive activities. Proving this theory is troublesome, however.

The Information Processing Theory◦ Take its cue from computers, where bits of information are

processed into language i.e. many connections are necessary to build language, and language results from the development of patterns and the ability to predict.

◦ But this theory has been criticized for not considering the impact of social interactions.

Social Interaction Theory.◦ Language has structure and environment plays an important

role in shaping that structure. ◦ Social Interaction Theory goes beyond verbal utterances, i.e.

language also includes the non-verbal actions that exhibit an understanding of meaning. Such non-verbal social behaviors often have the same effect as words

to accomplish the ends that verbal language does. E.g. As many mothers know, a look or tone of voice can extract a reaction that is the same as when language alone is used.

Page 37: Cognitive Development Refers to….. ◦ Internal process and the product of the mind  leading to knowledge development  Covers a wide aspects of mental.

1. Discuss the following language development component in children, i.e. :

◦ How does phonology developed in children?◦ How does Semantic developed in children?◦ How does Syntax developed in children?◦ How does Pragmatics developed in children?

2. Discuss the differences of language development Theories

Behaviorism Nativism/ Linguistics The Interactionist Theory